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The ratio of shear viscosity over entropy density in low energy heavy-ion collision has been calculated by using the Green-Kubo method in the framework of an extended quantum molecular dynamics model. After the system almost reaching a local equilibration for a head-on $^{40}$Ca+$^{100}$Mo collision, thermodynamic and transport properties are extracted. Meanwhile, iso-vector giant dipole resonance (IVGDR) of the collision system is also studied. By the Gaussian fits to the IVGDR photon spectra, the peak energies of IVGDR are extracted at different incident energies. The result shows that the IVGDR peak energy has a positive correlation with the ratio of shear viscosity over entropy density. This is a quantum effect and indicates a difference between nuclear matter and classical fluid., Comment: 7 pages, 8 figures; Physical Review C (in press)

The elastic resonance scattering protons decayed from $^{11}$B to the ground state of $^{10}$Be were measured using the thick-target technique in inverse kinematics at the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL). The obtained excitation functions were well described by a multichannel R-matrix procedure under the kinematics process assumption of resonant elastic scattering. The excitation energy of the resonant states ranges from 13.0 to 17.0 MeV, and their resonant parameters such as the resonant energy E$_{x}$, the spin-parity J$^\pi$, and the proton-decay partial width $\Gamma_p$ were determined from R-matrix fits to the data. Two of these states around E$_{x}$ = 14.55 MeV [J$^\pi$ = (3/2$^+$, 5/2$^+$), $\Gamma_p$ = 475 $\pm$ 80 keV] and E$_{x}$ = 14.74 MeV [J$^\pi$ = 3/2$^-$, $\Gamma_p$ = 830 $\pm$ 145 keV], and a probably populated state at E$_x$ = 16.18 MeV [J$^\pi$ =(1/2$^-$, 3/2$^-$), $\Gamma_p$ $<$ 60 keV], are respectively assigned to the well-known states in $^{11}$B at 14.34 MeV, 15.29 MeV, and 16.43 MeV. The isospin of these three states were previously determined to be T = 3/2, but discrepancies exist in widths and energies due to the current counting statistics and energy resolution. We have compared these states with previous measurements, and the observation of the possibly populated resonance is discussed., Comment: 7 pages, 2 tables, 7 figures; Physical Review C (2015) accepted

The correlation between the elliptic flow $v_2$ scaled by the impact parameter $b$ and the shear viscosity $\eta$ as well as the specific viscosity $\eta/s$, defined as the ratio of the shear viscosity to the entropy density $s$, is investigated for the first time in intermediate-energy heavy-ion collisions based on an isospin-dependent quantum molecular dynamic model. The elliptic flow is calculated at balance energies to exclude the geometric influence such as the blocking effect from the spectators. Our study shows that $v_{2}/b$ decreases almost linearly with increasing $\eta$, consistent with that observed in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions. On the other hand, $v_{2}/b$ is found to increase with increasing $\eta/s$., Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures

We provide the experimental evidence that the single electron capture process in slow collisions between O$^{3+}$ ions and neon dimer targets leads to an unexpected production of low-energy electrons. This production results from the interatomic Coulombic decay process, subsequent to inner shell single electron capture from one site of the neon dimer. Although pure one-electron capture from inner shell is expected to be negligible in the low collision energy regime investigated here, the electron production due to this process overtakes by one order of magnitude the emission of Auger electrons by the scattered projectiles after double-electron capture. This feature is specific to low charge states of the projectile: similar studies with Xe$^{20+}$ and Ar$^{9+}$ projectiles show no evidence of inner shell single-electron capture. The dependence of the process on the projectile charge state is interpreted using simple calculations based on the classical over the barrier model.

Electron capture processes for low energy Ar9+ ions colliding on Ar2 dimer targets are investigated, focusing attention on charge sharing as a function of molecule orientation and impact parameter. A preference in charge-asymmetric dissociation channels is observed, with a strong correlation between the projectile scattering angle and the molecular ion orientation. The measurements provide here clear evidences that projectiles distinguish each atom in the target and, that electron capture from near-site atom is favored. Monte Carlo calculations based on the classical over-the-barrier model, with dimer targets represented as two independent atoms, are compared to the data. They give a new insight into the dynamics of the collision by providing, for the di erent electron capture channels, the two-dimensional probability maps p(~b), where ~b is the impact parameter vector in the molecular frame.

The shear viscosity of hot nuclear matter is investigated by using the mean free path method within the framework of IQMD model. Finite size nuclear sources at different density and temperature are initialized based on the Fermi-Dirac distribution. The results show that shear viscosity to entropy density ratio decreases with the increase of temperature and tends toward a constant value for $\rho\sim\rho_0$, which is consistent with the previous studies on nuclear matter formed during heavy-ion collisions. At $\rho\sim\frac{1}{2}\rho_0$, a minimum of $\eta/s$ is seen at around $T=10$ MeV and a maximum of the multiplicity of intermediate mass fragment ($M_{\text{IMF}}$) is also observed at the same temperature which is an indication of the liquid-gas phase transition., Comment: 5 figs and 5 pages; accepted by Physical Review C

Thermodynamic and transport properties of nuclear fireball created in the central region of heavy-ion collisions below 400 MeV/nucleon are investigated within the isospin-dependent quantum molecular dynamic (IQMD) model. These properties including the density, temperature, chemical potential, entropy density ($s$) and shear viscosity ($\eta$), are calculated by a generalized hot Thomas Fermi formulism and a parameterized function, which was developed by Danielewicz. As the collision goes on, a transient minimal $\eta/s=5/4\pi-10/4\pi$ occurs in the largest compression stage. Besides, the relationship of $\eta/s$ to temperature ($T$) in the freeze-out stage displays a local minimum which is about 9-20 times $1/4\pi$ around $T$ = 8-12 MeV, which can be argued as indicative of a liquid gas phase transition. In addition, the influences of nucleon-nucleon (NN) cross section ($\sigma_{NN}$) and symmetry energy coefficient ($C_{s}$) are also discussed, and it is found that the results are sensitive to $\sigma_{NN}$ but not to $C_{s}$., Comment: 10 pages, 13 figures; Phys. Rev. C (in press) (x-axis of Fig.1 is corrected)

The ratio of the shear viscosity ($\eta$) to entropy density ($s$) for the intermediate energy heavy-ion collisions has been calculated by using the Green-Kubo method in the framework of the quantum molecular dynamics model. The theoretical curve of $\eta/s$ as a function of the incident energy for the head-on Au+Au collisions displays that a minimum region of $\eta/s$ has been approached at higher incident energies, where the minimum $\eta/s$ value is about 7 times Kovtun-Son- Starinets (KSS) bound (1/4$\pi$). We argue that the onset of minimum $\eta/s$ region at higher incident energies corresponds to the nuclear liquid gas phase transition in nuclear multifragmentation., Comment: 6 pages, 8 figures

The symmetry energy at sub and supra-saturation densities has a great importance in understanding the exact nature of asymmetric nuclear matter as well as neutron star, but, it is poor known, especially at supra-saturation densities. We will demonstrate here that the neutron to proton ratios from different kind of fragments is able to determine the supra-saturation behavior of symmetry energy or not. For this purpose, a series of Sn isotopes are simulated at different incident energies using the Isospin Quantum Molecular Dynamics (IQMD) model with either a soft or a stiff symmetry energy for the present study. It is found that the single neutron to proton ratio from free nucleons as well as LCP's is sensitive towards the symmetry energy, incident energy as well as isospin asymmetry of the system. However, with the double neutron to proton ratio, it is true only for the free nucleons. It is possible to study the high density behavior of symmetry energy by using the neutron to proton ratio from free nucleons., Comment: 11 Pages, 9 Figures

Symmetry energy for asymmetric nuclear matter at subsaturation densitieswas investigated in the framework of an isospin-dependent quantum molecular dynamics model.Asingle ratio of neutrons and protons is comparedwith the experimental data of Famiano et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 052701 (2006)]. We have also performed a comparison for the double ratio with experimental as well as different theoretical results of Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck in 1997, Isospin-dependent Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck in 2004, Boltzmann-Nordeim-Vlasov, and Improved QuantumMolecular Dynamics models. It is found that the double ratio predicts the softness of symmetry energy, which is a little underestimated in the single ratio. Furthermore, the study of the single ratio is extended for different kinds of fragments, while the double ratio is extended for different neutron-rich isotopes of Sn., Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures

The ratio of shear viscosity ($\eta$) to entropy density ($s$) for an equilibrated system is investigated in intermediate energy heavy ion collisions below 100$A$ MeV within the framework of the Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck (BUU) model . After the collision system almost reaches a local equilibration, the temperature, pressure and energy density are obtained from the phase space information and {$\eta/s$} is calculated using the Green-Kubo formulas. The results show that {$\eta$}/$s$ decreases with incident energy and tend towards a smaller value around 0.5, which is not so drastically different from the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider results in the present model., Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures

The fast-stage nucleon emission of proton-nucleus (pA) reactions from 300A MeV to 1.8A GeV has been investigated using the quantum molecular-dynamics model. It is found that the sideward angular spectrum of nucleon emission presents an interesting Mach-like structure at the early stage of the collision (tens of fm/c). The sideward angular peak value varies from about 45\circ to near 73\circ, depending on the bombarding energy. Nucleons emitted from the vicinity of the sideward peak tend to have a fixed momentum value about 0.5 GeV/c, independent of the bombarding energy as well as the impact parameter. Additionally, the sideward angular peak value is almost independent of the equation of state, indicating that binary collision at the early fast stage in the intermediate energy pA reaction plays an important role in the emergence of Mach-like emission., Comment: 4 pages, 6 figures

The detailed analysis of wide excitation function of nuclear stopping has been studied within a transport model, Isospin-dependent Quantum Molecular Dynamics model (IQMD) and an overall good agreement with the INDRA and FOPI experimental data has been achieved. It is found that mean value of isotropy in central Heavy-Ion Collision (HIC) reaches a minimum near Fermi energy and approaches a maximum around 300 - 400$A$ MeV. This suggests that, in statistical average, the equilibration is far from being reached even in central HIC especially near Fermi energy. A hierarchy in stopping of fragments, which favors heavy fragments to penetrate, provides a robust restriction on the global trend of nuclear stopping and could serve as a probe for nuclear equation of state., Comment: 7 pages, 7 figures