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This research aims to build unique zero voltage transition (ZVT) nonisolated bidirectional DC-DC converters for hybrid electric vehicle battery storage. First, a high-voltage gain bidirectional converter (BDC) is examined. This converter can soft-switch insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs). The primary insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) are operated under zero-current conditions throughout the turn-on to turn-off commutation phase to reduce switching losses and increase efficiency. A soft-switched cell with a resonant inductor, capacitor, and additional IGBTs achieves zero-current turn-off. A new converter uses insulated-gate bipolar transistors with zero-voltage transition operation. Soft-switched cells improve the hard-switched bridgeless DC-DC converter (BDC). Resonant inductors, capacitors, and auxiliary switching devices make up the softswitched cell. Soft-switched cells enable zero voltage turn-on of primary insulated-gate bipolar transistors. This converter charges the battery in buck mode and boosts it to provide the necessary output voltage. This study examined a 70 V/300 V power system's high-gain bidirectional converter (BDC) design simulation. The converter was tested at 50 kHz with 800 W output power. The high-gain soft-switched BDC has 96.5% boost and 97% buck efficiency. Operating principles, design analysis, and simulation assessments are included in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the design and analysis of an efficient energy management system for a wind lens integrated with a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) and a zeta converter. The wind lens, a ring-shaped structure encircling the rotor, enhances the turbine's capability to capture wind energy by increasing the wind influx through the turbine. In the contemporary wind energy sector, PMSGs are extensively employed due to their superior performance characteristics. This study integrates a 1 kW PMSG system with a wind lens to optimize power extraction from the wind energy conversion system (WECS) under varying wind speeds. A comparative analysis of different control strategies for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is conducted, including the incremental conductance (INC) method and the perturb and observe (P&O) method. The performance of the MPPT controller integrated with the wind lens-based PMSG system is assessed based on output DC voltage and power delivered to the load. To evaluate the overall effectiveness of these control strategies, both steady-state voltage and dynamic response under diverse wind conditions are examined. The system is modeled and simulated using the MATLAB R2023a/Simulink 9.1 software, and the simulation results are validated to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed energy management system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-frequency switching in power converters, characterized by rapid voltage and current fluctuations, is primary source of Electromagnetic interference (EMI) noise. This study proposes a novel four-dimensional chaotic circuit as a modulation signal for spread spectrum circuit in the control stage of a Zeta converter to mitigate EMI. The research methodology involves modeling the Zeta converter and analyzing system stability, followed by the design of a new four-dimensional chaotic circuit. The chaotic signal generated by this circuit serves as the modulation signal, implementing chaotic spread spectrum modulation technology to suppress EMI noise in the Zeta converter. To validate the proposed theoretical analysis, the converter is studied using a time-domain circuit simulation software, it shows that this method achieves EMI noise suppression exceeding 10 dB compared to a Zeta converter without chaotic spread spectrum technology. Experiments on a prototype circuit confirm theoretical results.

This paper presents the design and analysis of an efficient energy management system for a wind lens integrated with a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) and a zeta converter. The wind lens, a ring-shaped structure encircling the rotor, enhances the turbine’s capability to capture wind energy by increasing the wind influx through the turbine. In the contemporary wind energy sector, PMSGs are extensively employed due to their superior performance characteristics. This study integrates a 1 kW PMSG system with a wind lens to optimize power extraction from the wind energy conversion system (WECS) under varying wind speeds. A comparative analysis of different control strategies for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is conducted, including the incremental conductance (INC) method and the perturb and observe (P&O) method. The performance of the MPPT controller integrated with the wind lens-based PMSG system is assessed based on output DC voltage and power delivered to the load. To evaluate the overall effectiveness of these control strategies, both steady-state voltage and dynamic response under diverse wind conditions are examined. The system is modeled and simulated using the MATLAB R2023a/Simulink 9.1 software, and the simulation results are validated to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed energy management system.

Abstract A new DC–DC buck–boost converter with a wide conversion ratio is presented in this paper. The proposed buck–boost converter consists of a combination of modified boost converter and ZETA converter, which has the advantages of both converters such as continuous input/output current and positive polarity of the output voltage. The combination of these two converters achieves semi-quadratic voltage gain and makes the proposed converter suitable for industrial and renewable energy applications. With a voltage gain higher than that of the ZETA converter and modified boost converter, the proposed converter also reduces input current stress due to its continuity. Two operating states are available for this converter in continuous conduction mode. This converter has two switches that operate simultaneously and can be easily controlled. The converter's output voltage ripple and output capacitor current stress are reduced as a result of continuous output current. Computational analysis and the introduced structure efficiency considering the influence of parasitic elements are presented in this paper. The small signal modelling and closed-loop control, as well as simulation and experimental results are also presented. This converter has also been compared with other similar and recently presented topologies. Finally, a 40–60 W, 20–76 V for boost mode and 10 V for buck mode prototype was implemented to verify the accuracy of the computational analysis.

Torque ripple in a brushless DC motor (BLDCM) seriously restricts its application in high-performance fields. This paper proposes a commutation torque ripple suppression strategy based on a Zeta converter. The expected output voltage of a Zeta converter that suppresses the commutation torque ripple is obtained, according to the effect of the duty ratio of the Zeta converter on the turn-off phase freewheeling duration and the turn-on phase rising duration, during commutation. Based on the analysis of the dynamic response of the Zeta converter, the Zeta converter is adjusted to ensure that the Zeta converter reaches stability in sufficient time. During the commutation, the output voltage of the Zeta converter is connected to the main circuit to reduce the torque ripple during commutation, and the expected regulated duty cycle of the Zeta converter during the next commutation is calculated to adjust the output voltage of the Zeta converter. Based on this analysis, the experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In practical engineering applications, factors like dust adhesion and environmental changes can cause photovoltaic arrays to exhibit multiple peaks in output power. An optimization algorithm with global optimization capability is needed to track its maximum power. In this regard, this paper proposes an improved marine predator algorithm (IMPA) to extract the maximum power point of photovoltaic system under complex solar irradiation conditions. To overcome the issues in the traditional marine predator algorithm (MPA), the opposition-based learning(OBL) strategy is introduced in IMPA, and the sine cosine algorithm (SCA) is integrated into the iteration stage to enhance the search ability of the algorithm. Furthermore, the low-order converter in the traditional MPPT control system is replaced by the Zeta converter, which increases the operating voltage range. Ultimately, simulation results demonstrate that the MPPT based on IMPA has higher tracking efficiency and shorter response time.The experimental results also indicate the practical feasibility of this method, as well as its high level of stability and robustness.

In practical engineering applications, factors like dust adhesion and environmental changes can cause photovoltaic arrays to exhibit multiple peaks in output power. An optimization algorithm with global optimization capability is needed to track its maximum power. In this regard, this paper proposes an improved marine predator algorithm (IMPA) to extract the maximum power point of photovoltaic system under complex solar irradiation conditions. To overcome the issues in the traditional marine predator algorithm (MPA), the opposition-based learning(OBL) strategy is introduced in IMPA, and the sine cosine algorithm (SCA) is integrated into the iteration stage to enhance the search ability of the algorithm. Furthermore, the low-order converter in the traditional MPPT control system is replaced by the Zeta converter, which increases the operating voltage range. Ultimately, simulation results demonstrate that the MPPT based on IMPA has higher tracking efficiency and shorter response time.The experimental results also indicate the practical feasibility of this method, as well as its high level of stability and robustness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid energy storage systems significantly impact the renewable energy sector due to their role in enhancing grid stability and managing its variability. However, implementing these systems requires advanced control strategies to ensure correct operation. This paper presents an algorithm for designing the power and control stages of a hybrid energy storage system formed by a battery, a supercapacitor, and a bidirectional Zeta converter. The control stage involves an adaptive sliding-mode controller co-designed with the power circuit parameters. The design algorithm ensures battery protection against high-frequency transients that reduce lifespan, and provides compatibility with low-cost microcontrollers. Moreover, the continuous output current of the Zeta converter does not introduce current harmonics to the battery, the microgrid, or the load. The proposed solution is validated through an application example using PSIM electrical simulation software (version 2024.0), demonstrating superior performance in comparison with a classical cascade PI structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid extinction of the fossil fuels across the globe has led to the technological advancements in the field of renewable energy sector and the electric vehicular technology. In order to match the paradigm shift in the energy sector and the technology, the battery charging circuitry of electric vehicle (EV) led to the revolutionary changes in the field of power electronics. Accordingly, various conventional topologies of DC‐DC converters were evolved. But there are a few drawbacks such as bulkiness, nonmultiple ports, and less control over the output current ripple. This work proposes a DC‐DC converter which is a hybrid combination of the full‐bridge converter and the zeta converter. The current and the voltage reversals at the high‐frequency transformer (HFT) terminals are made steady by anti‐interleaving the zeta converters on the secondary side. The control pulses of the full‐bridge converter are phase‐shifted to have the tight grip over the output. The modes of operation of the proposed DC‐DC converter has have presented. The calculation of the energy, current, and the voltage for the active and the passive components of the proposed converter has been provided. The proposed system is simulated, and the plots of the voltages and currents of different components of the converter are presented. The converter prototype has been developed to charge a 36 V lithium‐ion battery, and the effect of the phase shift on input current can be seen from the exhaustive results. The comparison of the calculated and simulated currents and voltages has been graphically illustrated. The proposed converter provides a novel converter topology which includes better output control with phase shift and reduced size of memory elements due to high‐frequency switching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To encourage an eco-friendly environment and pollution-free transportation, most of the automobile industries are promoting electric vehicles. However, with the adoption of electric vehicles, various power quality problems are encountered mainly during vehicle battery charging. Thus, this research work focuses on power quality improvement in electric vehicle battery charging stations. In this article, a closed-loop battery current-controlled zeta converter with a PI controller is introduced to achieve quality power to charge electric vehicles. The proposed converter enhances the overall performance of the system by reducing voltage fluctuations, harmonic content, and frequency variations. Besides, this suggested closed-loop battery-controlled zeta converter improves the power factor and overall efficiency of the system. The converter provides a wide range of output with ripple-free current. In the proposed scheme, the vehicle battery current feedback to the PI controller generates the switching pulses, thereby generating the desired duty ratio to operate the converter to maintain a constant current. The entire system is implemented in MATLAB/Simulink and various power quality parameters namely voltage and current characteristics, active and reactive power characteristics, frequency, total harmonic distortion (THD), power factor, and efficiency are measured. To validate the usefulness of the proposed scheme, it is compared with conventional buck converter-based charging station and conventional zeta converter-based charging station. From the results, it is found that the proposed closed-loop battery current-controlled zeta converters charging station produce improved power quality characteristics over conventional methods. It achieved a voltage THD of 4.93%, current THD of 1.9%, power factor of 0.96, and efficiency of 91.8%, which are far better than the conventional buck and zeta models.

This paper introduces a new hybrid DC–DC converter with enhanced voltage gain and synchronized multiple output capabilities, specifically tailored for smart grid applications. The proposed converter is based on the integration of non-isolated Zeta and Mahafzah converters, comprising a single controlled switch, two diodes, three inductors, and two coupling capacitors. The primary objective of this novel hybrid converter is to improve voltage gain as compared to conventional Zeta and Mahafzah topologies. By achieving higher voltage gain at lower duty cycles, the converter effectively reduces voltage stress on semiconductor switches and output diodes, thereby enhancing overall performance and reliability. A comprehensive examination of the hybrid converter's operating principle is presented, along with detailed calculations of duty cycle and switching losses. The paper also explores the converter's application in smart grids, specifically in the context of renewable energy systems and electric vehicles. Two distinct scenarios are analyzed to evaluate the converter's efficacy. Firstly, the converter is assessed as a DC–DC converter for renewable energy systems, highlighting its relevance in sustainable energy applications. Secondly, the converter is evaluated as an electric vehicle adapter, showcasing its potential in the transportation sector. To validate the converter's performance, extensive simulations are carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK with parameters set at 25 kW, 200 V, and 130 A. The simulation results demonstrate the converter's ability to efficiently supply multiple loads with opposing energy flows, making it a promising technology for optimized grid management and energy distribution. Moreover, the paper investigates the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the grid current, focusing on its impact in smart grid environments. Notably, the new hybrid converter topology achieves a THD of 21.11% for the grid current, indicating its ability to effectively mitigate harmonics and improve power quality. Overall, this research introduces a cutting-edge hybrid DC–DC converter that enhances voltage gain and synchronizes multiple outputs, specifically catering to the requirements of smart grid applications. The findings underscore the converter's potential to significantly contribute to the advancement of efficient and resilient power conversion technologies for smart grids, enabling seamless integration of renewable energy systems and electric vehicles into the grid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This thesis proposes a charging equalizer for hybrid energy storage systems, incorporating the Zeta converter, voltage multiplier, and multi‐winding transformer. The objective is efficient charging and equalization for battery and supercapacitor strings. The Zeta converter serves to charge the battery string, while the transformer with multi‐winding shares the inductor of Zeta converter as the primary side, facilitating battery string balancing through the utilization of current ripple in the inductor. Additionally, the voltage ripple generated by the Zeta converter is utilized to drive the voltage multiplier, enabling the charging and equalization of the supercapacitor string. The system's operation halts upon reaching the predefined threshold voltage for the supercapacitor strings. The proposed circuit transforms into a Zeta converter by employing a single‐pole double‐throw switch, facilitating the charging of the battery strings. Experimental validation uses four series‐connected supercapacitors and four series‐connected batteries, demonstrating successful equalization and charging for both energy storage components.

This paper presents a systematic approach for Zeta power converter control, a versatile solution designed for systems where the power supply is prone to fluctuations. The optimized controller exploits a detailed model of the power stage and adjusts the system parameters to ensure stability over a wide range of loads and loading conditions. A detailed model for the Zeta converter is developed, considering important power stage parameters such as the ON resistance of power transistors and inductor series resistance. The control strategy utilizes a phase-locked loop, which includes a loop filter along with an additional lead compensator circuit to improve the loop phase margin, thereby enhancing the system’s dynamic response and stability. The proposed graphical approach facilitates intuitive controller design and tuning, providing a robust framework for managing converter dynamics. The system stability and performance are validated through extensive transient simulations using a standard 180 nm CMOS technology, demonstrating the converter’s effectiveness in maintaining stable output under variable input conditions. Experimental results show that the proposed closed-loop Zeta converter can achieve a peak efficiency of 94% when the load resistance is $10~\Omega $ , and it can handle current loads up to 3A. The system operates at a switching frequency of 85 kHz and can support an input voltage range from 6V to 34V while maintaining stable output. During reference tracking tests, the system demonstrates excellent transient response, with a settling time of 12.5 ms and a peak overshoot of 3.9V. Additionally, compared to similar works, the system exhibits superior normalized transient load regulation, highlighting the robustness of the proposed control strategy.

ABSTRAK Sistem kendali MPPT hendak mengendalikan penciptaan serta penyimpanan energi sistem PV menggunakan DC-DC boost converter. Perancangan dan pembuatan alat zeta converter berhasil dilakukan dengan menggunakan mikrokontroller arduino untuk menaikkan tingkat effisiensi daya keluaran pada PLTS berhasil dilakukan dengan baik. Keluaran tegangan serta arus yang dihasilkan oleh MPPT dengan memakai zeta converter relatif efektif dan effisien dibuktikan dengan daya keluaran PLTS yang memiliki tingkat effisiensi yang stabil setiap pengambilan data, dan tingkat effisiensi yang dihasilkan juga relatif tinggi yaitu 92%. Perhitungan yang dilakukan adalah dengan cara mengambil data arus dan tegangan pada MPPT tanpa zeta converter dan dengan zeta converter yang telah dihitung melalui perhitungan duty cycle. Adapun nilai duty cycle yang dihasilkan adalah 0,243 atau 24% dan arus input maximal yang dihasilkan setelah perhitungan adalah 5,34 Ampere. Kata Kunci: PLTS, MPPT, Zeta Converter, Arduino ABSTRACT Using a DC-DC boost converter, the MPPT management system will manage the generation and storage of PV system energy. The zeta converter was designed and manufactured successfully utilizing an Arduino microcontroller to boost the efficiency level of output power in PLTS. The voltage and current output produced by MPPT utilizing a zeta converter is relatively effective and efficient. The voltage and current output produced by MPPT using a zeta converter is relatively effective and efficient, as proven by the PLTS output power which has a stable efficiency level every time data is taken, and the resulting efficiency level is also relatively high, namely 92%. The calculations carried out are by taking current and voltage data on the MPPT without a zeta converter and with a zeta converter which has been calculated through duty cycle calculations. Meanwhile, the resulting duty cycle value is 0.243 or 24% and the maximum input current produced after calculation is 5.34 Amperes. Keywords: PLTS, MPPT, Zeta Converter, Arduino

This thesis proposes a charging equalizer for hybrid energy storage systems, incorporating the Zeta converter, voltage multiplier, and multi‐winding transformer. The objective is efficient charging and equalization for battery and supercapacitor strings. The Zeta converter serves to charge the battery string, while the transformer with multi‐winding shares the inductor of Zeta converter as the primary side, facilitating battery string balancing through the utilization of current ripple in the inductor. Additionally, the voltage ripple generated by the Zeta converter is utilized to drive the voltage multiplier, enabling the charging and equalization of the supercapacitor string. The system's operation halts upon reaching the predefined threshold voltage for the supercapacitor strings. The proposed circuit transforms into a Zeta converter by employing a single‐pole double‐throw switch, facilitating the charging of the battery strings. Experimental validation uses four series‐connected supercapacitors and four series‐connected batteries, demonstrating successful equalization and charging for both energy storage components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing soft computing, a maximum power point tracking (maximum PPT) control algorithm is developed, and its performance is compared to that of more traditional Lead Acid battery charging methods such as incremental conductance technique-based maximum PPT. Since the power vs voltage graph of a photovoltaic (PV) cell is nonlinear, a suitable control method seeks to obtain the highest power under dynamic conditions. In order to construct a PV cell with the maximum PPT, a fuzzy logic control approach known as soft computing is used. The cell active energy is used to charge the lead acid battery. A fuzzy logic compares its performance with the incremental conductance technique under dynamic conditions. Moreover, dc to dc converter is required to maintain constant output voltage to charge the battery under low level voltage. A zeta converter is taken to maintain output voltage under various insolation. The significance of algorithm is demonstrated by MATLAB Simulation results and hardware results.

Torque ripple in a brushless DC motor (BLDCM) seriously restricts its application in high-performance fields. This paper proposes a commutation torque ripple suppression strategy based on a Zeta converter. The expected output voltage of a Zeta converter that suppresses the commutation torque ripple is obtained, according to the effect of the duty ratio of the Zeta converter on the turn-off phase freewheeling duration and the turn-on phase rising duration, during commutation. Based on the analysis of the dynamic response of the Zeta converter, the Zeta converter is adjusted to ensure that the Zeta converter reaches stability in sufficient time. During the commutation, the output voltage of the Zeta converter is connected to the main circuit to reduce the torque ripple during commutation, and the expected regulated duty cycle of the Zeta converter during the next commutation is calculated to adjust the output voltage of the Zeta converter. Based on this analysis, the experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

A bidirectional converter (BDC) designed with high voltage gain and it is incorporated with the soft-switching operations to the insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs). The main dual operating characteristics of this converter are boost and buck modes respectively. In order to achieve the reduced switching losses and improved efficiency, the main IGBTs are operated at zero-current (ZC) while the IGBTs commutating from turn-on to turn-off state. The ZC turn-off operation is obtained with the aid of soft-switched cell, which consists of resonant inductor (Lr), capacitor and additional IGBTs. In this work, the design simulation analysis for high-gain BDC was performed by 70/300 V power system with the maximum 800 W output power under the operating frequency of 50 kHz. The efficiency for the high-gain soft-switched BDC was obtained as 96.5% when it is operating in boost mode and efficiency of 97% was achieved for the buck mode operation. The simulation evaluations of the above said converters were performed by using MATLAB/Simulink. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The movement to reduce emissions can be done by developing renewable energy and electric vehicles derived from renewable fuels. This electric vehicle will use batteries and motors so that BLDC motor was chosen in this study. BLDC motors use electronic commutation so a controller is needed. The controller used is a PI controller assisted by the hysteresis current controller. The output of the hysteresis current controller needs to be converted to a DC voltage using a DC-DC converter. One of the DC-DC converters is a zeta converter which can increase or decrease the voltage so that it can be used when the load voltage varies as will be used in this study. The results showed that the BLDC motor connected to the zeta converter with the controller can be used when the load torque varies. If the applied varying load torque does not exceed the rated torque, the actual speed will return to the reference speed without exceeding a 10% error. On the other hand, the actual speed will return to the reference speed by exceeding the 10% error, if the applied varying load torque exceeds the rated torque.

A novel approach to the design of power factor correction (PFC) and torque ripple minimization in a brushless direct current (BLDC) motor drive with a new pulse width modulation (PWM) technique is demonstrated. The drive was designed to have a better power factor (PF) and less torque ripple. On the other hand, the modified Zeta converter is used to enhance the power factor of the proposed system. The modified Zeta converter is operated in discontinuous inductor current mode (DICM) by using a voltage follower technique, which only needs a voltage sensor for power factor correction (PFC) operation and DC-link voltage control. The output voltage of the VSI is determined by switching patterns generated by the PWM-ON-PWM switching strategy, and it reduces the torque ripples. The proposed drive is developed and simulated in a MATLAB/Simulink environment. The power factor of 0.9999 is produced by the PFC modified zeta converter topology and the PWM-ON-PWM scheme reduce the torque ripple in the commutation region by 34.2% as compared with the PWM-ON scheme. This demonstrates the effectiveness of the suggested control method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing soft computing, a maximum power point tracking (maximum PPT) control algorithm is developed, and its performance is compared to that of more traditional Lead Acid battery charging methods such as incremental conductance technique-based maximum PPT. Since the power vs voltage graph of a photovoltaic (PV) cell is nonlinear, a suitable control method seeks to obtain the highest power under dynamic conditions. In order to construct a PV cell with the maximum PPT, a fuzzy logic control approach known as soft computing is used. The cell active energy is used to charge the lead acid battery. A fuzzy logic compares its performance with the incremental conductance technique under dynamic conditions. Moreover, dc to dc converter is required to maintain constant output voltage to charge the battery under low level voltage. A zeta converter is taken to maintain output voltage under various insolation. The significance of algorithm is demonstrated by MATLAB Simulation results and hardware results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a new hybrid DC–DC converter with enhanced voltage gain and synchronized multiple output capabilities, specifically tailored for smart grid applications. The proposed converter is based on the integration of non-isolated Zeta and Mahafzah converters, comprising a single controlled switch, two diodes, three inductors, and two coupling capacitors. The primary objective of this novel hybrid converter is to improve voltage gain as compared to conventional Zeta and Mahafzah topologies. By achieving higher voltage gain at lower duty cycles, the converter effectively reduces voltage stress on semiconductor switches and output diodes, thereby enhancing overall performance and reliability. A comprehensive examination of the hybrid converter’s operating principle is presented, along with detailed calculations of duty cycle and switching losses. The paper also explores the converter’s application in smart grids, specifically in the context of renewable energy systems and electric vehicles. Two distinct scenarios are analyzed to evaluate the converter’s efficacy. Firstly, the converter is assessed as a DC–DC converter for renewable energy systems, highlighting its relevance in sustainable energy applications. Secondly, the converter is evaluated as an electric vehicle adapter, showcasing its potential in the transportation sector. To validate the converter’s performance, extensive simulations are carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK with parameters set at 25 kW, 200 V, and 130 A. The simulation results demonstrate the converter’s ability to efficiently supply multiple loads with opposing energy flows, making it a promising technology for optimized grid management and energy distribution. Moreover, the paper investigates the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the grid current, focusing on its impact in smart grid environments. Notably, the new hybrid converter topology achieves a THD of 21.11% for the grid current, indicating its ability to effectively mitigate harmonics and improve power quality. Overall, this research introduces a cutting-edge hybrid DC–DC converter that enhances voltage gain and synchronizes multiple outputs, specifically catering to the requirements of smart grid applications. The findings underscore the converter’s potential to significantly contribute to the advancement of efficient and resilient power conversion technologies for smart grids, enabling seamless integration of renewable energy systems and electric vehicles into the grid.

Recently, the development of integrated inverters for photovoltaic systems has been widely performed to reduce overall system size, costs, and losses. Thus, integrated inverters have emerged as a prominent solution for replacing two-stage power conversion composed of a step-up converter and a voltage source inverter. Thereby, this paper proposes an integrated inverter topology for single-phase grid-tied photovoltaic systems. The proposed power converter, called a Single-Phase Integrated Zeta Inverter (SP-IZI), can boost the input voltage and inject a sinusoidal and regulated current into the mains with low harmonic distortion. The SP-IZI is based on integrating modified DC-DC Zeta converters, designed and controlled to operate in a discontinuous conduction mode, and presents similarities with the Modified Zeta Inverter (MZI). In this way, this paper compares the main parameters of both topologies and provides a complete study of the SP-IZI, involving both quantitative and qualitative studies as well as a small signals analysis. The feasibility and functionality of the proposed SP-IZI inverter are presented and evaluated through experimental results, which demonstrate that the SP-IZI presents the following advantages compared to the MZI: (i) the voltage in coupling capacitors is 13% lower; (ii) voltage stresses in switches and diodes are 40% lower; and (iii) static gain is similar to the traditional Zeta converter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the design and analysis of a single-phase power factor correction (PFC) scheme using a DC–DC Zeta converter operating in continuous conduction mode. The presented DC–DC converter exhibits non-linearity due to switching elements that degrades the performance of the converter. Therefore, this paper proposes a non-linear cascade control of particle swarm optimization-gravitational search algorithm (PSO-GSA) tuned proportional-integral (PI) and sliding mode controller (SMC) in outer and inner loop, respectively, to improve the performance of the converter. The robustness of the controller is analysed by applying the load and line variations to the converter. The simulation results showed that the steady state performance indices such as integral absolute error and integral square error, and transient performance indices like settling time and peak overshoot are significantly enhanced for the proposed cascade control scheme compared to the PSO and root locus method of tuning the outer PI with the inner SMC controller. The proposed control scheme gives better performance in terms of power factor improvement, percentage reduction in total harmonic distortion, and efficient tracking of output voltage for change in reference voltage compared to other techniques presented. Further, the performance of the proposed scheme is tested for battery charging application of the solar photovoltaic system. The demonstrated simulation results are validated by implementing the DC–DC Zeta converter in real-time hardware set-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to solve the problem of low output voltage of photovoltaic modules, a new high-gain switched capacitor Zeta converter is proposed. The switched capacitor is added to the Zeta DC-DC converter, and its built-in diode-capacitor branch acts as a double-voltage clamp absorption circuit to reduce the voltage stress of the switch tube. The primary side of the coupled inductor replaces the front-stage inductor in the converter, and the secondary side forms a voltage-doubling structure in parallel with the diode and capacitor to further increase the voltage gain. The performance of the converter is analyzed, and various performance data of the converter are obtained. An experimental prototype with a power of 150 W is built to verify the correctness of the theoretical analysis. The test efficiency of the prototype is as high as 95.5%, and the stress of the switching device is greatly reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is a method of maintaining the maximum output power of solar panels when the power of the solar panel changes over time due to the influence of the load or intensity of sunlight. This research proposed designing MPPT on photovoltaic using the Incremental Conductance method. The incremental Conductance method controls the duty cycle when the voltage and current change values ?I/?V>-I/V. This system uses one solar panel with a power capacity of 100 Wp, a ZETA converter as a DC-DC converter to lower the voltage, and used a load 12V/5W DC lamp. From the tests that have been carried out, the tracking time for MPPT Incremental Conductance is 4,5 seconds with a maximum power of 63,9015 Watt with irradiation of sunlight 813 W/m2. The average power without MPPT is 51,215 Watt, and by using MPPT Incremental Conductance, the average power is 57,274 Watt. So, there is an increase in power when using the MPPT Incremental Conductance control.

An improved robust predictive control method is proposed for a class of multicellular descriptive LPV systems with bounded state disturbances, and an output feedback controller is designed to ensure the asymptotic stability of the systems. To offset the bounded state disturbance, the controller considered the undisturbed LPV system, and based on the off-line state observer, the LMI is used to solve the minimum-maximum optimization problem in the infinite time domain of predictive control. Then the off-line state observer is used to obtain the difference between the estimated values of the disturbed LPV system and the undisturbed LPV system, and the feedback gain of the guaranteed performance is determined, so as to obtain the optimal offset that makes the disturbed LPV system asymptotically stable, which is combined with the undisturbed system control law as the optimal control law and applied to the actual system. The experimental results show that the improved robust predictive control method can obtain better control performance, and improve the stability of the system and the efficiency of solving optimization problems. Simulation experiments also verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we propose a monitoring procedure based on a multilayer neural network with multivalued neurons (MLMVN) capable of preventing catastrophic failures of dc–dc converters. The neural classifier allows both the detection of any malfunction and its localization. Thanks to the low computational complexity, the proposed method operates online, estimating the deviations of the passive components from their nominal values: this allows control strategies to be promptly adopted and operation of the dc–dc converter to be kept in high efficiency and reliability conditions. Since measuring the voltage and current on each component increases the complexity of the system, a testability analysis is proposed with the aim of identifying the minimum number of measurements needed to distinguish the classes of failure. To make the testability phase easier and more intuitive, a graphical representation is proposed. As a case study, prognostic analysis has been applied to prevent catastrophic failures in a synchronous Zeta converter. Several fault conditions have been analyzed through simulations and experimental tests. The obtained results confirm the ability of the proposed method to prevent failures and, also, show that the application of MLMVN results in a better performance than classic solutions available in the literature, such as support vector machine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this letter, a novel impedance matcher (IM) is designed based on Zeta converter to overcome the shortcomings of other impedance matching methods and improve the load range in low resistances. System-level verification demonstrates that the novel IM has a potential application value for microwave wireless power transmission (MWPT) system. Measurement results show the maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the novel rectifier with IM can reach 73% when the input power is 32 dBm. In addition, the proposed rectifier circuit with IM can operate with above 60% overall efficiency when the load varies from 0.01 to 10 $\text{k}\Omega $ (1:1000) as input power of 32 dBm. Compared with that without IM, the application of IM can increase the load range by at least 1100% when the rectifier efficiency is >50.7%. The measurement results demonstrate that the rectifier circuit has a better performance when connected to the novel IM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parameters evaluation, design, and intelligent control of the solar photovoltaic model are presented in this work. The parameters of zeta converters such as a rating of an inductor, capacitor, and switches for a particular load are evaluated its values to compare the trade of the existing model and promoted to research in the proposed area. The zeta converter is pulsed through intelligent controller-based maximum power point tracking (intelligent-MPPT). The intelligent controller is a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) which extracts maximum power from the solar panel using the zeta converter. The performance of evaluated parameters based on the solar system and zeta converter is seen by an intelligent control algorithm. Moreover, evaluated parameters of solar photovoltaic (PV) and zeta converter can be examined the performance of fuzzy based intelligent MPPT under transient and steady-state conditions with different solar insolation. The brushless direct current motor-based water pump is used as the direct control (DC) load of the proposed model. The proposed model can enhance the research and assist to develop a new configuration of the present system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the non-linear load characteristics in the domestic three-phase grid system, the quality of power transmission is a challenge for researchers. In this paper, the harmonics injected in a three-phase grid system due to the non-linear loads and a solution for harmonics minimisation using the hysteresis current controller (HCC) is presented. The proposed work consists of switched dc loads such as personal computers, SMPS, etc., connected to the three-phase grid system through the rectifier unit. These loads connected with other AC loads inject harmonics in the power lines. The total harmonic distortion (THD) at the power line is therefore increased. A ZETA embedded three-phase inverter using an artificial neural network-based HCC (ANN-HCC) is used to minimise the voltage and the current THDs. To ease the power consumption, a solar photovoltaic system (SPV) is used to power the ZETA embedded three-phase inverter. The output of the SPV is regulated using the ZETA dc/dc converter. However, the hysteresis bands (Uupper and Ulower) are selected using the ANN with respect to the actual value compared with the calculated current error. The vector shifts to the next based on the previous vector applied, and thereby the process repeats following the same pattern. The back propagation (BP)-based neural network is trained using the currents' non-linear and differential functions to generate the current error. The neural structure ends when the value hits the hysteresis band. Simultaneously, the PWM control waveform is tracked by the neural network output. The proposed system is mathematically modelled using MATLAB/Simulink. An experimental setup of a similar prototype model is designed. The voltage and the current harmonics are measured using a Yokogawa CW240 power quality meter and the results are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar energy has become one of the most potential alternative energies in the world. To convert solar energy into electricity, a photovoltaic (PV) system can be utilized. However, the fluctuation of sunlight intensity throughout the day greatly affects the generated energy in the PV system. A battery may be beneficial to store the generated energy for later use. A DC–DC converter is commonly exploited to produce a constant output voltage during the battery charging process. A Zeta converter is a DC–DC converter which can be used to produce output values above or below the input voltage without changing the polarity. To deal with the inherent non-linearity and time-varying properties of the converter, in this paper the sliding mode control (SMC) is first analyzed and exploited before being integrated with a proportional-integral (PI) control to regulate the output voltage of the PV system. Disturbances are given in the form of changes in input voltage, reference voltage, and load. Voltage deviation and recovery time to reach a steady-state condition of the output voltage after disturbances are investigated and compared to the results using a proportional-integral-differential (PID) controller. The results show that the proposed control design performs faster than the compared PID control method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]