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Shengmai (SM) formula, a classical traditional Chinese medicine formula, is composed of Panax ginseng (Pg), Ophiopogon japonicus (Oj), and Schisandra Chinesis (Sc). SM has been clinically used to treat heart failure and ischemic heart disease. Although SM formula has been reported to be potential for fighting against Alzheimer’s disease (AD) by previous works, there are many gaps in our knowledge on its usage in AD treatment on an organism level and will then need to be further clarified. In this study, transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans expressing human Aβ1–42 are used to evaluate SM formula efficacy to treat AD phenotype and to investigate its underlying mechanism. The results showed that SM formula ameliorated AD pathological characteristics of paralysis behavior and chemotaxis defect in transgenic C. elegans. With SM treatment, the number of Aβ deposits decreased, the levels of gene expressions of hsp16-2, hsp16-41, ace-1, ace-2, and TNFA1P1 homolog genes were down-regulated. Our results also showed that Oj exhibited more stronger effect on delaying paralysis in worms than Pg and Sc did, and synergistic action was observed between Pg and Oj, and Sc further enhanced the activity of Pg/Oj combination on delaying paralysis behavior. Further, SM with herbs of Pg, Oj, and Sc at a dose proportion of 9:9:6 exhibited superior therapeutic efficacy in comparison with herbs at other dose proportions. After SM formula extracted by ethanol, it delayed AD symptoms on a wider dose from 0.2 to 10.0 mg/mL with no toxic effect. These results provided more evidence for SM formula being potential to be used to treat AD.

Since about 30% of all human cancers contain mutationally activated Ras, down regulating the over-activation of Ras/MAPK pathway represents a viable approach for treating cancers. Over-activation of Ras/MAPK pathway is accompanied by accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). One approach for developing anti-cancer drugs is to target ROS production and their accumulation. To test this idea, we have employed C. elegans of let-60 (gf) mutant, which contain over-activated let-60 (the homolog of mammalian ras) and exhibit tumor-like symptom of multivulva phenotype, to determine whether anti-oxidants can affect their tumor-like phenotype. Specifically we studied the effect of Shengmai formula (SM), a traditional Chinese medicine that has strong anti-oxidant activity, on the physiology of let-60 (gf) mutants. Unexpectedly, we found that SM treatment led to the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore by regulating cyclophilin D and then triggered oxidative stress and related signaling pathway activation, including p53, JNK, and p38/MAPK pathways. Finally, SM induced mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis and inhibited the tumor-like symptom of the multivulva phenotype of let-60(gf) mutants. Our results provide evidences to support that SM act as a pro-oxidant agent and could serve as a potential drug candidate for combating over-activated Ras-related cancer.

Market reform in China has created new housing opportunities for urban residents, particularly the option of purchasing former public housing at subsidized prices. This study of Beijing demonstrates that in the reform system, just like the prior socialist system, a large fraction of the population is marginalized from these opportunities by virtue of their status as migrants. Migrants are disproportionately found in relatively high-cost, low quality private rental housing, while native residents continue to dominate the remaining subsidized public rental sector and the purchase of former public housing. The source of inequality is not whether the person is a local or newcomer, but more specifically official classification as a migrant with agricultural registration. Migrants with urban registration are actually advantaged in the new system. Post-2000 data show rapid expansion of new housing produced by the private sector in Beijing and purchased at market prices. It is yet to be seen whether access to this “commodity housing” will overcome discriminatory state allocation policies. Les réformes menant la Chine vers une économie de marché ont créé de nouvelles opportunités de logement pour les résidents urbains, en particulier la possibilité d’acquérir d’anciens logements sociaux à prix subventionné. Cette étude centrée sur le cas de Pékin démontre que dans le système post-réforme, comme dans l’ancien système socialiste, une grande partie de la population est marginalisée au regard de ces opportunités, du fait du statut de migrant. Les migrants sont particulièrement nombreux dans les immeubles locatifs privés de qualité médiocre et de loyer élevé, alors que les résidents originaires de Pékin continuent à dominer dans le parc locatif public subventionné et l’acquisition d’anciens logements publics. La source d’inégalité n’est pas le fait d’être un “local” ou un nouveau venu, mais plutôt la classification officielle comme migrant avec hukou rural. Les migrants à hukou urbain sont, en fait, avantagés dans le nouveau système. Les données d’après l’an 2000 montrent une expansion rapide des nouveaux logements produits par le secteur privé à Pékin et achetés au prix du marché. Reste à voir si l’accès à ce “logement commodifié” va surmonter les politiques discriminatoires d’allocation de logements par l’État.

In the early 1990s, the objectives for reform of the socialist market economy were established, within which building contractual labor relations and cultivating the labor market were two key elements. The Rural-Urban Divide system consists of several related institutions, in which the hukou system and urban labor system are basic arrangements. During the period of rural reform, peasants received economic rights in job searching and doing independent business, hence it became possible for them to leave agriculture and go into cities. New policies for rural migrants clearly state rural migrants' status as the subject of a contractual labor relationship, and require all enterprises to sign and implement a labor contract when recruiting rural migrants and to establish labor relationships with defined rights and obligations. In cities, the general trend has been for the segmentation and inequality effects of hukou status to diminish over time. Keywords: hukou status; labor contract law; labor market; reform; rural migrants; Rural-Urban Divide system

This paper focuses on the different user community EPON(Ethernet Passive Optical Network) access scheme design, first introduced the PON access, PON access technology according to the different data link layer technology mainly divided into APON(ATM+PON), EPON (Ethernet+PON) and GPON ( ATM/GEM+PON ), EPON can carry data services, voice services, IPTV, CATV as a professional, so we adopt EPON technology as the area of the access technology. According to the area of different user’s demand for bandwidth and different access methods, selection of optical network terminal, beam splitter and optical network unit equipment, the final design of the area network access scheme, and in the area of optical power loss making a budget. Finally the scheme used by the equipment and its configuration command is introduced in detail in this paper.