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ABSTRACT Introduction Aim Material and Methods Results Conclusion Maxillofacial injuries are usually associated with ophthalmic injuries that may be mild to severe, and may even result in loss of integrity of the orbital skeleton and impairment of the visual apparatus.To evaluate the pattern of ophthalmic injuries associated with maxillofacial fractures in patients who reported to a tertiary care hospital, associated with a medical college in M.P, India.The records of patients who sustained ophthalmic injuries with maxillofacial trauma from 1st January 2012 to 31st January 2024 and reported to the Department of Dentistry of a tertiary care hospital were evaluated. The data related to demographic characteristics, aetiology of trauma, type of maxillofacial fractures and pattern of ophthalmic injuries were gathered and analysed.A total of 1575 patients with maxillofacial trauma reported to the institute during the study duration. The study sample comprised 1046 (66.41%) maxillofacial trauma patients who sustained ophthalmic injuries. Males were more commonly involved (85.85%) than females (14.15%). The commonly involved age group was 21–30 years with 34.32% of patients belonging to the age group. The most common aetiology was road traffic accidents, reported in 71.89% of patients. Zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) fractures were evident in 73.52%, mandibular fractures in 50.19%, naso‐orbito‐ethmoidal (NOE) fractures in 19.41% and frontal bone fractures in 18.74% patients. Subconjunctival haemorrhage was seen in 79.83%, periorbital ecchymosis in 72.94% and periorbital oedema in 60.32% of cases. Retrobulbar haemorrhage was seen in 2.58%, traumatic optic neuropathy in 2.01% and retinal detachment in 0.86% of cases.Ophthalmic injuries were seen frequently in 66.41% of cases with maxillofacial trauma, particularly in zygomatic complex fractures (73.52%). The findings emphasise that the competency of maxillofacial surgeons plays a vital role in comprehending the severity and management of post‐traumatic ophthalmic consequences in maxillofacial injuries. Also, ophthalmological evaluation in maxillofacial trauma, particularly involving the midface should be considered mandatory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is known for its biostimulant properties, which can reduce inflammation and promote tissue regeneration. The present study is randomized, blinded, and placebo-controlled and aims to investigate the role of LLLT in the postoperative recovery of facial fractures. Patients with fractures of the zygomatic bone are selected and divided into two groups: low-level laser and red placebo light. The patients are evaluated for bite force, pain, mouth opening, and paresthesia in the pre-operatory day, on days 1, 2, 7, and 14. The trismus data demonstrated better results in the laser with a significant difference in the periods 7 and 14 days, with p-values of 0.0442 and 0.026, respectively. Regarding the bite force analyzed, no statistically significant differences were observed. In the pain scale comparison, there was a difference between the PLACEBO group and the LASER group for day 1 (p = 0.011), day 2 (p = 0.001), 7 (p = 0.001), and 14 days (p = 0.010). In the evaluation of paresthesia, on days 7 and 14, there were better results in the LASER group with p = 0.012 and p = 0.001. The laser acted as a moderator of the healing process, having a considerable effect on the aspects of trismus, pain, postoperative paresthesia, and bite force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to do a retrospective analysis about patients with zygomatic arch who were treated at the department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Regional University Hospital of Ancona, Italy, between 2007 and 2021. Patients were evaluated based on various parameters including age, sex, aetiology, symptoms, comorbidity, clinical findings, zygomatic arch fracture type, other facial fractures, treatment, waiting time before the operation, complications and sequelae. In the period described we recorded 103 zygomatic arch fractures. Of the patients, 64 were male (65,92%) and 39 were female (34,08%). The average age of the patients was 47,02 years (ranging from 8 to 93 years). The leading cause of these fractures was sports-related injury (n = 24; 23,30%), and isolated zygomatic arch fractures were the most frequent (63,1%). The most common clinical signs and symptoms were, pain, depression of the facial profile, difficulty in chewing, limitation of the buccal opening, difficulty in protrusion movements and mandibular lateralization. 93% of patients underwent surgery under local anesthesia, almost exclusively patients undergoing an open approach to internal fixation. The successful and effective management of zygomatic arch fractures requires a solid understanding of its anatomy, pathophysiology and related biomechanical structures and forces. The continuous research in epidemiology, aetiology, materials and techniques will further refine our treatments which are nowadays more and more customized according to the type of trauma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/aim: Paediatric maxillozygomatic complex (MZC) fractures are uncommon, and there is a scarcity of data regarding their surgical treatment. The aim of this study was to analyse choices and outcomes of open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) for MZC fractures among 14 maxillofacial centers around the world. Materials and Methods: This multicentric retrospective observational study included patients ≤16 years of age with quadripod MZC fractures treated with ORIF from January 2011 and December 2022. The following data were collected: age, gender, dentition stage (deciduous, mixed, and permanent), cause of injury, type of fracture, surgical approach, site of osteosynthesis (infraorbital rim, zygomaticomaxillary buttress, frontozygomatic, and zygomaticotemporal sutures), material (titanium or resorbable) and number of plates used, and outcome. The minimum follow‐up was 6 months. Statistical analyses were performed with Fisher's exact test or chi‐squared test, as appropriate. Results: Sixty‐four patients (mean age, 12.3 years) with quadripod MZC fractures were included. Seventy‐two percent of patients received a single‐point fixation. The zygomaticomaxillary buttress was the most common site for fixation, both in single‐point and two‐point fixation schemes, especially in combination with the frontozygomatic suture. Increasing age was associated with a higher rate of plate removal (p <.001). Postoperative complications included 5 (7.8%) cases of wound infections, 2 (3.1%) infraorbital paraesthesia, 1 (1.6%) ectropion. Residual facial asymmetry was found in 5 (7.8%) patients and was not associated with the type of fixation (p >.05). Conclusions: This study highlights the possibility of using ORIF, even with a single point of fixation, for the treatment of displaced quadripod MZC fractures in the paediatric population. The zygomaticomaxillary buttress was the preferred site of fixation and allowed for adequate stabilization with no external scars and a low risk of tooth damage. Future prospective studies with long‐term follow‐up are needed to establish definitive surgical protocols and clarify the surgical decision‐making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyse Gillies Temporal approach Vs Towel Clip method for reduction of zygoma fractures. Method: A randomised comparative study was conducted on 30 patients having zygoma fractures confirmed with pre-operative NCCT face with 3 D reconstruction. Patients were divided into 2 groups, Group-1- Gillies temporal approach and Group-2- Towel clip method. Clinical observations were recorded in a predesigned proforma for all the patients and analysed statistically. Results: Gillies Temporal Approach significantly p < 0.001 took longer time for reduction than Towel Clip Method. Post-operative pain was experienced more in Group 1 than Group 2. Intraocular pressure was compared at different time intervals and significant difference was noted. Also, Occulocardiac reflex was observed in Group 1. Mean trismus index was 16.87 ± 5.12 mm in Group 1 and 13.33 ± 4.11 mm in Group 2 preoperatively which significantly increased to 51.93 mm in Group 1 and 51.73 mm in Group 2 one month post-op. Reduction was maintained post-operatively with good quality of outcome in both the groups. Conclusion: Non-comminuted zygomatic complex fractures can be effectively treated using Towel Clip Method as this method is cost-effective, minimally invasive, safe, causing minimum or no damage to soft tissue and easy to perform based on surgeon's skill and requires less operating time, proving it equally efficient method with excellent aesthetic outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study Design: Retrospective with follow-up. Objective: To evaluate the long-term satisfaction of surgically treated patients with zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) fractures in relation to the use of internal fixation, number of fixation points, and orbital floor (OF) reconstruction. Secondary objectives were to describe the use of antibiotics and post-operative infections. Methods: Patients with unilateral ZMC fractures between 2007-2018 and treatment with either open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) or closed reduction (CR) were identified from medical records and invited to follow-ups between 2018-2020. Patients were examined, photographed, and completed a questionnaire. A review panel of 3 experienced surgeons evaluated photographs and computed tomography (CT) scans pre- and post-surgery. Results: The study sample consisted of 136 patients (108 ORIF, 28 CR) with a median follow-up time of 76 months. Patient satisfaction of surgical outcome was high (97.8%), with no significant differences in relation to the use of internal fixation, number of fixation points, or OF reconstruction. Dissatisfaction was primarily related to hypoesthesia. On post-operative CT scans, malar asymmetry was more often predicted in patients with 1-point fixations. On questionnaires and photographs, malar asymmetry was more common in patients with 3-point fixations. Prophylactic antibiotics had no effect on the rate of post-operative infections. Conclusions: Patient satisfaction was not influenced by internal fixation, number of fixation points, or OF reconstruction. Selected ZMC fractures can be treated with less invasive approaches. Caution should be observed when predicting long-term malar asymmetry on post-operative CT scans. The findings of this study highlight the importance of a rational and ethical use of surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study Design: This is a retrospective observational study. Objective: To evaluate the clinical outcomes after an open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of condylar neck and base fractures (CNBFs) with a trapezoidal shape plate in patients using a less invasive transparotid approach. Methods: Fifteen patients with condylar fractures were classified according to the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen Craniomaxillofacial (AOCMF) classification system, treated by ORIF with a trapezoidal plate. All patients were evaluated by clinical examination (pain, occlusion, and mandibular dynamics) and imaging through computed axial tomography. Postoperative evaluations considered a favourable clinical outcome of fragment stability, stable occlusion, absence of pain, and regular mouth opening ranges. In addition, any signs of local infection, malocclusion, facial nerve damage, or failure of the fixation system were recorded. Results: According to the AOCMF classification for condylar fractures, eight fractures affected the condylar base and seven involved the condylar neck. No patients presented pain or joint sounds in the TMJ. All patients obtained a buccal opening greater than or equal to 35 mm. Two patients showed postoperative malocclusion which was corrected by intermaxillary elastics therapy. In addition, two patients had transient paresis during the postoperative period. One of them had paresis of the frontal and buccal branches of the facial nerve while the second patient had paresis of the zygomatic and buccal branches. Conclusions: Using trapezoidal miniplates provides functionally stable fixation for neck and base condylar fractures and allows for a less invasive surgical transparotid approach (2 cm extension). They also reduce the amount of osteosynthesis material and are easier to adapt and fix in the author's opinion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study Design: Retrospective with follow-up. Objective: This study described the long-term outcomes of patients who received either conservative or surgical treatment for zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) fractures. It accounted for the perspectives of both patients and surgeons, and explored factors associated with patient satisfaction. Methods: Patients with unilateral ZMC fractures 2007–2018 were invited to follow-up clinical examinations and photographic documentation. Patient experiences were recorded using a questionnaire. A review panel assessed computed tomography (CT) scans and photographs. Patient and surgeon perspectives of detecting functional sequelae were assessed, and a correlation matrix was used to evaluate different perspectives of perceiving malar asymmetry. Results: The study sample consisted of 180 patients, of which conservative treatment was given to 43 patients and surgical treatment to 137 patients. Median follow-up time was 72.5 months after trauma. Overall satisfaction was 92.8%, with no significant difference between treatment groups. Patients and surgeons showed marked differences in detecting functional sequelae. Predicted malar asymmetry on CT scans did not correlate to findings on photographs or reports by patients. Conclusions: A predicted sunken cheek on CT imaging does not necessarily lead to long-term visible asymmetry of the malar region. Surgeons should acknowledge different perspectives when predicting and assessing long-term sequelae of ZMC fractures, and seek consensus on when to perform surgical reconstructions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: on-fatal strangulation (NFS) is a dangerous mechanism that can produce injuries with varying levels of severity. NFS-related injuries can range from low severity, such as simple contusions, to very severe, with convulsions and major forms of impairment. It is often difficult to gauge the severity of injuries from external and initial manifestations alone; it is therefore necessary to assess the possibility of misdiagnosed injuries or subsequent manifestations. Case report: In this study, we describe the case of a 71-year-old man with several injuries, mainly in the craniofacial region, following an assault by his flatmate. Not only did the subject suffer a concussive head injury and a fracture of the zygomatic bone, but he was also subjected to NFS. The patient was examined three times, and the third examination was carried out directly by us 40 days after the assault. Discussion: We concluded that NFS-related injuries are not always clearly visible and recognized after some time. It would therefore be necessary to standardize the clinical investigation procedure in suspected or confirmed cases of NFS. Conclusion: Clinical investigation should be done from the first hours after the injury event, with the help of forensic experts, with the use of dedicated instrumentation and the acquisition of photographic images, all carried out in a systematic manner for use in court, and a search performed for after-effects that cannot be identified by other methods. Psychological evaluation should also be considered as part of the broader assessment process as victims of NFS often experience significant psychological trauma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designing scaffolds similar to the structure of trabecular bone requires specialised algorithms. Existing scaffold designs for bone tissue engineering have repeated patterns that do not replicate the random stochastic porous structure of the internal architecture of bones. In this research, the Voronoi tessellation method is applied to create random porous biomimetic structures. A volume mesh created from the shape of a Zygoma fracture acts as a boundary for the generation of random seed points by point spacing to create Voronoi cells and Voronoi diagrams. The Voronoi lattices were obtained by adding strut thickness to the Voronoi diagrams. Gradient Voronoi scaffolds of pore sizes (19.8 µm to 923 µm) similar to the structure of the trabecular bone were designed. A Finite Element Method-based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation was performed on all designed Voronoi scaffolds to predict the pressure drops and permeability of non-Newtonian blood flow behaviour using the power law material model. The predicted permeability (0.33 × 10−9 m2 to 2.17 × 10−9 m2) values of the Voronoi scaffolds from the CFD simulation are comparable with the permeability of scaffolds and bone specimens from other research works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic spread rapidly worldwide, including in Indonesia. As a result, people developed a fear of visiting hospitals and a tendency to ignore symptoms unrelated to COVID-19. A zygomaticomaxillary complex bone fracture is one of the most frequent midface fractures and is often accompanied by infraorbital nerve paresthesia. Purpose: This article aims to report two cases of neglected zygomaticomaxillary complex bone fractures with persistent infraorbital nerve paresthesia caused by the patient’s fear of seeking medical care. Cases: The first case is a 19-year-old male with a history of trauma two weeks prior to hospital admission. He was diagnosed with a neglected zygomaticomaxillary complex bone fracture, which resulted in persistent infraorbital nerve paresthesia. This condition was due to the patient’s fear of visiting the hospital. The second case is a 21-year-old female who presented with a history of persistent numbness on the left cheek and upper lip for one month prior to hospital admission. The symptoms originated from an accident where the patient fell from a ladder measuring two meters in height. Case management: Surgical intervention—open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF)—was performed on both patients to promote nerve recovery. However, there is ongoing debate regarding the safety of elective oral maxillofacial surgery procedures during the COVID-19 pandemic. After a follow-up period, both patients experienced a recovery of sensory function in the infraorbital nerve. Conclusion: Infraorbital nerve sensory disturbance along with zygomaticomaxillary complex bone fracture found during the COVID-19 pandemic should be managed with ORIF to improve nerve recovery.

Introduction: Facial trauma deserves prompt attention because of its enormous functional and cosmetic importance. Aim of the study was to study the causes and treatmentof patients admitted with Zygomatic fractures and to evaluate the pattern for surgicaltreatment. To highlight on the indications for closed and open reduction. Material and Methods: This is a prospective study which was done on 32 patients over a period of 20 months. Patients with isolated zygomatic fractures, both sexes and all age groups were included. Results: This study encompassed a total number of 32 patients with Zygoma fractures 30(96.15%) patients were Male and 2 (3.85%) patients were Female with Male to Female ratio of 26:1. Most common age group involved in this study was 20-30years (57.69%). Most common risk factors identified in this study was Road traffic accidents which accounted for majority of the cases (83%) followed by interpersonal violence cases (10%) and accidental falls (7%). In our study out of 32 Zygomatic bone fractures. The most prevalent fractures were on right side. In our study the commonest presenting feature is subconjuctival haemorrhage (92%) followed by circum orbital echymossis (90%), Trismus (61%), malar flattening (60%) and numbness in the infra orbital nerve distribution (5%). In our study 18 patients underwent closed reduction by Gilles method and 10 patients underwent open reduction and internal fixation with miniplates and screws. 2 patients were treated with both Gilles elevation and ORIF. Zygomatic Arch fractures were 18 and Zygomatic comlex fractures were 12 Single point fixation was done in 17 patients at Zygomaticomaxillary buttress and 3 patients had 2 point fixation at ZygomaticoMaxillary and Zygomatico Frontal sutures. Single point fixation in the ZM area in Zygomatic complex fractures can avoid unsightly scars and give high satisfaction with surgical outcomes in selected patients with fracture displacement. Conclusion: It was concluded that the high frequency of Zygomatic fractures due to RTA in our population highlights the need for the strict enforcement of traffic rules and regulations. In view of the avoidable morbidity and mortality due to inadequate treatment, we advocate the establishment of regionalized, efficient, and focused trauma centers in various parts of the state particularly for acute trauma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Background Methodology Results Conclusion Road traffic accidents have significantly impacted public health in Vietnam. This study investigated the patterns of midface fractures in Vietnam and their correlation with road traffic accidents in the country.This retrospective cross‐sectional study reviewed 2187 medical records of patients with midface fractures in Ho Chi Minh City. After applying exclusion criteria, the fractures were categorized. Statistical analyses, including chi‐squared and logistic regression, were conducted to identify associations and relationships among the types and causes of fractures.The study found that 89.3% of midface fractures stemmed from road traffic accidents, with 55.2% and 14.4% zygomatic complex fractures and Le Fort type II fractures, respectively. Adults aged 19–39 accounted for 65.1% of patients, with males at 80.5%. Traffic accidents were significantly associated with an 18.7 times higher risk of concomitant mandibular fractures and a 10.5 times higher risk of Le Fort type II fractures, irrespective of age and gender.This study underscores the need for targeted prevention strategies to decrease the incidence of maxillofacial injuries resulting from road traffic accidents in Vietnam, particularly among high‐risk groups such as males and young adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facial or maxillofacial trauma occurs as a consequence of physical injury to the face and can include damage to soft tissue and bony structures either in isolation or combination. There is a male predominance with highest incidence in the age group of 20–40 years. The range of injuries include soft tissue damage, bruising, lacerations, burns and fractures of the underlying facial skeleton including the zygomatic complex, mandible, maxilla, orbit and nasoethmoidal complex. The concentration of special senses in the head and neck region means that even seemingly minor injuries can have a significant impact upon the long-term outcome for a patient. Careful assessment of an injured patient must include a full ATLS evaluation to ensure that associated potentially life-threatening injuries are not missed. This article describes the signs, symptoms and treatment of maxillofacial trauma, including management of hard and soft tissue trauma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic spread rapidly worldwide, including in Indonesia. As a result, people developed a fear of visiting hospitals and a tendency to ignore symptoms unrelated to COVID-19. A zygomaticomaxillary complex bone fracture is one of the most frequent midface fractures and is often accompanied by infraorbital nerve paresthesia. Purpose: This article aims to report two cases of neglected zygomaticomaxillary complex bone fractures with persistent infraorbital nerve paresthesia caused by the patient's fear of seeking medical care. Cases: The first case is a 19-year-old male with a history of trauma two weeks prior to hospital admission. He was diagnosed with a neglected zygomaticomaxillary complex bone fracture, which resulted in persistent infraorbital nerve paresthesia. This condition was due to the patient's fear of visiting the hospital. The second case is a 21-year-old female who presented with a history of persistent numbness on the left cheek and upper lip for one month prior to hospital admission. The symptoms originated from an accident where the patient fell from a ladder measuring two meters in height. Case management: Surgical intervention--open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF)--was performed on both patients to promote nerve recovery. However, there is ongoing debate regarding the safety of elective oral maxillofacial surgery procedures during the COVID-19 pandemic. After a follow-up period, both patients experienced a recovery of sensory function in the infraorbital nerve. Conclusion: Infraorbital nerve sensory disturbance along with zygomaticomaxillary complex bone fracture found during the COVID-19 pandemic should be managed with ORIF to improve nerve recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives. This study was conducted to evaluate of the patient satisfaction of computer guided reduction of Zygomatico-Maxillary Complex (ZMC) fractures using Patient Specific Guide (PSG) Versus Conventional reduction. Materials and methods. In this clinical trial patients were classified into two groups; each group consist of eight patients where the study group represented the use of patient specific guide for reduction and fixation of zygomatic fracture while the Control group represents conventional reduction and fixation of zygomatic fracture. The primary outcome is patient satisfaction while intraoperative time is the secondary outcome. Results. There was no statistical significancy in the overall satisfaction level between CR and GR, also there was no significancy between time consumed in CR and GR as guided reduction technique could save only about 8 minutes. Conclusions. Patient-specific guided reduction is an satisfactory technique for the reduction of zygomatico-maxillary complex (ZMC) fractures. Moreover, this technique decreased the operation time without a statistically significant difference from the conventional technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have introduced a minimally invasive approach for the fixation of the zygomatic arch during the surgical management of zygomatic complex fractures. Access for this technique is provided by a preauricular approach and eyelid incisions with the addition of transcutaneous stab incisions overlying the arch. These stab incisions allow transcutaneous drilling and screw placement through a size CH 20 (5.0 mm) paediatric nasopharyngeal airway (NPA). We present a case series of seven patients. In all patients the arch component was successfully reduced and fixed, and no intraoperative or postoperative complications were observed. The use of an NPA is novel. It functions as a flexible self-irrigating sleeve and protects the skin from mechanical and thermal damage. The technique uses readily available equipment, is easy to learn, and simplifies surgery to the zygomatic arch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attitudes towards healthcare in the NHS and in other Western healthcare systems have been changing dramatically in recent years. There is a significant movement calling for a shift from the traditional paternalistic model, with patients as passive recipients of treatments that are supported by objective and observable evidence, towards a more holistic approach, in which patients have agency, and treatments are tailored to the individual needs of a particular patient. Whilst patient safety and clinical effectiveness remain intrinsic to the traditional measurement of successful healthcare, Patient Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) are increasingly being advocated as an important tool to uphold patient-centric care in the NHS. The aim of this study is to complete the first evaluation of PROMs that we know of in patients receiving surgical management of zygomatic fractures, by comparing two interventions commonly used in this condition: the zygomaticomaxillary complex open reduction and internal fixation (ZMC ORIF), and the Gillies approach to zygomatic elevation. We demonstrate high levels of patient satisfaction across all domains, irrespective of surgical approach, but that mood and anxiety remain an issue after surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The zygomatic region stands out as the most prominent facial portion, and zygomatic complex fractures (ZMC) are the second most prevalent facial fractures in the lateral mid-face area. This study investigated the associations between fractures in the ZMC and injuries to the infraorbital nerve at a tertiary care hospital. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 72 patients from September 2021 to March 2022, at the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Jinnah Post Graduate Medical Centre, Karachi. Patients aged between 16 to 65 years, recently diagnosed with zygomatic bone fractures, were included in the study through consecutive non-probability sampling. Comprehensive patient histories, including demographic information, gender, age and residential status, obesity, and the identification of infraorbital nerve injuries diagnosed through clinical examinations and radiographic assessments. SPSS vr20 was used and the Chi-Square test was utilized to explore associations between categorical variables. Results: Among the 72 cases, 45(62.5%) were male, while 27(37.5%) were females. The average age was 37.43 ± 11.04 years, with ages ranging from 16 to 65 years. Within this cohort, 47(65.3%) individuals were residents of urban areas, whereas 25(34.7%) hailed from rural regions. Notably, positive infraorbital nerve injuries were detected in 54 patients (p=0.02), constituting 75.0% of the total injuries. Among those with ZMC fractures, 25(34.7%) (p=0.02) also had infraorbital injuries, while 20(27.8%) (p=0.03) did not exhibited such injuries. Conclusion: our study highlights a noteworthy correlation between ZMC fractures and infraorbital injuries. These results underscore the reciprocal relevance of assessing infraorbital injuries in ZMC fracture cases and vice versa, enhancing the comprehensive understanding and management of such injuries in clinical practice.

Background/Aim: This study aimed to assess the incidence and pattern of maxillofacial fractures and related demographic data in the victims of rollover crashes. Patients and Methods: This retrospective study was based on medical records of patients who sustained maxillofacial injuries following rollover accidents. Investigated data included age, gender, accident date and time, accident cause, seat belt usage, airbag deployment, road type, anatomical location of the facial fracture, and treatment approach. Results: Among the 147 patients who met the inclusion criteria, the most prevalent age groups were 20–30 (36.7%) and 30–40 (32.7%) years, with a mean age of 33.6 ± 9.7 years. The male‐to‐female ratio was 6:1. Most crashes occurred in March, August, and July. These accidents involved 69.4% light vehicles and 39.6% heavy vehicles. The leading causes of rollover crashes were speeding (58.5%) followed by distracted driving (21.1%) and traffic rule violations (13.6%). The most prevalent injuries were fractures of the maxillary sinus wall (40.8%), nasal bones (39.5%), zygomaticomaxillary complex (36.1%), and the mandible (32.6%). Surgical intervention was necessary for 44.2% of patients, while 12.9% of cases underwent close reduction, and 42.9% did not require any surgical intervention. The occurrence of nasal bone fractures was significantly lower in cases where seat belts were worn and zygomatic arch fractures were less frequent in incidents with airbag deployment. Conclusions: In rollover crashes, the midface is the most vulnerable anatomical location. Utilization of seat belts and airbag deployment has the potential to prevent nasal bone and zygomatic arch fractures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to assess the safety and effectiveness of BoneTape™, a new resorbable bone fixation device, using a zygomatic fracture model in rabbits. The study followed BoneTape™ samples and control (sham) groups over 2-, 6-, and 12-week periods post-zygomaticomaxillary (ZM) osteotomy and zygomaticofrontal (ZF) disarticulation. The osteotomized segments were analyzed for bone healing, inflammatory response, and tissue healing. µCT imaging and histological analysis were used to examine the axial alignment, offset, and quality of new bone formation. BoneTape™ samples demonstrated enhanced maintenance of the initial intraoperative positioning, reduced axial offset, and better alignment when compared with the control group, enabling stable bone healing under physiological loading conditions. Complete union was observed at 12-weeks in both groups. The BoneTape™ group experienced minimal immune and tissue reactions, classically associated with wound healing, and showed an increased number of giant cells at 6 and 12-weeks. BoneTape™ represents a promising advancement in osteosynthesis, demonstrating efficacy in maintaining stable zygomatic reconstruction and eliciting minimal immune response in a rabbit model. This study introduces BoneTape™ as a disruptive solution specifically designed for clinical application in cranio-maxillofacial fracture fixation, with the potential to eliminate the use of over-engineered solutions while offering benefits such as ease of application and fewer biologically disruptive steps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subciliary incision is a common approach for facial fracture surgery; however, it has a higher incidence of lower lid ectropion, which can be particularly challenging for beginning surgeons to manage. This study reports the usage of lateral tarsoplasty combined with a full-thickness skin graft (FTSG) to correct severe ectropion following the subciliary approach for infra-orbital rim fractures. We retrospectively reviewed all facial fracture cases involving infra-orbital rim fractures through a subciliary approach treated in our department between March 2021 and May 2023. Electronic medical records and clinical digital photographs of patients who met the inclusion criteria were reviewed. After reviewing 196 cases that used the subciliary approach, we found 6 patients (3.06%; 4 males and 2 females; mean age, 68.5 ± 4.89 years) with postoperative severe ectropion managed using lateral tarsoplasty and FTSG. The mean ectropion development and correction times after facial fracture surgery were 0.78 ± 0.24 and 0.91 ± 0.37 months, respectively. At the 12-month follow-up, all patients showed favorable outcomes, and the position of their lower eyelids was well maintained without ectropion recurrence. Based on these successful outcomes, lateral tarsoplasty combined with FTSG is proposed to be an effective and straightforward method for managing lower eyelid ectropion caused by facial fracture surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study evaluated records of patients with maxillofacial trauma due to interpersonal violence (IPV) being treated in the emergency room of a level I trauma center hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. Material and Methods: Data of patients with maxillofacial trauma due to IPV recorded between January 2019 and December 2019 were retrospectively examined. Personal data, days on which they experienced IPV, and the type of maxillofacial trauma sustained were extracted and statistically analyzed (p <.050). Results: During the analysis, 1034 patients with maxillofacial trauma were identified; of these patients, 292 (28.2%) who experienced trauma due to IPV were included in this study. There was a mean age of 32.6 years and the most common type of trauma was soft tissue injuries (38.7%). Mandible and nose fractures were more prevalent in males and females, respectively. Our data, when compared with other studies on maxillofacial trauma due to IPV, showed a lower prevalence and male‐to‐female ratio, and a higher presence of dentoalveolar trauma. Additionally, our data when compared with studies on maxillofacial trauma due to other causes showed lower mean age and male‐to‐female ratios, and a higher occurrence of nose fractures differing from the predominance of mandibular fractures. Conclusion: Oral and maxillofacial surgeons must be able to suspect and identify cases due to IPV among their patients with trauma. With our results, although each case has its individuality, we can suggest that cases of maxillofacial trauma in young, female, and nasal fracture patients may be suspicious for IPV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Standard treatment for full rehabilitation of compromised maxillae with regular implants includes sinus elevation grafting, a minimum of two to three surgeries, and a minimum treatment time of 9 to 15 months. Zygomatic implants are a viable alternative. However, prosthetic restorations have been compromised due to abutments emerging on the palate. The purpose of this study was to find ways that abutments will emerge on the ridge (occlusal surface). The presented results show it can be done if zygomatic implants are placed in the sinus wall (extra-sinus) and use an internal, conical connection with platform-switching and 45-degree abutments. Thus, marginal tissue prognosis and primary stability may also be improved by adding coronal threads to an implant design. These improvements, if confirmed in longer follow-ups and further studies, may encourage more graftless rehabilitations of severely compromised maxillae, reducing the number of surgeries and overall treatment time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: One-point fixation was superior to the two and three-points fixation in minimally displaced zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) fracture regarding the cost, invasiveness, scaring, number of wounds, and operation time. Accordingly, this study aimed to predict which one-point fixation is the most stable in managing minimally displaced ZMC fracture. Material & methods: This study simulated the different one-point fixation approaches on three ZMC models after fracture reduction and application of all forces exerted on the fractured area. The findings were represented as stress impact on the ZMC fracture and plating system as well as the inter-fragments micro-motion. Results: The von misses stresses of plates for the zygomaticofrontal, infra-orbital rim, and zygomaticomaxillary buttress model were (66.508, 1.285, and1.16 MPa) respectively. While the screws' von misses for the infraorbital rim, zygomaticofrontal, and zygomaticomaxillary buttress models were (13.8, 4.05, and 1.60 MPa) respectively. Whereas, the maximum principles stress at zygomaticofrontal, zygomaticomaxillary buttress, and infraorbital rim models were (37.03, 37.01, and 34.46 MPa) respectively. In addition, the inter-fragment micro-motion for zygomaticomaxillary buttress, infraorbital rim, and zygomaticofrontal models were (0.26, 0.25, and 0.15 mm) respectively. Conclusion: One-point fixation at zygomaticomaxillary buttress is the preferred point because it is exposed to low stresses, and the inter-fragment micro-motion is within the approved limit with the elements in the same direction of fixation which indicates the rigid fixation. In addition, it is less palpable and scarless. Trial registration: clinical trial.gov (NCT05819372) at 19/04/2023. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Orbital wall fractures that may develop in maxillofacial traumas (MFTs) may cause ophthalmic complications (OCs). The aim of this study is to determine the frequency of orbital fractures (OFs) accompanying MFTs and findings suspicious for orbital traumatic involvement. Materials and Methods: Computed tomography (CT) images of 887 patients who presented to the emergency department within a 1-year period with a history of MFT were retrospectively scanned. During the examination, patients with orbital wall fractures, craniofacial bone fractures, and posttraumatic soft tissue changes were recorded. Results: OF was observed in 47 (5.3%) of the patients admitted for MFT. In cases with OFs, accompanying nasal (25.5%), ethmoid (2.1%), frontal (19.1%), maxillary (38%), and zygomatic bone fracture (10.6%), sphenoid (4.3%), and soft tissue damage (55.3%) were observed. It was observed that the pathologies mentioned at these levels were significantly higher than in patients without orbital involvement (p < 0.05). In our study, mild (48.9%) and moderate-severe (2.12–4.25%) OCs accompanying OFs were observed after MFT. Conclusions: The frequency of MFT varies depending on various factors, and such studies are needed to take preventive measures. Knowing the risk and frequency of orbital damage accompanying MFTs may help reduce complications by allowing rapid and accurate diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The zygomatic complex is the second most common fracture of the facial bones after the nasal bone. The prominent convex shape of the zygoma makes it vulnerable to traumatic injury. Diplopia is one of the serious complications of zygomatic complex fracture and is a common subjective complaint. Objective. To determine the frequency of diplopia in zygomatic complex fractures. Methodology. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Ward, Civil Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan. The duration of the study was 1 year (March 1, 2021 to February 28, 2022). A total of 126 patients having zygomatic complex fractures were included in this study. After recording the patient's complete history, like demographic details and cause for fracture, diplopia was examined clinically. If, during the examination, the patient complained of double vision, this was labeled as diplopia positive (Yes) and negative (No) if the patient did not have any such complain. Data were statistically analyzed. Results. The mean (±SD) age of patients was 33.42 (±9.27), with 91 (72.2%) male patients and 35 (27.8%) female patients. The frequency of diplopia in zygomatic complex fractures was observed in 52 (41.3%) patients. The rate of diplopia was significantly high in patients aged between 31 and 40 years (P-value = 0.0005). Conclusion. The frequency of diplopia among patients having zygomatic complex fractures was high in this study. Thus, forming a strategy to properly diagnose and treat it and to prevent persistent morbidity to improve patient's quality of life is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess the postoperative complications and outcome (implant survival) of quad zygomatic implants inserted in patients with edentulism and severely atrophic maxillae. Materials and Methods: Two independent reviewers conducted an electronic search of the literature (PubMed, Scopus, EBSCO, Web of Science) from January 2000 to February 2019. The inclusion criteria were articles published in English reporting data of at least five patients with severely atrophic edentulous maxillae undergoing placement of four zygomatic implants without additional insertion of standard implants, with a minimum of 6 months of follow-up. Data extracted included number of patients, characteristics of the maxillary defect, number of zygomatic implants, implant details, surgical procedure, prosthetic rehabilitation, postoperative complications, survival rate, and length of follow-up after definitive prosthesis delivery. Results: Eleven studies with 166 patients were included. The heterogeneity among studies was not significant. The pooled incidence rates of complications were as follows: sinusitis 12% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 4% to 23%), malposition and surgical guiding failure 11% (95% CI: 3% to 21%), local infection/injury 10% (95% CI: 3% to 18%), and prosthetic complications 5% (95% CI: 0% to 13%). The implant survival rate ranged between 95.8% and 100%, and the pooled implant survival rate in the meta-analysis was 98% (95% CI: 97% to 99%). Conclusion: Quad zygomatic implants inserted in patients with severely atrophic edentulous maxillae have a high implant survival rate, but the incidence of complications should not be underestimated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures are very common in maxillofacial trauma and may be associated with fractures of the coronoid process. We report a case of dislocation of the coronoid process above a zygomaticomaxillary complex fracture locking the mandible. We also report the surgical management of this uncommon case and its follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the traumas, those that affect the oral and maxillofacial region stand out considerably, due to their high complexity and the fact that they affect a bodily region with great physiological, aesthetic and social importance. This study aimed to characterize the facial traumas that generate fractures, specifying their distribution and etiology, in patients who were hospitalized. For this, a cross-sectional study was carried out on secondary data, in which 407 medical records of patients hospitalized by the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Service of the public network at Hospital da Restauração Governador Paulo Guerra - HR, in the city of Recife-Pernambuco, were collected, from which 130 medical records were selected whose reason for admission into the hospital was trauma to the bones of the face, hospitalized in the period between January 1st and December 31st, 2021, representing the sample of this study. The results regarding the distribution of fractures showed that the mandible was the most affected bone (66% of the cases), followed by the maxilla with 35%, the zygoma with 29%, the orbit with 15% and the bones of the nose in 12%. As for the etiology, car accident was responsible for the highest frequency of fractures with 29%, followed by physical aggression, with 22%, Firearm Projectile (16%), falls (16%), others (10%). It can be concluded that, in the period studied, the mandible was the most affected bone by fractures and traffic accidents were the main causes of facial fractures requiring hospitalization, and men being five times more affected than women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Midface fracture incidence and trauma patterns vary across countries, due to socioeconomic, environmental, and cultural factors. The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the etiology, pattern, and treatment of midface fractures in North of Jordan during 2018–2021. Methods: This single-center retrospective study was based on the review of the medical records of patients who had suffered midface fractures and were treated at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at the King Abdullah University Hospital. The dataset for this investigation spanned the 4-year period from January 2018 to December 2021. Results: During the 4-year period, 267 patients presented with 376 different maxillofacial fractures. Of those, 140 patients had 250 midface fractures, with a mean of 1.79 per patient. Their age ranged from 2 to 68 years (mean [standard deviation] = 25.8 [12.0] years). The most frequent injury cause was road traffic accidents (RTA) (n = 72, 51.3%), followed by falls (n = 27, 19.3%). Among midface fractures, the most frequent were orbit fractures (42.4%), followed by zygomatic fractures (31.6%) and maxillary fractures (26%). The majority of fractures (77.9%) were treated through open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF), while the remaining (15.7%) required closed reduction and conservative treatment was sufficient in 6.43% of fractures. Conclusions: Midface fractures were more common among males, and primarily occurred in the orbital floor due to the high incidence of RTAs. Maxillary fractures were mostly of the LeFort I Type and ORIF was the most common treatment modality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients with moderate to severe atrophic maxilla challenge the surgeon to discover alternative ways to use existing bone or resort to augmenting the patient with autogenous or alloplastic bone materials. Many procedures have been suggested for these atrophied maxillae before implant placement, which include Le Fort I maxillary downfracture, onlay bone grafts and maxillary sinus graft procedures. A zygomatic implant can be an effective device for rehabilitation of the severely resorbed maxilla. If zygomatic implants are used, onlay bone grafting or sinus augmentation will not be necessary. The purpose of this paper is to review the indications of zygomatic implants placement techniques, stabilization, and prosthodontic procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Many approaches have been suggested for management of zygomaticomaxillary fractures. Each approach has its own advantages and limitations. Aim of this study: The study is intended to compare between the subtarsal approach, conventional transconjuctival approach and the Y- modification of the transconjuctival approach in the management of zygomatico-maxillay complex fractures. Materials and methods: Twenty-four patients with age range of 20–50 years requiring open reduction and fixation of a fractured zygomatic complex were randomly divided into three equal groups. Group A: subtarsal approach group, group B: a conventional transconjunctival approach group and group C: Y- modification of the transconjunctival approach group. Intraoperative and postoperative parameters were evaluated. Results: As for the exposure time, group C had the longest duration. Easy access to the site of fracture was reached in all groups with no statistically significant difference. During the first 24 h, the pain was only statistically significant between groups A and B with higher pain level in group A. After the first week, pain was significantly higher in groups A and C, with respect to group B. The least edema was observed in group B after 24 h, one week and four weeks postoperatively. Regarding ocular complications, wound healing and sensory nerve function, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups. Scarring was only noticeable in group A patients. Conclusion: The transconjunctival approach provides adequate exposure with excellent esthetics and minor complications. The Y-modification also delivers an esthetic access with inconspicuous scar to the frontozygomatic region. Trial registration: The trial has been registered on clinicaltrials.gov (ID: NCT05695872). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gillies method is widely used for zygomatic arch fractures. Many modifications were suggested over time but Gillies method is still carry on popularity. Seventeen patients with isolated zygomatic arch fractures who were treated with Gillies method between 2016 and 2021 were included in this study. All patients were male and the mean age was 23 years (20–32). All operations were performed under sedation anesthesia. All patients healed uneventfully. Only one transient frontal branch of facial nerve paralysis was seen in the follow-up. Etiology of zygomatic arc fractures were sports injury in 9 patients (53%), motorcycle accident in 3 patients (17.6%), assault in 3 patients (17.6), and sencop in 2 patients (11.7%). Zygomatic arch fractures were located on left zygomatic arch in 13 patients (76.5%), right zygomatic arch in 4 patients (23.5%). Eleven patients (64.7%) were operated in 1 week and 6 patients were operated on the second week (35.3%) after the injury. We think that Gillies method is still very useful in the treatment of isolated zygomatic arch fractures. Level of evidence: Level V, Therapeutic study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The consumption of alcoholic beverages reduces the body's ability to deal with dangerous situations and exposes people to trauma. Objective: To determine the association between the consumption of alcoholic beverages and the characteristics of maxillofacial fractures treated at a Cuban university hospital in the context of COVID-19. Material and Methods: An observational, analytical, and cross-sectional study was carried out in the Maxillofacial Surgery unit at the “Carlos Manuel de Céspedes” General University Hospital during the year 2020. Prevalence ratios, 95% confidence intervals and p-values were obtained using generalized linear models. Results: In 58.23% of the cases, fractures were related to the consumption of alcoholic beverages. The fundamental etiology was interpersonal violence (47.75%), regardless of the consumption of alcoholic beverages. There was a prevalence of patients with nasal fractures (n=98; 55.06%), among which, 35.71% had consumed alcoholic beverages at the time of the trauma. Being male (p=0.005), the lack of university studies (p=0.007), the need for surgical treatment (p

Introduction: Zygoma fractures are common injuries due to their prominent nature and proper treatment is important to achieve functional and esthetic results. Anatomical reduction and plate fixation are crucial in the treatment of zygomatic fractures. However, there is no consensus on the optimal treatment. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the surgical treatment results and outcomes of surgical treatment results. Materials and Methods: Data were obtained from the hospital registry system. Age, sex, concomitant diseases, smoking history, etiology, type of fracture, accompanying fractures, methods used for treatment, complications, length of hospital stay, and time from diagnosis to surgery were retrospectively recorded. SPSS version 26.0 was used for data analysis. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the types of fractures seen in traffic accidents, falls, and assaults, which are the most common causes of etiology (P = 0.14). No statistically significant difference was observed between the number of plates used for fixation and the presence of complications (P = 0.90). However, the incidence of complications was significantly higher in patients with at least one fixed plate than in those without (P = 0.017). Conclusion: High-energy Types B and C injuries are more common in surgically treated zygoma cases. Based on our analyze, we believe that open anatomical reduction is most important step in treatment. Plate fixation should be preferred when it is necessary to maintain stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Orbital fractures constitute one of the common injuries of the maxillofacial region. They may occur either as isolated fractures, as blowout fractures, or as part of the more complex zygoma fractures. The management of orbital fractures has always been a challenging task for oral and maxillofacial surgeons in terms of access, perfect alignment, and fixation. Only a few randomized prospective studies have compared the incisions, according to a meta-analysis on incisions for orbital floor exploration. Hence this study was undertaken, and all the parameters affecting the choice of the incision were evaluated and compared between the incisions, which were not available in other comparative studies such as scleral show and chronic lid edema. Materials and Methods: This comparative randomized study was conducted on 30 patients with zygomatic maxillary complex fractures or isolated infraorbital rim fractures in whom open reduction and internal fixation of the infraorbital rim was planned. The patients were divided into three groups randomly, with 10 patients in each group. In Group I, patients were treated with subciliary incision, in Group II with subtarsal incision, and in Group III with infraorbital incision. Results: The infraorbital incisions produced the most visible scar, followed by the subtarsal (P = 0.002). The subtarsal and infraorbital incisions provided very good exposure to the fracture site compared to the subciliary (P = 0.004). Statistics revealed that the relationship between the scleral scar and the incisions was not statistically significant six months postoperatively (P = 0.355). The subciliary incision had a higher chance of ectropion. Discussion and Conclusion: The infraorbital incision was less time consuming, but it had the disadvantage of a visible scar and chronic lid edema. The subciliary approach had an imperceptible scar but had higher chances of scleral show and ectropion. Hence, in conclusion, the results of the current study suggest that the subtarsal approach is superior compared to the subciliary and infraorbital approaches as it combines the advantages of the subciliary and subtarsal approaches with minimal complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Zygomatic bone fractures are prevalent in the maxillofacial region. This study aims at analyzing the epidemiology and clinical presentation of isolated zygomatic bone fractures. Material and Methods. The retrospective study, conducted at the Clinic of Maxillofacial Surgery of the University Clinical Center of Vojvodina, included 128 patients diagnosed with isolated zygomatic bone fractures. The following parameters were taken into consideration: gender, age, trauma etiology, clinical presentation, computed tomography analysis of the fracture localization and pattern. The fractures were classified into five groups according to Zingg classification system. Results. The study included patients aged 10-82 divided into four groups, with the most affected group being 30-49 years old. Men were more often treated for zygomatic bone fractures (male: female ratio 3:1). Left-sided fractures of the zygomatic bone occurred more often (55.2%) than the right-sided ones. Type B was the most common type of fracture, while the zygomaticomaxillary buttress fracture was the most common injury. Early treatment was administered in 78 patients (60.94%), while 50 patients (39.06%) underwent delayed reconstruction. The analysis of complications concerning the time of surgical intervention revealed a higher incidence of ectropion in cases treated early, while infraorbital paresthesia and facial asymmetry were more prevalent in cases treated late. Conclusion. Zygomatic bone fractures have high morbidity risk, and may cause temporary incapacity to work, and potentially permanent and functional damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Reduction of zygomaticomaxillary (ZMC) fracture is often difficult to evaluate intraoperatively because of it peculiar anatomy and limited accessibility. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of use of C-arm as a tool for intraoperative monitoring of ZMC fracture reduction. Materials and Methods: Group I (C-Arm) and Group II (control group) comprised of patients with isolated unilateral displaced Zygomatic complex (ZMC) fractures and having orbital volume change. The efficacy of use of C-arm intra-operatively was evaluated to analyse the reduction of fracture. Results: It was observed that mean change in ocular volume was around 1.07cm2 for Group I and 1.51cm2 in Group II. Thus post-operative eye volume was near to normal in Group I than Group II. The change in ocular volume post-operatively was observed to be statistically significant (p-value < 0.05) in both the groups. Post HOC Tukey statistical analysis determined the intergroup relation in change in eye volume between normal, pre- and post-operative and was found to be statistically significant (p-value < 0.05). The intergroup comparison between Group I and Group II was done using ANOVA statistical analysis and was found to be statistically significant (p-value < 0.05). Discussion: Our study revealed that C-arm is definitively an effective tool in the oral and maxillofacial surgery armamentarium, giving better results with minimal surgical exposure and by eliminating operator related error. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study was to determine the epidemiological pattern of maxillofacial fractures in northwestern China by retrospectively analysing the demographics, aetiologies, concomitant injuries, fracture sites, and management. Methods: A 10-year retrospective analysis of 2240 patients with maxillofacial fractures admitted to the General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University was conducted. The extracted data included sex, age, aetiology, fracture site, concomitant injuries, time of treatment, therapeutic approaches and complications. Statistical analyses were performed, including descriptive analysis and the chi-square test. Logistic regression was used to determine the impact factors of maxillofacial fractures and concomitant injuries. P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The age of the included patients ranged from 1 to 85 years, and the mean age was 35.88 ± 15.69 years. The male-to-female ratio was 3.9:1. The most frequent aetiology of maxillofacial fractures was road traffic accidents (RTAs) (56.3%), and the most common fracture sites were the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus, arcus zygomaticus and mandibular body. A total of 1147 patients (51.2%) were affected by concomitant injuries, with craniocerebral injury being the most common. Logistic regression analyses revealed increased risks of mid-facial fractures in elderly individuals (odds ratio (OR) = 1.029, P < 0.001) and females (OR = 0.719, P = 0.005). Younger patients had a higher risk of mandibular fractures (OR = 0.973, P < 0.001). RTAs increased the risk for mid-facial fractures and high falls increased the risk for mandibular fractures. Conclusions: The maxillofacial fracture pattern is correlated with sex, age and aetiology. Patients were mainly young and middle-aged males, and the main cause of injury was RTAs, mostly causing compound fractures. Medical staff must be systematically educated to comprehensively examine patients with injuries resulting from RTAs. The management of patients with fractures requires thorough consideration of the patient's age, aetiology, fracture site, and concomitant injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]