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Questionable research practices (QRP) are believed to be widespread, but empirical assessments are generally restricted to a few types of practices. Furthermore, conceptual confusion is rife with use and prevalence of QRPs often being confused as the same quantity. We present the hitherto most comprehensive study examining QRPs across scholarly fields and knowledge production modes. We survey perception, use, prevalence and predictors of QRPs among 3,402 researchers in Denmark and 1,307 in the UK, USA, Croatia and Austria. Results reveal remarkably similar response patterns among Danish and international respondents (τ = 0.85). Self-reported use indicates whether respondents have used a QRP in recent publications. 9 out of 10 respondents admitted using at least one QRP. Median use is three out of nine QRP items. Self-reported prevalence reflects the frequency of use. On average, prevalence rates were roughly three times lower compared to self-reported use. Findings indicated that the perceived social acceptability of QRPs influenced self-report patterns. Results suggest that most researchers use different types of QRPs within a restricted time period. The prevalence estimates, however, do not suggest outright systematic use of specific QRPs. Perceived pressure was the strongest systemic predictor for prevalence. Conversely, more local attention to research cultures and academic age was negatively related to prevalence. Finally, the personality traits conscientiousness and, to a lesser degree, agreeableness were also inversely associated with self-reported prevalence. Findings suggest that explanations for engagement with QRPs are not only attributable to systemic factors, as hitherto suggested, but a complicated mixture of experience, systemic and individual factors, and motivated reasoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Studies suggest that cognitive behavioral therapies (CBTs) may be efficacious in reducing symptoms of prolonged grief disorder (PGD), but no comprehensive overview and pooled estimate of CBTs' effect on PGD in adulthood exist. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Method: Studies were selected independently by two researchers based on a systematic literature search in Pubmed, APA PsycInfo, Web of Science, and Embase. Meta-analyses provided pooled effect sizes for the effects of CBTs on PGD symptoms and secondary outcomes. We explored potential moderators of effect, risk of bias of included studies, and evaluated the quality of the meta-analytical evidence through the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system. Results: The meta-analysis included 22 studies of 2,602 bereaved adults (averaged study Mage = 49 years). CBTs had a statistically significant medium effect on PGD symptoms at postintervention (K = 22, g = 0.65, 95% CI [0.49, 0.81]), and a large effect at follow-up (K = 7, g = 0.90, 95% CI [0.37, 1.43]). Statistically significant small-to-medium effects were found at postintervention on posttraumatic stress symptoms (K = 10, g = 0.74, 95% CI [0.49, 0.98]), depression (K = 19, g = 0.53, 95% CI [0.36, 0.71]), and anxiety (K = 9, g = 0.35, 95% CI [0.22, 0.49]). The effects on PGD remained unchanged when adjusted for possible outliers. None of the moderator analyses reached statistical significance. Conclusion: This review suggests that CBTs are efficacious in reducing PGD symptoms in adulthood. Generalization of findings should be done with caution due to considerable inconsistency and indirectness of meta-analytic evidence. What is the public health significance of this article?: This review suggests that grief-focused cognitive behavioral therapies are efficacious in reducing prolonged grief disorder symptoms in adulthood and to some extent also bereavement-related depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Danish SEQUEL cohort is a study that aims to investigate the inequalities and late effects experienced by cancer survivors in Denmark. The cohort includes adult survivors of breast, prostate, lung, colon and rectum cancer, melanoma, and lymphoma. It provides comprehensive data on tumor characteristics, cancer treatment, educational level, income, cohabitation, comorbidity, and more. The study has found that cancer survivors, especially those with lower education levels, have a greater need for healthcare services and experience impaired functioning and severe symptoms. The data from the cohort is not publicly available, but researchers can contact the principal investigator for collaborative research projects. The study has been approved by the National Board of Health Data and has received funding from various organizations. [Extracted from the article]