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In order to identify the extent of protein changes in milk during mastitis as a guide to detecting markers for prompt management of the disease, milk from cows in which clinical mastitis was experimentally induced were subjected to difference gel electrophoresis (DiGE) analysis. Pooled samples from 6 udders (from 6 cows) were analysed at selected time points: 0, 81 and 312 hours post-challenge with Streptococcus uberis mastitis. These corresponded to samples from the pre-infection, peak and resolution phases of the mastitis challenge. After the preliminary sample preparation, concentration and pooling steps, samples were labelled with CyDyes (Cydye 2, 3 and 5), after which isoelectric focusing and gel electrophoresis were carried out respectively. DiGE gels were subsequently scanned and ImageQuant, ImageJ and DeCyder™ 2D (version 7.0) softwares were used to crop, obtain jpeg images and carry out 2-D differential analysis and processing of the images, respectively. Biological variation analysis (BVA) software (GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Buckinghamshire, UK) was also used to analyse the gels and create gel to gel matching of spots (qualitatively and quantitatively) within the three gels produced. Overall, a total of 521 protein spots were identified as significantly differentially expressed (qualitatively or quantitatively) in mastitis milk during the course of the intramammary infection. This demonstrates the large repertoire of protein biomarker candidates available, revealed through this technique. Further studies are required to elucidate the merits and demerits of these changing proteins in order to identify the one most suitable for clinical application in mastitis diagnosis., Cilj je bio ustanoviti opseg promjena u sastavu proteina mlijeka za vrijeme mastitisa i na taj način dati doprinos smjernicama za otkrivanje markera kojima bi se ubrzalo liječenje ove bolesti. Mlijeko krava u kojih je eksperimentalno izazvan klinički mastitis podvrgnuto je razlikovnoj elektroforezi u gelu (DiGE). Analizirani su objedinjeni uzorci iz 6 vimena (od 6 krava) u odabranim vremenskim točkama 0, 81 i 312 sati nakon infekcije bakterijom Streptococcus uberis. Navedene vremenske točke odgovaraju trima fazama mastitisa u kojima su uzeti uzorci: u predinfektivnoj fazi, u fazi u kojoj je infekcija dosegnula vrhunac i u fazi povlačenja mastitisa. Nakon preliminarne pripreme odnosno više koraka koncentracije i objedinjavanja, uzorci su obojeni pomoću CyDyes (Cydye 2, 3 i 5) te je provedeno izoelektrično fokusiranje i elektroforeza u gelu. DiGE gelovi zatim su skenirani te su primjenom softvera ImageQuant, ImageJ i DeCyder™ 2D (verzija 7.0) snimke obrezane, dobivene su jpeg slike i provedena je 2D diferencijalna analiza i obrada snimki. Upotrijebljen je i softver za analizu bioloških varijacija (BVA) (GE Healthcare life sciences, Buckinghamshire, UK) kako bi se gelovi analizirali i formiralo podudaranje točaka (kvalitativno i kvantitativno) unutar tri proizvedena gela. Utvrđeno je da je ukupno 521 mjesto proteina znakovito različito izraženo (kvalitativno i kvantitativno) u mlijeku krava s mastitisom za vrijeme intramamarne infekcije. Navedeno upućuje da je primjenjena tehnika ponudila veliki broj kandidatnih proteina koji mogu poslužiti kao biomarkeri mastitisa. Potrebna su daljnja istraživanja kako bi se razjasnile prednosti i nedostaci metode otkrivanja promjena u proteinima sa svrhom pronalaska najprikladnije kliničke primjene u dijagnostici mastitisa.

Tilapia culture is an important source of income and nutrition to many rural families. Since 2000, the production of tilapia increased and reached domestic and global markets. Major farmed species is Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), in earthen ponds and cage cultures. Intensification contributed to global tilapia disease outbreaks, with bacterial infections causing mortalities and morbidities, threatening sustainable production. At tilapia farms, high nutrient concentrations, water temperature and fish densities enhance bacterial growth including virulent bacterial clones and potential zoonotic bacteria. Global warming favours this. This review respectively provides a comprehensive overview of the most common and emerging bacterial pathogens, diseases, clinical presentations and diagnostics of tilapia, including bacteria and diseases with zoonotic potential. First, common bacterial disease outbreaks, including streptococcosis, motile Aeromonas septicaemia, francisellosis, columnaris disease and vibriosis are described. Then, information on emerging bacterial infections of concern for tilapia, like edwardsiellosis through Edwardsiella ictaluri and E. tarda, as well as Aeromonas schubertii is provided. Reports of infectious bacterial tilapia disease outbreaks from other bacteria, including Lactococcus garvieae, Aerococcus viridans, Pseudomonas spp., Mycobacterium marinum and Chlamydia spp., and others are reviewed. Furthermore, bacteria with zoonotic potential, like Streptococcus agalactiae ST283, S. iniae, Aeromonas sp., E. tarda, Vibrio vulnificus pathovar (pv) piscis and M. marinum are included in the review, to provide the most current overview of the disease risks affecting production and post-harvest stages. Additionally, the status and risks of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from tilapia and other cultured fish through imprudent use of antibiotics, and its future at a global level are provided.

Tilapia culture is an important source of income and nutrition to many rural families. Since 2000, the production of tilapia increased and reached domestic and global markets. Major farmed species is Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), in earthen ponds and cage cultures. Intensification contributed to global tilapia disease outbreaks, with bacterial infections causing mortalities and morbidities, threatening sustainable production. At tilapia farms, high nutrient concentrations, water temperature and fish densities enhance bacterial growth including virulent bacterial clones and potential zoonotic bacteria. Global warming favours this. This review respectively provides a comprehensive overview of the most common and emerging bacterial pathogens, diseases, clinical presentations and diagnostics of tilapia, including bacteria and diseases with zoonotic potential. First, common bacterial disease outbreaks, including streptococcosis, motile Aeromonas septicaemia, francisellosis, columnaris disease and vibriosis are described. Then, information on emerging bacterial infections of concern for tilapia, like edwardsiellosis through Edwardsiella ictaluri and E. tarda, as well as Aeromonas schubertii is provided. Reports of infectious bacterial tilapia disease outbreaks from other bacteria, including Lactococcus garvieae, Aerococcus viridans, Pseudomonas spp., Mycobacterium marinum and Chlamydia spp., and others are reviewed. Furthermore, bacteria with zoonotic potential, like Streptococcus agalactiae ST283, S. iniae, Aeromonas sp., E. tarda, Vibrio vulnificus pathovar (pv) piscis and M. marinum are included in the review, to provide the most current overview of the disease risks affecting production and post-harvest stages. Additionally, the status and risks of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from tilapia and other cultured fish through imprudent use of antibiotics, and its future at a global level are provided.

Tilapia culture is an important source of income and nutrition to many rural families. Since 2000, the production of tilapia increased and reached domestic and global markets. Major farmed species is Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), in earthen ponds and cage cultures. Intensification contributed to global tilapia disease outbreaks, with bacterial infections causing mortalities and morbidities, threatening sustainable production. At tilapia farms, high nutrient concentrations, water temperature and fish densities enhance bacterial growth including virulent bacterial clones and potential zoonotic bacteria. Global warming favours this. This review respectively provides a comprehensive overview of the most common and emerging bacterial pathogens, diseases, clinical presentations and diagnostics of tilapia, including bacteria and diseases with zoonotic potential. First, common bacterial disease outbreaks, including streptococcosis, motile Aeromonas septicaemia, francisellosis, columnaris disease and vibriosis are described. Then, information on emerging bacterial infections of concern for tilapia, like edwardsiellosis through Edwardsiella ictaluri and E. tarda, as well as Aeromonas schubertii is provided. Reports of infectious bacterial tilapia disease outbreaks from other bacteria, including Lactococcus garvieae, Aerococcus viridans, Pseudomonas spp., Mycobacterium marinum and Chlamydia spp., and others are reviewed. Furthermore, bacteria with zoonotic potential, like Streptococcus agalactiae ST283, S. iniae, Aeromonas sp., E. tarda, Vibrio vulnificus pathovar (pv) piscis and M. marinum are included in the review, to provide the most current overview of the disease risks affecting production and post-harvest stages. Additionally, the status and risks of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from tilapia and other cultured fish t