1. A method to stabilise the performance of negatively fed KM3NeT photomultipliers
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M. Circella, C. D'Amato, Andrea Biagioni, G. Kieft, G. Pellegrini, Antonio Capone, S. Adrián-Martínez, P. Timmer, J. Schmelling, Piero Vicini, Maurizio Spurio, Rosanna Cocimano, Antonio D'Onofrio, A.J. Heijboer, J.A. Martínez-Mora, Fabrizio Ameli, G. Pühlhofer, M. de Jong, F. Terrasi, F. Versari, Bruny Baret, M. Ageron, M. Morganti, D. Lo Presti, Jörn Wilms, Els Koffeman, Michel André, C. Perrina, F. Di Capua, S. Eichie, P. Coyle, Giacomo Cuttone, B. Bouhadef, Paolo Fermani, Jürgen Brunner, E. Barbarito, Raffaele Buompane, V. Giordano, Mario Musumeci, A. Cosquer, R. Bruijn, G.E. Păvălaş, G. Ferrara, D. Stransky, A. Trovato, P. Migliozzi, A.M. van den Berg, V. Van Elewyck, A. Martini, A. Liolios, L. Quinn, I. Di Palma, G. C. Barbarino, Apostolos Tsirigotis, M. Durocher, Silvio Cherubini, I. Olcina, G. Cacopardo, Cristiano Bozza, T. Avgitas, M. M. Pfützner, N. Randazzo, E. Drakopoulou, Fabio Marzaioli, Herbert Löhner, S. Galatà, S. Bourret, S. Henry, G. E. Poma, K. Pikounis, M. Saldaña, Francesco Simeone, Alessandro Lonardo, F. Raffaelli, B. Vallage, A. Marinelli, M. Sedita, A. Sánchez Losa, L. Caillat, A. Enzenhöfer, Oleg Kalekin, Fabio Pratolongo, A. D'Amico, Antonios Leisos, C. Boutonnet, M. Gebyehu, Lucio Gialanella, J.D. Zornoza, Yahya Tayalati, D. Kießling, M.C. Bouwhuis, Sara Pulvirenti, Carmelo Pellegrino, F. Garufi, M. Volkert, R. Mele, Silvia Celli, Simona Maria Stellacci, S. Loucatos, T. Pradier, A. Coleiro, L. Classen, R. Bormuth, Vitaliano Chiarella, P. Piattelli, V. van Beveren, Matthias Kadler, L. K. Resvanis, V. Sciacca, M. Anghinolfi, Giulia Illuminati, D. van Eijk, S. Theraube, J. C. Vermeulen, K. Zachariadou, Domenico Santonocito, C. W. James, Patrick Lamare, Sotirios Harissopulos, H. van Haren, E. Migneco, L Chiarelli, F. Schimmel, G. Frascadore, B. Spisso, M. Cordelli, C. D. Llorens Alvarez, Valeria Sipala, T. Michael, Thomas Eberl, M. Lotze, M. Taiuti, A. Rovelli, Abdelilah Moussa, Paolo Musico, Michael Kreter, Carlos Maximiliano Mollo, L. Trasatti, F. Giacomini, M. Ardid, M. Furini, C. Olivetto, L.W. Wiggers, M. Hevinga, Nicolo' Beverini, H. Peek, C. Hugon, S. Colonges, D. Calvo, P. Jansweijer, Gisela Anton, S.F. Biagi, M. Billault, C. De Sio, A. Albert, E. Buis, C. Tönnis, Diego Real, C. Racca, Antoine Kouchner, Corinne Donzaud, Paolo Sapienza, P.M. Kooijman, A. Paolucci, A. Papaikonomou, E. Berbee, V. Popa, G. De Bonis, I. Salvadori, Robert Lahmann, J. Reubelt, T. Heid, Georgios Stavropoulos, Sebastiano Aiello, A. Sánchez García, Karl Mannheim, E. Tzamariudaki, M. Mongelli, I. El Bojaddaini, C. Rossi, M. Calamai, D. Drouhin, Q. Dorosti-Hasankiadeh, Steffen Hallmann, M. Bondì, E. G. Anassontzis, Damien Dornic, Jos Steijger, Riccardo Travaglini, Alexander Kappes, A. Miraglia, Salvatore Viola, E. Heine, Dominik Elsaesser, G. Bourlis, P. Keller, G. Grella, Matteo Sanguineti, G. Pancaldi, Andrea Santangelo, A. Grmek, P. Mijakowski, Kay Graf, Karel Melis, J. Barrios-Martí, Enrico Maccioni, R. Habel, M. Favaro, S. Beurthey, Nectaria A. B. Gizani, Carlo Alessandro Nicolau, M. Lindsey Clark, S. Tzamarias, C. Markou, Riccardo Papaleo, G. Riccobene, Uli Katz, A. Belias, A. Creusot, A. Orzelli, E. De Wolff, R. Gracia, G. Androulakis, Jutta Schnabel, O. Mariş, M. Jongen, Jose Busto, D. Cobas, J. Zúñiga, T. Gal, T. Seitz, C. Distefano, D. F. E. Samtleben, Daniele Vivolo, A. Margotti, S Zani, Luigi Antonio Fusco, Joao A B Coelho, M. Guerzoni, L. Caramete, T. Grégoire, Annarita Margiotta, D. Tézier, I. Sgura, Angelo Orlando, C. Champion, V. Kulikovskiy, M. Manzali, S. Cecchini, Juan José Hernández-Rey, Emanuele Leonora, Tommaso Chiarusi, R. Coniglione, J. Hofestädt, V. Bertin, Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Km3NeT Collaboration, Adrián Martínez, S. Am, Ageron, M. B, Aiello, S. S, Albert, A. An, Ameli, F. W, Anassontzis, E. G. Ad, Andre, M. Al, Androulakis, G. Ab, Anghinolfi, M. T, Anton, G. G, Ardid, M. Am, Avgitas, T. C, Barbarino, G. Uai, Barbarito, E. Q, Baret, B. C, Barrios Martí, J. K, Belias, A. Ab, Berbee, E. F, Van Den Berg, A. Y, Bertin, V. B, Beurthey, S. B, Van Beveren, V. F, Beverini, N. Vaj, Biagi, S. O, Biagioni, A. W, Billault, M. B, Bondì, M. S, Bormuth, R. Fz, Bouhadef, B. V, Bourlis, G. J, Bourret, S. C, Boutonnet, C. C, Bouwhuis, M. F, Bozza, C. At, Bruijn, R. Aq, Brunner, J. B, Buis, E. Ag, Buompane, R. Uae, Busto, J. B, Cacopardo, G. O, Caillat, L. B, Calamai, M. V, Calvo, D. K, Capone, A. Wak, Caramete, L. X, Cecchini, S. R, Celli, S. Iwak, Champion, C. C, Cherubini, S. Oar, Chiarella, V. P, Chiarelli, L. Nr, Chiarusi, T. R, Circella, M. Q, Classen, L. G, Cobas, D. C, Cocimano, R. O, Coelho, J. A. B. C, Coleiro, A. C, Colonges, S. C, Coniglione, R. O, Cordelli, M. P, Cosquer, A. B, Coyle, P. B, Creusot, A. C, Cuttone, G. O, D'Amato, C. O, D'Amico, A. F, D'Onofrio, A. Uae, De Bonis, G. W, De Sio, C. At, DI CAPUA, Francesco, Di Palma, I. Wak, Distefano, C. O, Donzaud, C. C, Dornic, D. B, Dorosti Hasankiadeh, Q. Y, Drakopoulou, E. Ab, Drouhin, D. An, Durocher, M. Io, Eberl, T. G, Eichie, S. Gh, Van Eijk, D. F, El Bojaddaini, I. Ao, Elsaesser, D. Au, Enzenhöfer, A. B, Favaro, M. Nr, Fermani, P. W, Ferrara, G. Oar, Frascadore, G. O, Furini, M. R, Fusco, L. A. Rah, Gal, T. G, Galatà, S. C, Garufi, F. Uai, Gay, P. Cm, Gebyehu, M. F, Giacomini, F. Nr, Gialanella, L. Uae, Giordano, V. S, Gizani, N. J, Gracia, R. C, Graf, K. G, Grégoire, T. C, Grella, G. At, Grmek, A. O, Guerzoni, M. R, Habel, R. P, Hallmann, S. G, Van Haren, H. Ac, Harissopulos, S. Ab, Heid, T. G, Heijboer, A. F, Heine, E. F, Henry, S. B, Hernández Rey, J. J. K, Hevinga, M. Y, Hofestädt, J. G, Hugon, C. M. F. T, Illuminati, G. K, James, C. W. G, Jansweijer, P. F, Jongen, M. F, De Jong, M. F, Kadler, M. Au, Kalekin, O. G, Kappes, A. G, Katz, U. F. G, Keller, P. B, Kieft, G. F, Kießling, D. G, Koffeman, E. N. F, Kooijman, P. Aqav, Kouchner, A. C, Kreter, M. Au, Kulikovskiy, V. B, Lahmann, R. G, Lamare, P. B, Leisos, A. J, Leonora, E. S, Clark, M. L. C, Liolios, A. D, Alvarez, C. D. L. Am, Lo Presti, D. S, Löhner, H. Y, Lonardo, A. W, Lotze, M. K, Loucatos, S. C, Maccioni, E. Vaj, Mannheim, K. Au, Manzali, M. Nr, Margiotta, A. Rah, Margotti, A. R, Marinelli, A. Vaj, Mariš, O. X, Markou, C. Ab, Martínez Mora, J. A. Am, Martini, A. P, Marzaioli, F. Uae, Mele, R. Uai, Melis, K. W. F, Michael, T. F, Migliozzi, P. U, Migneco, E. O, Mijakowski, P. Aa, Miraglia, A. O, Mollo, C. M. U, Mongelli, M. Q, Morganti, M. Av, Moussa, A. Ao, Musico, P. T, Musumeci, M. O, Nicolau, C. A. W, Olcina, I. K, Olivetto, C. C, Orlando, A. O, Orzelli, A. T, Pancaldi, G. R, Paolucci, A. R, Papaikonomou, A. J, Papaleo, R. O, Pǎvǎlaš, G. E. X, Peek, H. F, Pellegrini, G. R, Pellegrino, C. Rah, Perrina, C. Wak, Pfutzner, M. F, Piattelli, P. O, Pikounis, K. Ab, Poma, G. E. Oar, Popa, V. X, Pradier, T. L, Pratolongo, F. T, Pühlhofer, G. E, Pulvirenti, S. O, Quinn, L. B, Racca, C. An, Raffaelli, F. V, Randazzo, N. S, Real, D. K, Resvanis, L. Ad, Reubelt, J. G, Riccobene, G. O, Rossi, C. T, Rovelli, A. O, Saldaña, M. Am, Salvadori, I. B, Samtleben, D. F. E. Fz, Sánchez García, A. K, Sánchez Losa, A. Q, Sanguineti, M. T, Santangelo, A. E, Santonocito, D. O, Sapienza, P. O, Schimmel, F. F, Schmelling, J. F, Schnabel, J. G, Sciacca, V. O, Sedita, M. O, Seitz, T. G, Sgura, I. Q, Simeone, F. W, Sipala, V. S, Spisso, B. Uat, Spurio, M. Rah, Stavropoulos, G. Ab, Steijger, J. F, Stellacci, S. M. At, Stransky, D. G, Taiuti, M. Ta, Tayalati, Y. Aoap, Terrasi, F. Uae, Tézier, D. B, Theraube, S. B, Timmer, P. F, Tönnis, C. K, Trasatti, L. P, Travaglini, R. R, Trovato, A. O, Tsirigotis, A. J, Tzamarias, S. D, Tzamariudaki, E. Ab, Vallage, B. C, Van Elewyck, V. C, Vermeulen, J. F, Versari, F. Rah, Vicini, P. W, Viola, S. O, Vivolo, D. Uai, Volkert, M. G, Wiggers, L. F, Wilms, J. H, De Wolf, E. Faq, Zachariadou, K. Af, Zani, S. Nr, Zornoza, J. D. K, Zúñiga, J. K., Adrián-Martínez, S., Ageron, M., Aiello, S., Albert, A., Ameli, F., Anassontzis, E.G., Andre, M., Androulakis, G., Anghinolfi, M., Anton, G., Ardid, M., Avgitas, T., Barbarino, G., Barbarito, E., Baret, B., Barrios-Martí, J., Belias, A., Berbee, E., Van Den Berg, A., Bertin, V., Beurthey, S., Van Beveren, V., Beverini, N., Biagi, S., Biagioni, A., Billault, M., Bondì, M., Bormuth, R., Bouhadef, B., Bourlis, G., Bourret, S., Boutonnet, C., Bouwhuis, M., Bozza, C., Bruijn, R., Brunner, J., Buis, E., Buompane, R., Busto, J., Cacopardo, G., Caillat, L., Calamai, M., Calvo, D., Capone, A., Caramete, L., Cecchini, S., Celli, S., Champion, C., Cherubini, S., Chiarella, V., Chiarelli, L., Chiarusi, T., Circella, M., Classen, L., Cobas, D., Cocimano, R., Coelho, J.A.B., Coleiro, A., Colonges, S., Coniglione, R., Cordelli, M., Cosquer, A., Coyle, P., Creusot, A., Cuttone, G., D'Amato, C., D'Amico, A., D'Onofrio, A., De Bonis, G., De Sio, C., Di Capua, F., Di Palma, I., Distefano, C., Donzaud, C., Dornic, D., Dorosti-Hasankiadeh, Q., Drakopoulou, E., Drouhin, D., Durocher, M., Eberl, T., Eichie, S., Van Eijk, D., El Bojaddaini, I., Elsaesser, D., Enzenhöfer, A., Favaro, M., Fermani, P., Ferrara, G., Frascadore, G., Furini, M., Fusco, L.A., Gal, T., Galatà, S., Garufi, F., Gay, P., Gebyehu, M., Giacomini, F., Gialanella, L., Giordano, V., Gizani, N., Gracia, R., Graf, K., Grégoire, T., Grella, G., Grmek, A., Guerzoni, M., Habel, R., Hallmann, S., Van Haren, H., Harissopulos, S., Heid, T., Heijboer, A., Heine, E., Henry, S., Hernández-Rey, J.J., Hevinga, M., Hofestädt, J., Hugon, C.M.F., Illuminati, G., James, C.W., Jansweijer, P., Jongen, M., De Jong, M., Kadler, M., Kalekin, O., Kappes, A., Katz, U.F., Keller, P., Kieft, G., Kießling, D., Koffeman, E.N., Kooijman, P., Kouchner, A., Kreter, M., Kulikovskiy, V., Lahmann, R., Lamare, P., Leisos, A., Leonora, E., Clark, M. Lindsey, Liolios, A., Alvarez, C.D. Lloren, Lo Presti, D., Löhner, H., Lonardo, A., Lotze, M., Loucatos, S., Maccioni, E., Mannheim, K., Manzali, M., Margiotta, A., Margotti, A., Marinelli, A., Mariš, O., Markou, C., Martínez-Mora, J.A., Martini, A., Marzaioli, F., Mele, R., Melis, K.W., Michael, T., Migliozzi, P., Migneco, E., Mijakowski, P., Miraglia, A., Mollo, C.M., Mongelli, M., Morganti, M., Moussa, A., Musico, P., Musumeci, M., Nicolau, C.A., Olcina, I., Olivetto, C., Orlando, A., Orzelli, A., Pancaldi, G., Paolucci, A., Papaikonomou, A., Papaleo, R., Pǎvǎlaš, G.E., Peek, H., Pellegrini, G., Pellegrino, C., Perrina, C., Pfutzner, M., Piattelli, P., Pikounis, K., Poma, G.E., Popa, V., Pradier, T., Pratolongo, F., Pühlhofer, G., Pulvirenti, S., Quinn, L., Racca, C., Raffaelli, F., Randazzo, N., Real, D., Resvanis, L., Reubelt, J., Riccobene, G., Rossi, C., Rovelli, A., Saldaña, M., Salvadori, I., Samtleben, D.F.E., Sánchez García, A., Sánchez Losa, A., Sanguineti, M., Santangelo, A., Santonocito, D., Sapienza, P., Schimmel, F., Schmelling, J., Schnabel, J., Sciacca, V., Sedita, M., Seitz, T., Sgura, I., Simeone, F., Sipala, V., Spisso, B., Spurio, M., Stavropoulos, G., Steijger, J., Stellacci, S.M., Stransky, D., Taiuti, M., Tayalati, Y., Terrasi, F., Tézier, D., Theraube, S., Timmer, P., Tönnis, C., Trasatti, L., Travaglini, R., Trovato, A., Tsirigotis, A., Tzamarias, S., Tzamariudaki, E., Vallage, B., Van Elewyck, V., Vermeulen, J., Versari, F., Vicini, P., Viola, S., Vivolo, D., Volkert, M., Wiggers, L., Wilms, J., De Wolf, E., Zachariadou, K., Zani, S., Zornoza, J.D., Zúñiga, J., Adrian-Martinez, S, Ageron, M, Aiello, S, Albert, A, Ameli, F, Anassontzis, Eg, Andre, M, Androulakis, G, Anghinolfi, M, Anton, G, Ardid, M, Avgitas, T, Barbarino, G, Barbarito, E, Baret, B, Barrios-Marti, J, Belias, A, Berbee, E, van den Berg, A, Bertin, V, Beurthey, S, van Beveren, V, Beverini, N, Biagi, S, Biagioni, A, Billault, M, Bondi, M, Bormuth, R, Bouhadef, B, Bourlis, G, Bourret, S, Boutonnet, C, Bouwhuis, M, Bozza, C, Bruijn, R, Brunner, J, Buis, E, Buompane, R, Busto, J, Cacopardo, G, Caillat, L, Calamai, M, Calvo, D, Capone, A, Caramete, L, Cecchini, S, Celli, S, Champion, C, Cherubini, S, Chiarella, V, Chiarelli, L, Chiarusi, T, Circella, M, Classen, L, Cobas, D, Cocimano, R, Coelho, Jab, Coleiro, A, Colonges, S, Coniglione, R, Cordelli, M, Cosquer, A, Coyle, P, Creusot, A, Cuttone, G, D'Amato, C, D'Amico, A, D'Onofrio, A, De Bonis, G, De Sio, C, Di Capua, F, Di Palma, I, Distefano, C, Donzaud, C, Dornic, D, Dorosti-Hasankiadeh, Q, Drakopoulou, E, Drouhin, D, Durocher, M, Eberl, T, Eichie, S, van Eijk, D, El Bojaddaini, I, Elsaesser, D, Enzenhofer, A, Favaro, M, Fermani, P, Ferrara, G, Frascadore, G, Furini, M, Fusco, La, Gal, T, Galata, S, Garufi, F, Gay, P, Gebyehu, M, Giacomini, F, Gialanella, L, Giordano, V, Gizani, N, Gracia, R, Graf, K, Gregoire, T, Grella, G, Grmek, A, Guerzoni, M, Habel, R, Hallmann, S, van Haren, H, Harissopulos, S, Heid, T, Heijboer, A, Heine, E, Henry, S, Hernandez-Rey, Jj, Hevinga, M, Hofestadt, J, Hugon, Cmf, Illuminati, G, James, Cw, Jansweijer, P, Jongen, M, de Jong, M, Kadler, M, Kalekin, O, Kappes, A, Katz, Uf, Keller, P, Kieft, G, Kiessling, D, Koffeman, En, Kooijman, P, Kouchner, A, Kreter, M, Kulikovskiy, V, Lahmann, R, Lamare, P, Leisos, A, Leonora, Je, Clark, Ml, Liolios, A, Alvarez, Cdl, Lo Presti, D, Lohner, H, Lonardo, A, Lotze, M, Loucatos, S, Maccioni, E, Mannheim, K, Manzali, M, Margiotta, A, Margotti, A, Marinelli, A, Maris, O, Markou, C, Martinez-Mora, Ja, Martini, A, Marzaioli, F, Mele, R, Melis, Kw, Michael, T, Migliozzi, P, Migneco, E, Mijakowski, P, Miraglia, A, Mollo, Cm, Mongelli, M, Morganti, M, Moussa, A, Musico, P, Musumeci, M, Nicolau, Ca, Olcina, I, Olivetto, C, Orlando, A, Orzelli, A, Pancaldi, G, Paolucci, A, Papaikonomou, A, Papaleo, R, Pavalas, Ge, Peek, H, Pellegrini, G, Pellegrino, C, Perrina, C, Pfutzner, M, Piattelli, P, Pikounis, K, Poma, Ge, Popa, V, Pradier, T, Pratolongo, F, Puhlhofer, G, Pulvirenti, S, Quinn, L, Racca, C, Raffaelli, F, Randazzo, N, Real, D, Resvanis, L, Reubelt, J, Riccobene, G, Rossi, C, Rovelli, A, Saldana, M, Salvadori, I, Samtleben, Dfe, Garcia, A, Losa, A, Sanguineti, M, Santangelo, A, Santonocito, D, Sapienza, P, Schimmel, F, Schmelling, J, Schnabel, J, Sciacca, V, Sedita, M, Seitz, T, Sgura, I, Simeone, F, Sipala, V, Spisso, B, Spurio, M, Stavropoulos, G, Steijger, J, Stellacci, Sm, Stransky, D, Taiuti, M, Tayalati, Y, Terrasi, F, Tezier, D, Theraube, S, Timmer, P, Tonnis, C, Trasatti, L, Travaglini, R, Trovato, A, Tsirigotis, A, Tzamarias, S, Tzamariudaki, E, Vallage, B, Van Elewyck, V, Vermeulen, J, Versari, F, Vicini, P, Viola, S, Vivolo, D, Volkert, M, Wiggers, L, Wilms, J, de Wolf, E, Zachariadou, K, Zani, S, Zornoza, Jd, Zuniga, J, Centre Tecnològic de Vilanova i la Geltrú, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. LAB - Laboratori d'Aplicacions Bioacústiques, Research unit Astroparticle Physics, Adrián Martínez, S., Anassontzis, E. G., Barrios Martí, J., Coelho, J. A. B., D'Onofrio, Antonio, Dorosti Hasankiadeh, Q., Fusco, L. A., Gialanella, Lucio, Hernández Rey, J. J., Hugon, C. M. F., James, C. W., Katz, U. F., Koffeman, E. N., Alvarez, C. D. Lloren, Martínez Mora, J. A., Marzaioli, Fabio, Melis, K. W., Mollo, C. M., Nicolau, C. A., Pǎvǎlaš, G. E., Poma, G. E., Samtleben, D. F. E., Stellacci, S. M., Terrasi, Filippo, and Zornoza, J. D.
- Subjects
PROTOTYPE ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,photomultiplier ,coating ,KM3NeT ,neutrino telescope ,Instrument optimization ,Large detector systems for particle and astroparticle physics ,Neutrino detectors ,Photon detectors for UV, visible and IR photons (gas) (gas-photocathodes, solid-photocathodes) ,Instrumentation ,Mathematical Physics ,01 natural sciences ,Neutrino detector ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics ,Photon detectors for UV ,Physics ,OPT - Optics ,TS - Technical Sciences ,[SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph] ,Instrument optimisation ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,High voltage ,Optoelectronics ,Nano Technology ,Neutrino ,Photomultiplier ,visible and IR photons (gas) (gas-photocathodes ,Context (language use) ,Photon detectors for UV, visible and IR photons (gas) (gas-photocathodes, solid-photocathode ,Partícules (Física nuclear) ,Photocathode ,NO ,Optics ,0103 physical sciences ,Neutrins ,14. Life underwater ,Electronics ,Neutrinos ,Detectors òptics ,Optical detectors ,Física [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC] ,010308 nuclear & particles physics ,business.industry ,Neutrino astrophysics ,[SDU.ASTR.IM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM] ,FISICA APLICADA ,Large detector systems for particle and astroparticle physic ,Visible and IR photons (gas) (gas-photocathodes, solid-photocathodes) ,solid-photocathodes) ,business - Abstract
[EN] The KM3NeT research infrastructure, currently under construction in the Mediterranean Sea, will host neutrino telescopes for the identification of neutrino sources in the Universe and for studies of the neutrino mass hierarchy. These telescopes will house hundreds of thousands of photomultiplier tubes that will have to be operated in a stable and reliable fashion. In this context, the stability of the dark counts has been investigated for photomultiplier tubes with negative high voltage on the photocathode and held in insulating support structures made of 3D printed nylon material. Small gaps between the rigid support structure and the photomultiplier tubes in the presence of electric fields can lead to discharges that produce dark count rates that are highly variable. A solution was found by applying the same insulating varnish as used for the high voltage bases directly to the outside of the photomultiplier tubes. This transparent conformal coating provides a convenient and inexpensive method of insulation., The authors acknowledge the financial support of the funding agencies: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commission Europeenne (FEDER fund and Marie Curie Program), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), IdEx program and UnivEarthS Labex program at Sorbonne Paris Cite (ANR-10-LABX-0023 and ANR-11-IDEX-0005-02), France; The General Secretariat of Research and Technology (GSRT), Greece; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Universita e della Ricerca (MIUR), Italy; Agence de l'Oriental and CNRST, Morocco; Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie (FOM), Nederlandse organisatie voorWetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), the Netherlands; National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS), Romania; Plan Estatal de Investigacion (refs. FPA2015-65150-C3-1-P, -2-P and -3-P, (MINECO/FEDER)), Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence and MultiDark Consolider (MINECO), and Prometeo and Grisolia programs (Generalitat Valenciana), Spain.
- Published
- 2016