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Background Lateral ankle sprain is one of the most common musculoskeletal injuries, particularly among the sporting population. Due to such prevalence, many interventions have been tried to prevent initial, or further, ankle sprains. Current research shows that the use of traditional athletic tape can reduce the incidence of sprain recurrence, but this may be at a cost to athletic performance through restriction of motion. Kinesiology tape, which has become increasingly popular, is elastic in nature, and it is proposed by the manufacturers that it can correct ligament damage. Kinesiology tape, therefore, may be able to improve stability and reduce ankle sprain occurrence while overcoming the problems of traditional tape.Aim To assess the effect of kinesiology tape on ankle stability.Methods 27 healthy individuals were recruited, and electromyography (EMG) measurements were recorded from the peroneus longus and tibialis anterior muscles. Recordings were taken from the muscles of the dominant leg during induced sudden ankle inversion perturbations using a custom-made tilting platform system. This was performed with and without using kinesiology tape and shoes, creating four different test conditions: barefoot(without tape), shoe(without tape), barefoot(with tape) and shoe(with tape). For each test condition, the peak muscle activity, average muscle activity and the muscle latency were calculated.Results No significant difference (p>0.05) was found by using the kinesiology tape on any of the measured variables while the wearing of shoes significantly increased all the variables.Conclusion Kinesiology tape has no effect on ankle stability and is unable to nullify the detrimental effects that shoes appear to have.

Positive moods are thought to restore self-control resources following depletion. However, it is not well understood whether this effect is due to affective valence (pleasantness), arousal (activation), or a combination of both. Across four studies, we set out to investigate the role of positive moods on cognitive and behavioral measures of self-regulation in an ego-depletion paradigm. In studies 1 and 2, we independently manipulated affective valence and arousal and assessed self-regulation with a Stroop task. Results did not suggest a restorative effect of either on cognitive resources. In study 3, we employed both behavioral (the 'handgrip task') and cognitive (Stroop) assessments of self-regulation. Again, no significant effect of mood was observed on the Stroop task. Additionally, participants did not persist significantly longer on the handgrip task following a positive mood induction. Finally, in study 4, high vs. low states of arousal were manipulated and self-regulation was assessed via pre- and post-manipulation Stroop performance. In study 4, Stroop performance improved slightly more across time points for those in the high arousal condition than for those in the low arousal condition. Therefore, across four studies, we failed to find a consistent pattern of results suggesting that positive moods restore cognitive resources.

We created and delivered a workshop and symposium series for biologists at all career stages focused on the skills and practices needed to sustain natural history specimen attribution and citation. The name of the workshop and symposium series, SISRIS, reflected our ultimate goal of effecting community-level change by sharing skills and practices that can support inclusive and sustainable (collections-based) research infrastructure for systematics. We report here the rationale for SISRIS, its learning objectives for participants and its results, including the assessment of outcomes from three iterations of the workshop held in 2023. The SISRIS workshops and symposia were held in person at the annual meeting of the Association for Southeastern Biologists in Winston-Salem, North Carolina and Botany 2023 in Boise, Idaho. A stand-alone SISRIS workshop was held online later to accommodate individuals who were unable to travel to the in-person events.

Augmented Reality (AR) is a technology that overlays virtual objects on a physical environment. The illusion afforded by AR is that these virtual artifacts can be treated like physical ones, allowing people to view them from different perspectives and point at them knowing that others see them in the same place. Despite extensive research in AR, there has been surprisingly little research into how people embrace this AR illusion, and in what ways the illusion breaks down. In this paper, we report the results of an exploratory, mixed methods study with six pairs of participants playing the novel Sightline AR game. The study showed that participants changed physical position and pose to view virtual artifacts from different perspectives and engaged in conversations around the artifacts. Being able to see the real environment allowed participants to maintain awareness of other participants’ actions and locus of attention. Players largely entered the illusion of interacting with a shared physical/virtual artifact, but some interactions broke the illusion, such as pointing into space. Some participants reported fatigue around holding their tablet devices and taking on uncomfortable poses.

Introduction The intersection of sexism with racism and xenophobia disproportionately exposes visible minority women to gender-based violence (GBV) at the community and systemic levels. This study aims to understand the knowledge strengths and gaps on GBV against visible minority women with an intersectional lens, revealing systemic barriers to accessing support and how these barriers intensify GBV and its effects. It will also identify effective and ineffective policies and practices in the literature to develop strategies addressing the root causes of GBV and supporting survivors.Methods and analysis We will conduct a mixed-methods systematic review using a convergent integrated approach to examine current literature on community- and systemic-level GBV against visible minority women. We will follow Joanna Briggs Institute’s guidelines to converge data from both qualitative and quantitative studies to obtain an integrated qualitative synthesis on GBV in five countries: Canada, the USA, the UK, Australia and New Zealand. This analysis will be conducted following Thomas and Harden’s thematic synthesis guidelines. Community members with lived experience of GBV will actively contribute to improving the relevance and interpretation of results, following a community-engaged research approach. Themes are expected to unveil various aspects of community- and systemic-level GBV due to the intersection of racism, xenophobia and sexism, alongside barriers in addressing GBV and research gaps.Ethics and dissemination Since this study does not involve primary data collection or the use of identifiable human data, no ethical approval will be needed. Results will be disseminated through integrated knowledge translation, involving collaboration with participants who have lived experience of GBV. The findings will be used to identify specific areas of policy intervention, including adopting culturally sensitive approaches, improving school and workplace policies and promoting rights of visible minority women.

Objectives: We investigated how booster interval affects the risks of SARS-CoV-2 infection and Covid-19-related hospitalization and death in different age groups. Methods: We collected data on booster receipts and Covid-19 outcomes between September 22, 2021 and February 9, 2023 for 5,769,205 North Carolina residents ≥12 years of age who had completed their primary vaccination series. We related Covid-19 outcomes to baseline characteristics and booster doses through Cox regression models. Results: For adults ≥65 years of age, boosting every 9 months was associated with proportionate reductions (compared with no boosting) of 18.9% (95% CI, 18.5-19.4) in the cumulative frequency of infection, 37.8% (95% CI, 35.3-40.3) in the cumulative risk of hospitalization or death, and 40.9% (95% CI, 37.2-44.7) in the cumulative risk of death at 2 years after completion of primary vaccination. The reductions were lower by boosting every 12 months and higher by boosting every 6 months. The reductions were smaller for individuals 12-64 years of age. Conclusion: Boosting at a shorter interval was associated with a greater reduction in Covid-19 outcomes, especially hospitalization and death. Frequent boosting conferred greater benefits for individuals aged ≥65 than for individuals aged 12-64.

BackgroundPhotographs from medical case reports published in academic journals have previously been found in online image search results. This means that patient photographs circulate beyond the original journal website and can be freely accessed online. While this raises ethical and legal concerns, no systematic study has documented how often this occurs. ObjectiveThe aim of this cross-sectional study was to provide systematic evidence that patient photographs from case reports published in medical journals appear in Google Images search results. Research questions included the following: (1) what percentage of patient medical photographs published in case reports were found in Google Images search results? (2) what was the relationship between open access publication status and image availability? and (3) did the odds of finding patient photographs on third-party websites differ between searches conducted in 2020 and 2022? MethodsThe main outcome measure assessed whether at least 1 photograph from each case report was found on Google Images when using a structured search. Secondary outcome variables included the image source and the availability of images on third-party websites over time. The characteristics of medical images were described using summary statistics. The association between the source of full-text availability and image availability on Google Images was tested using logistic regressions. Finally, we examined the trend of finding patient photographs using generalized estimating equations. ResultsFrom a random sample of 585 case reports indexed in PubMed, 186 contained patient photographs, for a total of 598 distinct images. For 142 (76.3%) out of 186 case reports, at least 1 photograph was found in Google Images search results. A total of 18.3% (110/598) of photographs included eye, face, or full body, including 10.9% (65/598) that could potentially identify the patient. The odds of finding an image from the case report online were higher if the full-text paper was available on ResearchGate (odds ratio [OR] 9.16, 95% CI 2.71-31.02), PubMed Central (OR 7.90, 95% CI 2.33-26.77), or Google Scholar (OR 6.07, 95% CI 2.77-13.29) than if the full-text was available solely through an open access journal (OR 5.33, 95% CI 2.31-12.28). However, all factors contributed to an increased risk of locating patient images online. Compared with the search in 2020, patient photographs were less likely to be found on third-party websites based on the 2022 search results (OR 0.61, 95% Cl 0.43-0.87). ConclusionsA high proportion of medical photographs from case reports was found on Google Images, raising ethical concerns with policy and practice implications. Journal publishers and corporations such as Google are best positioned to develop an effective remedy. Until then, it is crucial that patients are adequately informed about the potential risks and benefits of providing consent for clinicians to publish their images in medical journals.

Expecting people to behave appropriately when under the influence of alcohol may lead to significant behavioral changes. Twelve male drinkers were tested on a device that simulates driving after drinking alcohol or a placebo. They were asked to meet certain standards representing sober or intoxicated behavior. Those in the lower standard, intoxicated group continued to meet a lower standard under placebo and those in the higher standard, sober group continued to meet a higher standard under alcohol., ABSTRACT. Objective: This research tested the hypothesis that behavioral standards in a drinking situation are learned. Method: Two groups of male social drinkers (N = 12) were reinforced with verbal [...]

Parkinson's disease is a neurological disease which involves the selective destruction of some brain cells preferentially over others. The brain is able to compensate for considerable damage, and the available evidence suggests that the symptoms of Parkinson's disease appear only after the destruction of neurons (nerve cells) surpasses the brain's ability for compensation. Parkinson's disease largely results from the destruction of special brain cells within a region called the substantia nigra; by some estimates as many as 90 percent of these neurons may be destroyed before the brain can no longer compensate and disease symptoms appear. Therefore, the disease is present, and destroying neurons in the substantia nigra, long before it is recognized by the patient and physician. Evidence is accumulating that the drug selegiline may significantly slow the progression of Parkinson's disease, and so the initiation of treatment prior to the onset of symptoms might provide important clinical benefit. Just how long is Parkinson's disease present before the symptoms actually appear? Since there is no reliable test for the presence of Parkinson's disease, there is no way of answering with certainty. However, estimates may be made on the basis of neuropathological observations of brain tissue specimens obtained at autopsy. The characteristic pathological observation in Parkinson's disease is the Lewy body, which is a structure visible in the cytoplasm of some brain cells under the microscope. Lewy bodies are also found in cells of the substantia nigra of about 10 percent of people over age 60 who do not have symptoms of Parkinson's disease. If the assumption is made that Lewy bodies represent an early stage in the long progression towards brain cell destruction, then calculations suggest that the delay between the appearance of Lewy bodies and the development of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease must be about 30 years. The cells of the substantia nigra may be examined, of course, only at autopsy, and so other means must be found to diagnose Parkinson's disease in its presymptomatic stages. The search is underway to evaluate many techniques of medical imaging, biochemical analysis, and genetic screening for the diagnosis of presymptomatic Parkinson's disease. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)