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Focal hepatic lesions are the lesions in the liver apart from its usual parenchyma. Objective: To check the efficiency of triphasic computed tomography for diagnosing benign and malignant focal liver lesions and to assess frequencies of both types of liver lesions. Methods: On 60 patients, triphasic CT scan for the liver was performed in Allied Hospital, Faisalabad. The liver was scanned in the arterial, the portal-venous, and the delayed phases followed by contrast injection. During all of these phases evaluation of lesions was made on enhancement patterns and frequencies of each lesion was checked. Results: The results showed that out of 60 patients 26(43.3%) were diagnosed with benign and 34(56.67%) were diagnosed with malignant focal liver lesions. Benign cases had a higher frequency of Haemangioma and malignant cases had a higher frequency of hepatocellular carcinoma. The overall study showed the percentage of incidents in gallbladder and renal system. Conclusions: The triphasic CT liver due to its accuracy provides assured diagnosis for liver lesions and thus reduces biopsy procedures

The COVID-19 pandemic’s epidemiological and clinical characteristics have been affected in recent months by the introduction of SARS-CoV-2 variants with unique spikes of protein alterations. These variations can lessen the protection provided by suppressing monoclonal antibodies and vaccines, as well as enhance the frequencies of transmission of the virus and/or the risk of contracting the disease. Due to these mutations, SARS-CoV-2 may be able to proliferate despite increasing levels of vaccination coverage while preserving and enhancing its reproduction efficiency. This is one of the main strategies in tackling the COVID-19 epidemics, the accessibility of precise and trustworthy biomarkers for the SARS-CoV-2 genetic material and also its nucleic acids is important to investigate the disease in suspect communities, start making diagnoses and management in symptomatic or asymptomatic persons, and evaluate authorization of the pathogen after infection. Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) for virus nucleic acid identification is still the most effective method for such uses due to its sensitivity, quickness, high-throughput sequencing capacity, and trustworthiness. It is essential to update the primer and probe sequences to maintain the recognition of recently emerging variations. Concerning viral variations could develop that are dangerously resistant to the immunization induced by the present vaccinations in coronavirus disease 2019. Additionally, the significance of effective public health interventions and vaccination programs will grow if some variations of concern exhibit an increased risk of transmission or toxicity. The international reaction must’ve been immediate and established in science. These results supported ongoing efforts to prevent and identify infection, as well as to describe mutations in vaccine recipients, and they suggest a potential risk of illness following effective immunization and transmission of pathogens with a mutant viral.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous endocrine issue described by unpredictable menses, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovaries (PCO). The commonness of PCOS changes relying upon which measures are utilized to conclude yet is just about as high as 15–20% when the European culture for human propagation and embryology/American culture for regenerative medication rules are utilized. Clinical signs incorporated grown-ups incorporate sort 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and gestational diabetes. Insulin opposition influences half 70% of ladies with PCOS prompting a few comorbidities including metabolic condition, hypertension, dyslipidemia, glucose narrow-mindedness, and diabetes. Studies show that ladies with PCOS are bound to have expanded coronary corridor calcium scores and expanded carotid intima-media thickness. Psychological wellness problems including despondency, uneasiness, bipolar turmoil, and voraciously consuming food issues additionally happen all the more habitually in ladies with PCOS. Weight reduction works on feminine abnormalities, indications of androgen abundance, and barrenness the board of clinical appearances of PCOS incorporates oral contraceptives for feminine inconsistencies and hirsutism. Spironolactone and finasteride are utilized to treat indications of androgen overabundance.

Aim: To evaluate the association of hepatitis with the hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatitis is known as the inflammation of the liver. Methods: Hepatitis C and B may lead to HCC (hepatocellular carcinoma), such as Hepatitis B may cause 50% and hepatitis C is responsible for 70 to 80 % of cases of HCC. Obesity, alcohol and type 2 diabetes are also a predisposing factor for HCC. HCC is the malignant tumor, and have a low survival rate due to reoccurrence. Results: Eighty two patients were selected with hepatitis and HCC. This cross-sectional study was conducted at Allied Hospital Faisalabad. Ultrasound machine of Toshiba was used with a transducer of frequency 3-6MHz for the liver scanning. 82 patients with hepatitis B, C, and HCC were included in this study. Out of 82 patients, 55 were male and 27 were female. The mean age was 55yrs. Group A 45 (54%) patients were infected with hepatitis C and Group B 35(42%) patients were infected with hepatitis B. Hepatitis C is the most common cause of HCC as compared to hepatitis B. Conclusion: In this study, it is concluded that there is a positive association between hepatitis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. The patient infected with hepatitis C is more prone to develop HCC than those infected with hepatitis B. Keywords: HCC (hepatocellular carcinoma), Hepatitis B, C, lesion.

To discuss metformin and iv-contrast induced acute renal failure with its reported cases worldwide, associated risk factors and precautions that can be taken to reduce this tragedyto address this sensitive issue to my technologist family working in clinical situations. As these studies were observational studies and just report contrast induced nephrotoxicity in different countries by analyzing patients data. By Personal experience or by analyzing data available on PACS (Picture archiving and communication system) most commonly available in Hospitals now a days, that is why these studies did not use any scientific procedure. In our study, we collected opinions of Senior Doctors about use of Metformin before and after contrast study. All Doctors were agreed upon investigation of serum creatinine before contrast study. Doctors were not agreed on single opinion but surely they agreed on stop of Metformin before and after procedure. They said its responsibility of imaging technologist or Radiologist to guide patient about this problem. Diabetic patients using Metformin are at high risk of acute renal acidosis if they are undergoing for iodinated contrast study.