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BackgroundRoutine vaccination of infants for protecting against hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and its serious consequences, including hepatocellular cancer (HCC), has been carried out in Shanghai, China, since 1986. We therefore have examined the trend of HBV infection and HCC incidences before and after HBV vaccination over decades to assess the potential influences of the Shanghai HBV vaccination program.MethodsData on incidences of HBV infection and HCC were collected from the Shanghai Cancer Registry and the Shanghai HBV vaccination follow-up study. Joint-point regression and the Bayesian age-period-cohort statistical analysis methods were used.ResultsThe incidences of HBV infection dramatically declined from 23.09 and 1.13 per 100,000 for males and females in 2000 to 3.24 (-85.97%) and 0.22 (-80.53%) per 100,000 in 2014, respectively. Sero-epidemiological data from the sampling surveys during 20 years of follow-up showed that less than 1% of people undergoing HBV vaccination have a positive serum HBsAg. Consistently, the annual adjusted standardization rates (ASR) of HCC steadily fell from 33.38 and 11.65 per 100,000 for males and females in 1973 to 17.34 (-49.2%) and 5.60 (-51.9%) per 100,000 in 2014, respectively. The annual percentage change in overall HCC incidences is about -2%. HCC incidences in males at younger age groups (age

Low-dimensional molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) possesses great potential in many fields due to its intriguing optical, electronic and catalytic characteristics. In the last decade, the preparation, property studies and emerging multi-functional applications of MoS2-based hybrids have attracted considerable attention. It is crucial for composites to overcome the limitation of individual MoS2 materials. Meanwhile, the relationship between metal (Au, Ag, Bi, etc.) plasmonic nanostructures and MoS2 is closely connected, and their emerging characteristics have been studied based on the bottom-up synthesis of hybrid materials, as well as the assembly of different prefabricated components. Significantly, several intrinsic drawbacks of MoS2 nanostructures may be addressed after the integration of MoS2 and nano-plasmonics has been remarkably achieved. MoS2 nanostructures with diverse characteristics are improved by the plasmonic metal nanomaterials. Due to the importance of the integrated MoS2 and metal plasmonics, the recent synthesis routes of hybrids are comprehensively presented. More importantly, on the basis of their improved electronic and photonic characteristics, the expanded applications of MoS2 and plasmonics nano-hybrids, such as sensing, catalysis, electronic devices and biomedicine, are also included in this review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genotype 4 hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the dominant cause of hepatitis E in the People's Republic of China; swine are the principal reservoir. Our study was conducted in 8 [...]

Objective: To observe clinical curative effect of acupotomy integral release with tui na manipulation treating knee osteoarthritis. Methods: 80 cases of knee osteoarthritis patients should randomly divide into treatment group and control group with 40 cases in each group according to the random number table method. Patients in the control group should give acupuncture and tui na manipulation treatment. Patients in the treatment group should give acupotomy (small needle knife) and tui na manipulation treatment. It should observe and compare the visual analogue scale (VAS) scores and clinical total effective rate between two groups. Results: Total effective rate of treatment group was 94.87%, and total effective rate of control group was 81.57%. Comparison between two groups indicated that the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Comparison of VAS scores within each group before and after the treatment indicated that the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Moreover, comparison of VAS scores between two groups indicated that the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Treatment of acupotomy (small needle knife) and tui na manipulation has better curative effect to treat knee osteoarthritis in clinic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of centroidal deviation on rotational inertia measurement is analyzed, and the equations of composite torsion-pendulum which describe the projectile movement rule by considering the effect of centroidal deviation and a calculation method for eliminating the effect of centroidal deviation are presented. The example calculation is conducted. The result shows that the effect of centroidal deviation can not be ignored. Accuracy of the moment of inertia is greatly improved by the method of torsion pendulum which considering the effect of centroidal deviation, the engineering practical value of the torsion pendulum as well as improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to survey the vibration response of permafrost subgrade induced by train traffic along Qinghai-Tibet Railway, and provide the rational theoretical foundation for the rail transit assessment, the self-programming software of the train --track coupled dynamic system was employed to investigate the characteristics of the vertical applied force on sleeper induced by passenger trains. The researches show that, the simulation results of the self-compiling program are in accord with the field monitoring data, and the theory of the procedure is proper; the train-induced vertical acting force exerted on sleeper is in inverse proportion to the subgrade damping, and increases with the raising of the subgrade modulus and vehicle velocity, at the same time increases linearly with the rise of the rail gap; the dominant frequency bands are mainly within the action rate of shifting axle load, the vibratory energy reaches the maximum at the bogie action rate, and the sleeper vibration makes little different to the sleeper vertical applied force induced by passing trains; the effects of the freeze thawing status, rail gap width, and the train speed can not be ignored on the vertical acting force. Moreover, the function relationship of the acting force maximum value versus train velocity is given quantificationally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the influence of vertical loading mode on pile side resistance, the additional pile lateral stresses induced by the vertical load of pressing down and pulling up at pile top and pushing up at pile bottom were analyzed with numerical simulation method. It is shown that the additional pile lateral stress under pressing down at pile top is compressed stress, and those under pulling up at pile top and pushing up at pile bottom are tensile stresses 15-20 m under pile top and ±2.5 m from interfaces of soil layer are the main distribution areas of additional pile lateral stress. The max reaches more than ±80% of pile lateral stress due to soil self-weight, but stress gradient along the depth is great. Influence of soil kind, pile length and pile diameter on the additional radial stress can not be ignored. According to the relation between pile lateral stress and pile side resistance, the influence of vertical loading mode on pile side resistance is discussed. It is unreasonable that the pile side resistance under pressing down at pile top multiplied a coefficient is regarded as that under pulling up at pile top and pushing up at pile bottom in spite of soil location, pile length and pile diameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which investigates the status of hepatitis E virus infection of livestock in Kashi, China. It notes the collection of bile samples from swine, cattle and sheep in a local slaughter house to examine it using reverse transcriptase nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-nPCR) and homology analysis. The study found out that the high endothelial venules (HEV) strains were similar to genotype IV of hepatitis E virus, and swine has been the main reservoir of the infection.

Aim: To examine the effect of Weichang'an (WCA) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) on colorectal tumor and hepatic metastasis in a mouse model., Methods: Quantitative determination of hesperidin, the effective component in WCA decoction, was performed using HPLC. In vitro cytotoxicity of WCA was determined by treating HCT-116 cells with WCA diluents or serum extracted from rats that received WCA by oral gavage for 1 wk and MTT assays. Forty-eight nude mice received cecum implantation with tumor blocks subcutaneously amplified from human colon cancer cell line HCT-116. Mice were randomly divided into four treatment groups: control (CON), WCA, 5-FU and combination (WCA+5-FU). Pathological examination of tumors consisted of tissue sectioning and hematoxylin and eosin staining. Tumor weight and size were measured, and the number of metastatic lesions was counted. Serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level was determined by ELISA. The expression levels of tumor genesis and metastasis-related proteins β-catenin and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-7 were measured by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting. Cell fractionation was used to investigate intracellular distribution of β-catenin., Results: Parenchymal tumors were palpable in the abdomens of nude mice 2 wk post-implantation and orthotopic tumor formation rate was 100% in all groups. 5-FU treatment alone significantly decreased tumor weight compared to the CON group (1.203±0.284 g vs 1.804±0.649 g, P<0.01). WCA treatment alone reduced the rate of metastasis (50% vs 100%, P<0.05). Combination treatment of WCA+5-FU was the most effective, reducing the tumor weight (1.140±0.464 g vs 1.804±0.649 g, P<0.01) and size (1493.438±740.906 mm3 vs 2180.259±816.556 mm3, P<0.05), the rate of metastases (40% vs 100%, P<0.01), and serum CEA levels (31.263±7.421 μg/L vs 43.040±11.273 μg/L, P<0.05). Expression of β-catenin and MMP-7 was decreased in drug-treated groups compared to controls, as detected using real-time quantitative RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting, respectively. Cell fractionation assays revealed that nuclear translocation of β-catenin was reduced by WCA and/or 5-FU treatments., Conclusion: Combination of WCA with 5-FU significantly inhibited colon tumor growth and hepatic metastases. Decreased expression of β-catenin and MMP-7 may be important.

Objective: The aim of this study was to systemically analyze the epidemiologic, serological and genetic characteristics of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in Shanghai from 1997 to 2012., Methods: We analyzed the data related to the epidemics of hepatitis E from China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention. We implemented serological surveillance program, based on community healthy population with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method and estimated the standardized sero-prevalence. We also obtained nucleotide sequences of hepatitis E patients using the nested RT-PCT assays, together with prototype sequences in the GenBank to construct a HEV genetic database in Shanghai., Results: In this paper, we found that the distribution of hepatitis E patients was sporadic in the past 16 years in Shanghai. The morbidity kept declining, but with seasonal and periodical fluctuation. Morbidity in males was significantly higher than in females, with the hard hit population between 30 and 65 year-olds. In total, 3979 sera samples were collected through the serological surveillance programs in 2001, 2004, 2007 and 2012. The standardized sero-prevalence rates of the said years were 22.32%, 18.56%, 10.22% and 34.43% which all showing strong relationship with age groups and the regions where the populations were being monitored. 73 nucleotide sequences of hepatitis E patients from hospitals were identified, during 2004 and 2008., Results: from phylogenetic analysis revealed that all HEV isolates belonged to genotype IV and including 4 known subtypes 4a, 4d, 4h and 4i which sharing 83.09% - 97.96%, 85.87% - 97.26% and 83.80% - 95.10% nucleotide sequence identities with the swine HEV genotype IV of GU188851, DQ450072 and EF570133. Meanwhile, 59 HEV isolates from different districts shared 99% nucleotide sequence identities with each other., Conclusion: Hepatitis E would still be a challenge for long time and the zoonotic questions that related to hepatitis E, need to be explored and explained in the future.

Objective: Prevalence of occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (OBI) was investigated in a paired mother-teenager population and HBV S gene variation including overt and occult HBV, was determined., Methods: A follow-up study based on an initial survey of 135 mother-teenager pairs was carried out through collection of questionnaires and blood samples HBsAg were detected by ELISA method, viral load by PCR amplification and HBV S gene by phylogenetic analysis., Results: 102 pairs of subjects were followed-up. Blood samples from 94 mothers and 101 children were collected. OBI prevalence in mothers was 10.0% (6/60), significantly higher than 2.0% (2/101) in teenagers. Medians of viral load were 399.9 IU/ml and 247.6 IU/ml in overt and occult HBV strains, but without significant difference. 1 occult HBV strain belonged to genotype B with serotype adw while the other 7 were genotype C with serotype adr. 15 of the overt HBV strains belonged to genotype B with serotype adw and the other 8 were genotype C with serotype adr. Proportions of genotype-C strains were significantly higher in occult HBV strains than in overt HBV strains., Conclusion: OBI was seen in teenage-mother population.

Aim: To explore differences in biochemical indices between neonatal intrahepatic cholestasis caused by citrin deficiency (NICCD) and that with other etiologies., Methods: Patients under 6 mo of age who were referred for investigation of conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia from June 2003 to December 2010 were eligible for this study. After excluding diseases affecting the extrahepatic biliary system, all patients were screened for the two most common SLC25A13 mutations; the coding exons of the entire SLC25A13 gene was sequenced and Western blotting of citrin protein performed in selected cases. Patients in whom homozygous or compound heterozygous SLC25A13 mutation and/or absence of normal citrin protein was detected were defined as having NICCD. Cases in which no specific etiological factor could be ascertained after a comprehensive conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia work-up were defined as idiopathic neonatal cholestasis (INC). Thirty-two NICCD patients, 250 INC patients, and 39 infants with cholangiography-confirmed biliary atresia (BA) were enrolled. Laboratory values at their first visit were abstracted from medical files and compared., Results: Compared with BA and INC patients, the NICCD patients had significantly higher levels of total bile acid (TBA) [all measures are expressed as median (inter-quartile range): 178.0 (111.2-236.4) μmol/L in NICCD vs 112.0 (84.9-153.9) μmol/L in BA and 103.0 (70.9-135.3) μmol/L in INC, P = 0.0001]. The NICCD patients had significantly lower direct bilirubin [D-Bil 59.6 (43.1-90.9) μmol/L in NICCD vs 134.0 (115.9-151.2) μmol/L in BA and 87.3 (63.0-123.6) μmol/L in INC, P = 0.0001]; alanine aminotransferase [ALT 34.0 (23.0-55.0) U/L in NICCD vs 108.0 (62.0-199.0) U/L in BA and 84.5 (46.0-166.0) U/L in INC, P = 0.0001]; aspartate aminotransferase [AST 74.0 (53.5-150.0) U/L in NICCD vs 153.0 (115.0-239.0) U/L in BA and 130.5 (81.0-223.0) U/L in INC, P = 0.0006]; albumin [34.9 (30.7-38.2) g/L in NICCD vs 38.4 (36.3-42.2) g/L in BA and 39.9 (37.0-42.3) g/L in INC, P = 0.0001]; glucose [3.2 (2.0-4.4) mmol/L in NICCD vs 4.1 (3.4-5.1) mmol/L in BA and 4.0 (3.4-4.6) mmol/L in INC, P = 0.0014] and total cholesterol [TCH 3.33 (2.97-4.00) mmol/L in NICCD vs 4.57 (3.81-5.26) mmol/L in BA and 4.00 (3.24-4.74) mmol/L in INC, P = 0.0155] levels. The D-Bil to total bilirubin (T-Bil) ratio was significantly lower in NICCD patients [all measures are expressed as median (inter-quartile range): 0.54 (0.40-0.74)] than that in BA patients [0.77 (0.72-0.81), P = 0.001] and that in INC patients [0.74 (0.59-0.80), P = 0.0045]. A much higher AST/ALT ratio was found in NICCD patients [2.46 (1.95-3.63)] compared to BA patients [1.38 (0.94-1.97), P = 0.0001] and INC patients [1.48 (1.10-2.26), P = 0.0001]. NICCD patients had significantly higher TBA/D-Bil ratio [3.36 (1.98-4.43) vs 0.85 (0.72-1.09) in BA patients and 1.04 (0.92-1.14) in INC patients, P = 0.0001], and TBA/TCH ratio [60.7 (32.4-70.9) vs 24.7 (19.8-30.2) in BA patients and 24.2 (21.4-26.9) in INC patients, P = 0.0001] compared to the BA and INC groups., Conclusion: NICCD has significantly different biochemical indices from BA or INC. TBA excretion in NICCD appeared to be more severely disturbed than that of bilirubin and cholesterol.

Objective: To determine the genotype and phylogenetic characteristics of hepatitis E virus (HEV) strains isolated from the human and swine in Anqing City., Methods: Twenty seven sera from sporadic hepatitis E patients and 400 commercial swine bile samples were collected in Anqing City. According to the collection time, the bile samples were equally divided into 4 groups which were named group A, B, C and D respectively. Nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and DNA sequencing technology were performed to obtain the DNA sequences of HEV RNA Open Reading Frame 2 (ORF2) (150 nt) for all the serum and bile samples. The sample sequences and prototype sequences from the GenBank were aligned and their nucleotide sequence identities were calculated. A phylogenetic tree constructed according to the Bayesian inference method was used to analyze the genotype and phylogenetic relationship between the human and swine HEV strains isolated in Anqing City., Results: The male-to-female sex ratio of the patients was 2.86:1 and the average age was 56.78 years old. Sixteen out of 27 serum (59.26%) samples were HEV RNA positive. Human HEV strains isolated in Anqing City shared 74.75% - 82.99%, 75.26% - 83.64%, 72.77% - 80.57% and 88.03%-91.63% nucleotide sequence identities with prototype I, II, III and IV HEV strains respectively. HEV RNA was detected in 22 out of 400 bile samples (5.5%). The swine HEV detection rates for group A, B, C and D were 7.00%, 3.00%, 9.00% and 3.00% respectively, showing no significant difference among these groups (χ(2) = 5.20, P = 0.16). Swine HEV strains isolated in Anqing City shared 75.24% - 83.42%, 75.93% - 84.19%, 72.86% - 80.64% and 88.15% - 91.79% nucleotide sequence identities with prototype I, II, III and IV HEV strains respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all the HEV strains isolated from both the human and swine belonged to genotype IV and scattered in evolutionary branches without significant species aggregation., Conclusion: It's suggested that genotype IV HEV was the dominant genotype among the human and swine in Anqing City and probably transmitted between them in this area.

Objective: To determine the prevalence and genotype of hepatitis E virus (HEV) among commercial swine population in Eastern and Southern China., Methods: Six hundred specimens of swine bile collected from 5 slaughterhouses in Eastern and Southern China from 2007 to 2009 were tested for HEV RNA using nested RT-PCR. PCR products were sequenced for phylogenetic analysis., Results: Forty-seven out of the 600 samples (7.83%) were positive for HEV RNA. Based on the 150 nt fragment within HEV ORF2, data from phylogenetic analysis revealed that all the 47 HEV isolates were identified to be genotype IV, sharing 75.0% - 83.4%, 75.0% - 84.6%, 71.9% - 80.7% and 88.1% - 91.5% nucleotide identities with prototype I, II, III and IV HEV strains respectively while majority of the isolates clustered within their respective isolation sites., Conclusion: HEV was widespread in commercial swine population in Eastern and Southern China that raised a serious concern about the safety regarding the consumption of pork products.

Objective: To understand phylogenetic characteristics of sporadic hepatitis E virus (HEV) in eastern China., Methods: Four hundred and thirteen sera were collected from sporadic hepatitis E cases in 14 second- or first-class hospitals in Eastern China from 2005 to 2008 and detected with a nested RT-PCR assay. Partial nucleotide sequences of the HEV isolates were determined for phylogenetic analysis with prototype sequences in the GenBank., Results: The male-to-female sex ratio of the patients was 1.75:1 with 61.5% of them aged 40 - 69 years old. HEV RNA was detected in 140 out of 413(34%)serum samples. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all the 140 HEV isolates belonged to genotype IV, sharing 77.9% - 88.3%, 80.8% - 90.6%, 73.4% - 85.2% and 91.0% - 95.4% nucleotide sequence identities with prototype I, II, III and IV HEV isolates respectively., Conclusion: It was evident that genotype IV HEV served as the main causative agent of sporadic HEV infection in Eastern China. However the viral origin and evolution needs further clarification.

Objective: To determine the seasonal prevalence of genotype-IV hepatitis E virus (HEV) in swine herds in Eastern China and explore the phylogenetic relationship between swine HEV and human HEV in the situation that zoonotic features of HEV had been confirmed., Methods: From September 2007 to June 2008, a total of 1200 swine bile specimens were collected from three slaughter houses located in Zhejiang, Anhui and Jiangsu, the Eastern China, and detected for HEV RNA by using nested RT-PCR. The positive PCR products were sequenced. Then the swine HEV were phylogenetically determined with human HEV isolated in Eastern China., Results: The positive rate for HEV RNA in swine herds was 4.5% totally. Significant differences of HEV detection were not observed among seasonal pattern (Sep - Oct: 6%, Dec - Jan: 4.33%, Mar - Apr: 4.33%, May - Jun: 3.33%) but in geographic distribution (Jiangsu: 6%, Anhui: 5%, Zhejiang: 2.5%). Regardless of isolation from different areas,swine and human genotype-IV HEV shared a high similarity. Phylogenetically, there were 80% - 100% and 96% - 100% identities within swine genotype-lV HEV at the nucleotide and amino acid levels respectively. Between swine HEV and human HEV, there were also similarities of 76% -99% and 95% - 100%. It was noted that some human and swine isolates were clustered with bootstrap values of > 90%., Conclusion: Genotype-IV HEV is widely prevalent in swine herds in Eastern China and original common ancestor of evolution and transmission was implied. The sustaining prevalence within swine herds should have a probable influence on the epidemic situation of hepatitis E in human beings.

Objective: To explore the carrier state of hepatitis E virus(HEV) in livestock in Xi'an area., Methods: Bile samples from swine, canine, sheep and cow were collected from a local slaughtering house. Reverse transcriptase nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-nPCR) was employed to amplify the ORF2 region in HEV RNA genome. All positive samples were sequenced and compared with data from GenBank. Homology analysis was conducted based on the outcome of sequencing., Results: 194, 178, 79 and 191 bile samples from swine, canine, cow and sheep were collected. Positive rates with RT-nPCR method in these domestic animals were 4.10%, 0%, 0% and 0% respectively. Genetic distance analysis indicated that strains being identified were close to genotype IV of HEV, then genotype I, II and III in nucleic acid. Same outcome was shown by the same analysis on amino acid., Conclusion: Swine was the only reservoir of HEV in livestock and genotype IV was the prevalent genotype.

Objective: To evaluate two commercial anti-hepatitis E virus (HEV) IgM kits used for differential diagnosis of acute enteric viral hepatitis., Methods: The kit for IgM capture assay, was produced with a recombinant HEV structural protein protecting primates against experimental infection by different HEV genotypes, while the other kit for indirect ELISA was produced with recombinant structural proteins from different HEV genotypes. The serum specimens were taken from 241 cases with a confirmed or presumptive diagnosis of hepatitis A and 74 cases with a confirmed or presumptive diagnosis of hepatitis E., Results: The sensitivity and specificity of the IgM capture assay kit were 97% and 100%, respectively, and the corresponding values for the other kit were 70% and 78%, respectively., Conclusion: The IgM capture assay kit has higher sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing acute enteric viral hepatitis E.

Objective: To investigate the hypoxia status in the primary lesion of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) during the treatment and the clinical value thereof., Methods: Sixty-two patients with untreated NPC were examined by 99m Tc-4, 9-diaza-3, 3, 10, 10-tetramethy ldodecan-2, 11-dione dioxime (99 Tcm-HL91) SPECT imaging and CT-simulation (CT-Sim) scan before the treatment, in the mid-treatment (after receiving about 40 Gy) and at the end of treatment respectively. (1) All hypoxia images obtained at the 3 time pints were analyzed by visual analysis and semi-quantitative analysis, the radioactivity ratio of the high density region in the nasopharyngeal lesion to the normal nasopharyngeal tissue (T+/N) was calculated with the technique of region of interesting (ROI). Then the changes of hypoxia status during the treatment were evaluated according to the changes of the visual results and the ratios of T+/N. (2) The tumor volumes in different time points were measured by relevant CT-Sim images in the CT-Sim working station (Exomio 2.0, Medintec), and the percentage of tumor shrinkage in the mid-treatment and at the end of treatment were calculated to evaluate the tumor's response to treatment. The relationships between the hypoxia status before treatment, hypoxic changes during the treatment, and the tumor's response to treatment were analyzed finally., Results: Fifty-six of the 62 NPC cases were hypoxia-positive before the treatment, the hypoxic location in the same patient remained in the same site in different time points, and no new hypoxic area was found during the treatment. Eight cases changed to negative in the mid- treatment and 19 changed to negative at the end of treatment. The ratio of T+/N decreased gradually in the same case (F = 109.073, P = 0.000). The tumor shrinkage rates in the mid-treatment and at the end of treatment of those with high-grade hypoxia (T+/N >or= 1.52) were all both significantly lower than those of the cases with low-grade hypoxia (T+/N < 1.52) (P = 0.019 and 0.000) and those of the hypoxia-negative group (P = 0.038 and 0.000). The ratios of T+/N variation in the mid-treatment and at the end of treatment were both positively correlated with the percentages of tumor shrinkage in the mid-treatment and at the end of treatment (r = 0.587, P = 0.003 and r = 0.655, P = 0.001)., Conclusion: The hypoxia of the primary lesion of NPC alleviates gradually or disappears along with the treatment course. Hypoxia has some negative effects on the tumor response to treatment.

Objective: To determine the prevalence and genotype of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in swine liver before on the market and to analyze the phylogenetic relationship between the isolates from swine and human., Methods: 35 swine liver specimens were collected from two slaughtering houses in the countryside of Shandong province, China. Nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (nested RT-PCR) and subsequent sequencing were used to determine the nucleotide sequences. A phylogenetic tree was constructed with Neighbor-joining method based on the Kimura-2-parameter model., Results: 3. (8.57%) of the 35 swine liver specimens being tested were positive for HEV RNA. The three swine HEV strains isolated in the present study from liver samples shared the highest identity to genotype-IV HEV., Conclusion: Results from the study confirmed that HEV was detectable among swine before on the market and the genotype was the same as that representing human and swine isolates in China. It also suggested that much more attention should be paid to the safety on the digestion of swine liver.