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This study aimed at developing a geometrical model for predicting the sewing thread consumption of stitch class 406. Stitch class 400 is a multi-thread chain stitch which consumes a less amount of thread as compared with stitch class 500 but more thread as compared with stitch class 300. Sewing thread calculation plays a significant role in determining the exact amount of thread for completing a garment and predicting the right quantity of thread for bulk production. The geometrical model developed was used for predicting sewing thread consumption by using different factors like stitch density (8 and 12 SPI), material thickness (2, 4 and 6 layers of fabric), and type of material (denim, knitted and fleece). The model was validated with a total of 18 samples sewn with different kinds of fabric, SPI, and material thickness. It was concluded that the model could predict sewing thread consumption with more than 97.18% accuracy.

Researchers are using different statistical techniques for process optimisation and product development both in academia and industries. Similarly, several statistical tools are being employed in the textile industry for process optimisation during the manufacturing of different products. The purpose of this study was to analyse different Taguchi-based techniques in the multi-response optimisation of selected industrial processes and then to generalise the outcomes. Herein, six different Taguchi-based multi-response optimisation techniques, including grey relational analysis (GRA), the weighted signal-to-noise (WSN) ratio, principal component analysis, VIKOR (VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje), the multiple response signal-to-noise ratio, and Fuzzy logic were compared against three data sets of industrial processes. The researchers herein optimised cotton dyeing, the finishing of textile to make them oleo-hydrophobic, and the production of rhamnolipids (bio-surfactants). The results demonstrated that the Fuzzy logic-based Taguchi method gave the best optimisation amongst all the other approaches, followed by GRA and WSN for all the selected processes. The said statistical techniques were applied to specific textile and biotechnological processes. The outcomes of this study can help researchers in practical implementation in industrial sectors. In this study, a comparative analysis of the performances of six Taguchi-based multi-response optimisation techniques was conducted for potential industrial processes, particularly textile processing .

Sportswear textile is the interface between consumers, clothing and the environment in conjunction with human physiology. In this study, multi-response optimization of sensorial comfort properties ...

Surface coatings on the fabrics can enhance protective properties of flexible body armors. It is known that the application of coating increases inter yarn friction, however, detailed mechanism of ...

Dyeing of polyester is done by using disperse dyes. Some of the disperse dyes remain unfixed during dyeing and create problems in shade and colorfastness properties. Reduction clearing (RC) is a process to remove these unfixed dyes and to enhance colorfastness properties. In the Pakistani textile industry, reduction clearing is being done by using sodium dithionite (Na2S2O4), which has the best results in reducing dyestuff. The problem with sodium dithionite is that it is sensitive to air and also creates a lot of environmental issues. Its sensitivity causes inconsistent results of reduction clearing. Different dyers used different processes and recipes of reduction clearing. Thiourea Dioxide (TUD) is a green reducing agent and can be used as a replacement for sodium dithionite. TUD (CH4N2S) is a stable product with a comparable result with sodium dithionite. Interlock knitted fabric is used in this project whose composition has recycled polyester. The fabric was first dyed using black dyestuff and then reduction clearing was done on a lab-scale with different factors (Shade depth, the concentration of TUD, RC temperature). Three colorfastness tests were conducted to evaluate the different levels of each factor i.e. colorfastness to washing, fastness to perspiration, and fastness to water according to standard numbers ISO 105-C06, ISO 105-E04, and ISO 105-E01, respectively. It was observed that shade depth does not affect the results while concentration and RC temperature have a significant effect on the results. Moreover, the effective concentration of TUD was also determined.

This research work aims at modeling the sewing thread consumption for stitch class 301 through image analysis by using Fourier series. A mathematical model was developed by using the geometry of stitch class 301 for calculating sewing thread consumption. The modeling of stitch class 301 was conducted by changing the stitch density and thickness of the stitched fabric. The stitch density was adjusted by varying the stitch length (2, 3 and 4 mm) and the thickness of stitched fabric (2, 3 and 4 plies of fabric).The interlacement of sewing thread between the needle and bobbin was used for the measurement of arc length of one stitch. The total consumption of sewing thread was determined by multiplying the arc length by 4. The developed model was verified by using nine different stitched samples for comparing the predicted and measured values of sewing thread consumption. This model predicted the sewing thread consumption with 95% accuracy. Error percentages were also calculated for determining the major influencing factors that affected the sewing thread consumption. The proposed model can effectively be employed in garment industries for determining sewing thread consumption.

This paper presents a simple and novel method of producing an activated carbon (AC) non-woven web from acrylic waste derived from discarded bathmats converted into a nonwoven web by a carding and needle punching machine. After stabilisation at lower temperature, carbonisation of the stabilised web was performed in a muffle furnace. The carbonisation temperature, the holding time of the activated carbon web at the final temperature, the heating rate to reach the final carbonisation temperature and the number of steps adopted for developing the carbon web were optimised using the grey relational analysis (GRA) approach to get optimum responses of the surface area of the web, electrical conductivity and electromagnetic shielding. The results demonstrated a large improvement in electrical conductivity as surface resistivity decreased from 134.21 Ω.mm to 0.28 Ω.mm, and the corresponding electromagnetic shielding increased to 82.63 dB when the temperature of the carbonisation, the holding time and number of steps were increased. The surface area in the AC web was increased from 73 m2g-1 to 210 m2g-1 with an increase in the carbonisation temperature, the holding time and number of steps to reach the final temperature. The optimisation technique used in this work could be successfully used in cost and error reduction while producing an AC web. The optimised AC web was characterised by Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET), X-ray diffraction characterisation and elemental analysis (EDX) in order to determine changes in its structure, surface area, degree of crystallinity, inter-layer spacing and proportion of different elements. The AC web developed can be effectively employed as interlining in apparels because of its flexibility and eco-friendly electromagnetic shielding, as it works on the principle of the absorption, reflections and internal reflections of electromagnetic radiations.

Kapok fiber is emerging as a cheaper natural fiber having excellent thermal insulation properties. Recycled polyester/kapok blended needle punched nonwoven waddings are prepared where the effect of...

Piezoelectric materials have attracted more attention than other materials in the field of textiles. Piezoelectric materials offer advantages as transducers, sensors, and energy-harvesting devices. Commonly, ceramics and quartz are used in such applications. However, polymeric piezoelectric materials have the advantage that they can be converted into any shape and size. In smart textiles, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and other piezoelectric polymers are used in the form of fibers, filaments, and composites. In this research, PVDF nanofibers were developed and integrated onto a knitted fabric to fabricate a piezoelectric device for human body angle monitoring. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses were used to study the morphology and to confirm the beta phase in fibers. The results reveal that the nanofibers made from solutions with high concentration were smooth and defect-free, compared to the fibers obtained from solutions with low concentration, and possess high crystallinity as well. Under high dynamic strain more output voltage is generated than under low dynamic strain. The maximum current density shown by the device is 172.5 nA/cm2. The developed piezoelectric nanofiber sensor was then integrated into a knitted fabric through stitching to be used for angle measurement. With increasing bending angle, the output voltage increased. The promising results show that the textile-based piezoelectric sensor developed in this study has a great potential to be used as an angle measuring wearable device for the human body due to its high current density output and flexibility.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the in vivo antioxidant potential of 50% ethanolic extract of Sesamum indicum against high-fat diet-induced rats. Methods: Animals were treated with plant extract for 30 d, and a high-fat diet was given to all groups except plain control, throughout, out the study. And alpha-tocopherol acetate (Vit, E) was used as standard. Pre-treatment with 16 mg/100 gm of body weight of 50% ethanolic extract of Sesamum indicum improved the Superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, and lipid peroxidation levels significantly as compared to control group. Results: The present studies revealed that Sesamum indicum has significant in vivo antioxidant activity and can be used to protect tissue from oxidative stress. The result showed that the activities of SOD, catalase, lipid peroxidase, and glutathione, in the group treated with high-fat diet declined significantly than that of normal group. Conclusion: 50% ethanolic extract of in the dose of Sesamum indicum 16 mg/100 gm of body weight, has improved the SOD, catalase, glutathione, and lipid peroxidase levels significantly, which were comparable with high-fat-diet-induced rats. Based on this study we conclude that the 50% ethanolic extract of Sesamum indicum possesses in vivo antioxidant activity and can be employed in protecting tissue from oxidative stress.

Background: The physicochemical evaluation is an important parameter in detecting adulteration or improper handling, therefore, physicochemical and phytochemical standardization is considered a prerequisite for the assessment of biological activity and determination of biological standards of the plant material, and it provides the analytical characteristics which may prove to be useful in fixing the physicochemical standard for herbal drugs. So, it becomes imperative to standardize the drugs to ensure their identity, quality and purity to ascertain therapeutic efficacy of herbal drugs. Objective: Therefore, the present study was aimed to evaluate the physicochemical and phytochemical standardization and quality control check of an important drug Sehjana (Moringa oleifera Lam) used for various diseases, Material and Methods: The test drugs, Sehjana (Moringa oleifera Lam.) were collected directly from the herbal garden of department of Ilmul Advia AMU, Aligarh. Which includes parameters recommended by National Unani Pharmacopeia Committee, Qualitative analysis and chromatographic studies (TLC) were performed for proper identification and quality control these parameter include Results: Ash values, Total ash, (6.44%) acid insoluble ash, (3.94%) water soluble ash, (2.53%) Successive extractive values in different solvent; petroleum ether (3.03%), diethyl ether (1.3%), chloroform (1.0%), acetone (1.5%), alcohol (13.1%), aqueous (18.56%), solubility in alcohol (15.2%) and water (22.93%), loss on drying (9.13%), pH at 1% (5.45), & 10% (4.81), bulk density (0.33%) and moisture content (8.6%). Conclusion: Preliminary phytochemical analysis of Sehjana (Moringa oleifera Lam.) showed presence of alkaloid, steroids, phenol, amino acid, and terpenoids, carbohydrate and protein, which may be active compound, responsible for its wide activities.

Thousands of plastic factories are manufacturing tons of plastic products and plastic goods. Plastic-made products and bags are widely used worldwide due to the advantages of convenience, availability, and cheapness. Because of the non-biodegradable nature, plastic causes many negative and hazardous impacts on the ecosystem and environment. Recently many countries, including Pakistan, Yemen, Bangladesh, South Africa, India, Nigeria, and Kenya, have banned the plastic bags because of the pressing concerns over the negative and hazardous impact on the water, land, and marine ecosystem and natural environment. The primary cause of environmental pollution is the disposal of plastic wastes. The trend of dumping plastic garbage into the marine ecosystem, jeopardize the survival of enormous species because of infections with plastic scraps. Many species have already announced to be endangered due to anthropogenic activities. Marine animals are affected by the ingestion and entanglement of plastic litter. Tackling plastic waste is one of the major issues of environmental pollution. Many steps are necessary to be taken by the governments to regulate the plastic businesses and to bring innovations in the waste management. Creating public awareness regarding the healthy environment, managing wastes, alternative disposal methods, establishing the incineration mechanisms, and drop-off-areas facilities for plastic recycling also recommended to ensure a healthy environment. This review paper emphasizes the hazardous of single-use polyethylene shopping bags on the environment and the emerging trends to tackle the management of plastic wastes. It also offer help for policymakers to consider regulatingthe manufacture and use of plastic bags. Keywords: Anthropogenic activities; Environmental pollution; Non-biodegradable waste; Polyethylene Plastic products; Plastic bags waste; Waste management http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2020.90209

Finishes bring an alteration to the physical and comfort properties of the textiles. That&rsquo, s why various finishes are used to impart various functionalities to the fabric surface. However, it may also affect some properties. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of various finishes on pilling, mass per unit area, bursting strength, and wicking behavior of the polyester weft-knitted jersey fabric. Herein, 100% spun polyester weft-knitted plain jersey fabric was exposed to different finish treatments to check their effect on the some physical and comfort properties of the fabric like mass per unit area, pilling behavior, bursting strength, and wicking properties of the weft-knitted jersey fabric. The fabric used was knit from 24/1, 100% spun polyester yarn on the single knit circular knitting machine. The developed fabric was washed on Fong machine. Finishes are applied on fabric by &ldquo, Monofort Stanter&rdquo, machine. The resultant fabric was characterized by random tumble pilling tester, bursting strength tester, and wicking tester to analyze their pilling grade, bursting strength, and wicking behavior respectively. A significant increase has been found in wicking behavior, mass per unit area, and bursting strength of the fabric after finishing treatments. Moreover, the wicking finish shows the highest reduction in pilling grade from 3.5 to 2.5. Significant improvement has been observed in bursting strength by all finish&rsquo, s treatment. However, wicking finish treatment results in the highest increase in bursting strength of 4.2%. Significant improvement has been observed in the vertical wicking speed of all treatment except silicon finish which significantly reduces vertical wicking rate. However, the wicking finish (Recipe E) shows the highest increase in wicking rate by 13.75 times as compared to grey fabric.

The acrylic fibrous waste was effectively transformed into activated carbon through physical activation in single stage carbonization under charcoal using at different carbonization temperatures 800, 1000 and 1200 °C. The characterization of carbonized fibers was performed with the help of XRD and EDX in order to find out the degree of crystallinity and proportion of different elements in carbonized fibres prepared at different temperatures. Later on, the carbonized fibers were pulverized in dry conditions by high energy planetary ball milling to get activated carbon micro/nano particles. In addition to refinement of size, the electrical conductivity of pulverized carbon particles was found to increase with increase in milling time. Subsequently, the particles were incorporated into poly lactic acid (PLA) in different loadings from 1 to 10% to develop conductive green composite films. The composite films were then characterized for electrical, thermo-mechanical and thermal properties.

The aim of this study is to model the effect of knitting parameters on the air permeability (AP) of polyester/cotton interlock fabrics. Fabric samples of areal densities ranging from 105 to 654 g/m2 were knitted using yarns of three different polyester/cotton blends, each of the three different linear densities by systematically varying knitting loop lengths for obtaining different cover factors. It was found that changing the polyester/cotton blend ratio from 65/35 to 52/48 and 40/60 did not have a statistically significant effect on the fabric AP. AP sharply decreased with decrease in knitting loop length owing to increase in fabric areal density. Increase in yarn linear density (tex) resulted in a decrease in AP due to increase in fabric thickness as well as the areal density. It was concluded that response surface regression modeling could adequately model the effect of knitting parameters on the fabric AP. The model was validated by unseen data-set and found that predicted and actual values were in g...

With the growing demands of fragrance finished fabrics especially in ladies wear, we have printed 100% cotton fabrics for both corresponding and non-corresponding prints. Digital printing technique has been used for these studies. We have already reported the positive and cost effective impact of corresponding printing along with the fragrance finishing on customer’s perception [1]. Along with the aesthetic properties of a fabric, some other properties of fabrics should be accounted for wearing purposes. So in this study, the effects of fragrance finishing on mechanical and comfort properties of fabric have been evaluated. Along with the mechanical properties, the effects of fragrance finish for moisture management, water and air permeability through the fabric has been investigated and reported., ellikle bayan giyiminde koku bitim işlemi görmüş kumaşlara olan talep artmasının bir sonucu olarak, bu çalışmada da %100 pamuklu kumaşlara eşlenik veya eşlenik olmayan baskılar, dijital baskı tekniği kullanılarak uygulanmıştır. Önceki çalışmamızda koku bitim işleminin kullanıcının algısına etkisinin yanısıra eşlenik (karşılıklı) baskı işleminin pozitif ve daha az maliyetli etkisini belirtmiştik [1]. Kumaşın estetik özelliklerinin yanı sıra, giyim amaçlı diğer bazı özellikleri de hesaba katılmalıdır. Bu sebeple bu çalışmada, koku bitim işleminin kumaşın mekaniksel ve konfor özelliklerine etkisi incelenmiştir. Mekanik özelliklerinin yanı sıra koku bitim işleminin kumaştaki nem yönetimine, su ve hava geçirgenliğine etkisi araştırılmış ve sonuçları sunulmuştur

— ???????????????? ????? ??????????-????????? ??????????, ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ? ????.??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????. ????? — ??????? ?????????? ?????????, ????????? ?? ?????? ????, ????????????? ?? ????????? ????? ????. ??????? ???????? ? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ??????????????, ? ???? ?? ? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???????????, ??????? ????? ????????????? ? ?????????????? ?? ??????????????????? ???? ??? ??????? ? ???????? ???????? ?????????????. ????????? ????????, ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????????-?????????? ???????, ????? ??????????? ? ?????? ??????. China is immediate neighbour of Central Asian States and has very long history of engagement with the region. A brief history of Chinese engagementis discussed in given paper. China is world largest economy and dependent of imported oil and gas form different part of world and this oiland gas supply is expensive and vulnerable because of various reasons, therefore China is focusing on Central Asia as this region has vast amountof hydrocarbons. Chinese policies and strategies to grab Central Asian oil and gas are also examined in given paper.

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«?????????», ??????? ????? ??????????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ? ???????????? ??????????. ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ????????, ??? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????????. ???????? ????????? ????? ? ?????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ??? ???????????? ???????????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ???? ????????? ???? ? ???????? ??? ???????. ?????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ????? ????-????? ???, ??? ?? ???????? ?????????? ? ?????????????, ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????. ?? ?????? ?????????, ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ????, ????? ????????? ???????????? ??????. ???? ????? 23 ??? ????????????? ?? ??? ??? ? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????, ???????????????? ?????? ? ? ??? ?? ?????, ??? ????????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????. ? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ? ??????????????? ????????? ? ??????????, ????????????? ? ???????????. ????? ????, ????????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ? ?? ???????, ?????????? ???? ?????????? ? ?? ????????, ????????? ?? ??????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ? ????? ??????. After the sudden independence of Central Asian States (CAS) a question was raised about the political system which they would follow. Since these states got independence without going through any political movement, debate and struggle so there could not emerge any consensus on political models and structures. In the absence of any opposition, political power was transferred to former communist party leaders or secretaries in all these states. These rulers run their respective states in old soviet dictator style and denied any space and democratic rights to their rivals and political opponents. To maintain their hold on the system these rulers also committed huge human right violations. Adoption of different types and versions of constitution failed to nurture multi party and fair political systems. Many opposition leaders of these states had to live in exile and state prisons. Elections, though conducted regularly after five or six years were not free and fair as reported by many independent observers. According to many experts these elections were not more than referendums technically designed to approve the authoritarian rules. Even after 23 years of independence the CASs are still being ruled by old soviet communist leaders and in same style without any real development of democratic systems. With this perspective, present paper is intended to analyse the political and democratic developments in Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Further, emergence of different opposition parties and their failure, rulers of these states and their policies and programmes to maintain their grip on system have also been examined in this paper.

13 ??? (15 ??? ????? ? 2014 ????) ????????? ?????, ???????????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????, ???????????? ? ?????????????? ?????? ? ???????????, ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????????? ???????? ???????????, ?? ????? ? ??????? ????? ??????? ? ???????? ??????? ???????. ? ???? ????? ???? ??????????????? ???????????? ? ????????????? ???? ? ???????? ???????????? ? ???????????. ???????, ??? ?????? ???????????????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ?????. ? ????????? ?????? ???? ???????????????????????? ????????, ???? ? ????????? ?????????, ?????, ??????, ?????, ????? ? ??????. ??? ?????? ?????????????????? ????????? ?????, ??????? ????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ? ??????? ?????. After 13 ( 15 in 2014 at the time of departure) years of unsuccessful war , US withdrawal may cause a major political,security and strategic vacuum in Afghanistan , which may not only further deteriorate the situation of Afghanistan but also causemany problems in neighbouring and regional countries. These countries have their own political, economical and security interests andobjectives in Afghanistan. Therefore, these countries will try to influence Afghanistan in many ways after the departure. Therefore, theinterests, role and strategy of Pakistan, India, Russia, Iran, China and Turkey has been analysed in detail in this paper. This paper alsodiscusses different partnerships which emerge in Afghanistan after the exit of the US and allied forces.

This study presents an application of the piecewise rational quadratic interpolant to the AUC calculation in the bioavailability study. The objective of this work is to find an area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) for multiple doses of salbutamol sulfate sustained release tablets (Ventolin oral tablets SR 8 mg, GSK, Pakistan) in the group of 24 healthy adults by using computational mathematics techniques. Following the administration of 4 doses of Ventolin tablets 12 hourly to 24 healthy human subjects and bioanalysis of obtained plasma samples, plasma drug concentration-time profile was constructed. The approximated AUC was computed by using computational mathematics techniques such as extended rectangular, extended trapezium and extended Simpson's rule and compared with exact value of AUC calculated by using software - Kinetica to find best computational mathematics method that gives AUC values closest to exact. The exact values of AUC for four consecutive doses of Ventolin oral tablets were 150.58, 157.81, 164.41 and 162.78 ngxh/mL while the closest approximated AUC values were 149.24, 157.33, 164.25 and 162.28 ngxh/mL, respectively, as found by extended rectangular rule. The errors in the approximated values of AUC were negligible. It is concluded that all computational tools approximated values of AUC accurately but the extended rectangular rule gives slightly better approximated values of AUC as compared to extended trapezium and extended Simpson's rules.

Torture has regained currency and been subject of scholarly debates after the terrorist attacks in New York. ‘Absolute prohibition of torture’ is recognised in International Law but yet it is being practised in a significant number of societies. This dissertation is an attempt to explore whether this status is being respected in reality. The starting point would be tracing brief history of torture practices (Chapter 1), most accepted definition of torture would be analysed with its definitional shortcomings (Chapter 2) and then would be highlighted the development of the consensus among the states on ‘absolute prohibition of torture’ (Chapter 3). Different justifications brought forward by different states, on one pretext or the other such as national security and in the larger public interest, for their acts of derogation from the principled stand of ‘absolute prohibition of torture’ would be viewed (Chapters 4 and 5). Social impacts of torture and inhuman practices would also be analysed to see the advantages and disadvantages gained out of these practices. Civil libertarians and human rights activists arguments in support of absolute prohibition of torture - a deontological commitment and approach - would be analysed in the light of some real life scenarios - a teleological concern (Chapter 6). Before concluding this dissertation it would be assessed that whether ‘absolute prohibition of torture’ is a myth or reality (Chapter 7). Finally, the conclusion will bring forward few suggestions to assert that ‘absolute prohibition of torture’ approach must be followed in letter and spirit.

The objective of this manuscript is to find area under the plasma concentration- time curve (AUC) for multiple doses of salbutamol sulphate sustained release tablets (Ventolin® oral tablets SR 8 mg, GSK, Pakistan) in the group of 18 healthy adults by using computational mathematics techniques. Following the administration of 4 doses of Ventolin® tablets 12 hourly to 24 healthy human subjects and bioanalysis of obtained plasma samples, plasma drug concentration-time profile was constructed. AUC, an important pharmacokinetic parameter, was measured using integrated equation of multiple oral dose regimens. The approximated AUC was also calculated by using computational mathematics techniques such as repeated rectangular, repeated trapezium and repeated Simpson's rule and compared with exact value of AUC calculated by using integrated equation of multiple oral dose regimens to find best computational mathematics method that gives AUC values closest to exact. The exact values of AUC for four consecutive doses of Ventolin® oral tablets were 150.5819473, 157.8131756, 164.4178231 and 162.78 ng.h/ml while the closest values approximated AUC values were 149.245962, 157.336171, 164.2585768 and 162.289224 ng.h/ml, respectively as found by repeated rectangular rule. The errors in the approximated values of AUC were negligible. It is concluded that all computational tools approximated values of AUC accurately but the repeated rectangular rule gives slightly better approximated values of AUC as compared to repeated trapezium and repeated Simpson's rules., {"references":["C. Rudy, B.A. Coda, S.M. Archer and D.P. Wermeling. (2004,\nNovember). Multiple-Dose Phase I Study of Intranasal Hydromorphone\nHydrochloride in Healthy Volunteers. Anesth Analg. (Online). 99:\n1379-1386. Available: http:// www.anesthesia-analgesia.org/cgi/content\n/abstract/99/5/1379.","J. Buvanendran, S. Kroin, K.J. Tuman, T.R. Lubenow, D. Elmofty and\nP. Luk. (2005, May). Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma pharmacokinetics\nof the cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor rofecoxib in humans: single and\nmultiple oral drug administration. Anest Analg. (Online). 100: 1320-\n1324. Available: http:// www.anesthesia-analgesia.org/cgi/\ncontent/full/100/5/1320","A.K. Nakagawa, M. Kitano, H. Ikematsu, K. Nakamura, S. Yokota, Y.\nTominaga, N. Arai and T. Mae. (2007, June). Clinical safety of licorice\nflavonoid oil (LFO) and pharmacokinetics of glabridin in healthy\nhumans. The American College of Nutrition. (Online). 26: 209-218.\nAvailable: http:// www.jacn.org/cgi/content/abstract/26/3/2 09","F. Traunmuller, T.M. Zeitlinger, P. Zeleny, M. Muller and C.\nJoukhadar. (2007, September). Pharmacokinetics of Single- and\nMultiple-Dose Oral Clarithromycin in Soft Tissues Determined by\nMicrodialysis, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. (Online). 51:\n3185-3189. Available:\nhttp://www.aac.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/51/9/3185","L.G. Howes, J.B. Howes, J.L. Huang and C. Walker. (2008, March).\nPhase Ib Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetic study of oral NV-\n52 in healthy volunteers. Drugs R D. (Online). 9: 159-166. Available:\nhttp:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed/18457468","B.K. Soo, W.K. Jin, K.H. Young, K.G. Yoon, K. Gsang and L.G.\nMyung. (2005, March). Hepatic and intestinal first-pass effects of\noltipraz in rats. Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition. (Online). 26:\n129-134. Available: http://\ncat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=16737056","G. Murtaza, M. Ahmad, M.A. Madni and M.W. Asghar. (2009, April).\nA new reverse phase HPLC method with fluorescent detection for the\ndetermination of salbutamol sulfate in human plasma. Bull. Chem. Soc.\nEthiop. (Online). 22: 1-8. Available: http:// ajol.info/index.php\n/bcse/article/view/21292","G. Murtaza, M. Ahmad and N. Akhtar. (2009, August). Biowaiver\nstudy of oral tabletted ethylcellulose microcapsules of a BCS class I\ndrug. Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. (Online). 23: 1-16. Available: http://\najol.info /index.php/bcse/article/view/44959","E.A. Kolbrich, A. Erin, A. Goodwin, S. Robert, A. Elliot, T. Huestis\nand G. Marilyn. (2008, June). Plasma Pharmacokinetics of 3, 4-\nmethylenedioxymethamphet- amine after controlled oral administration\nto young adults. Vvvvvvvv. (Online). 30: 320-332. Available: http://\nwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2663855/\n[10] K.P. Akhter and M. Ahmad. (2002, February). Estimation of area under\nthe plasma concentration time curve using a combination of numerical\nmethods. (Not Online). Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences. 21: 63-\n77. Available: http://\n[11] H.N. Coldham, A. Gielbert, N. Kuhnert, M.J. Sauer, L.J. King and C.\nIoannides. (2007, July). Absolute bioavailability and dose-dependent\npharmacokinetic behaviour of dietary doses of the chemopreventive\nisothiocyanate sulforaphane in rat. (Online). British Journal of\nNutrition. 99: 559-564. Available: http://www.\njournals.cambridge.org/production/action/cjoGetFulltext?fulltextid"]}