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This study delves into writing scores in both tests, aiming to uncover the reasons behind score differences. Through comprehensive comparative analysis, this research explores scoring patterns, criteria, and score distributions in IELTS and PTE writing sections. It investigates sources of score variation, including task design, rating criteria, and test administration. This study utilizes interviews as the primary instruments for data collection. The combination of these instruments allows for a comprehensive exploration of the factors leading to disparity scores in writing between the International English Language Testing System (IELTS) and the Pearson Test of English (PTE). The culmination of this journey traverses the intricate pathways of language proficiency assessment, revealing that the writing score differences between PTE and IELTS are not mere numerical variations. They encapsulate a lot of factors, from automated scoring intricacies and assessment criteria nuances to task types and test takers' perspectives. These differences, rather than being divisive, reflect the diverse dimensions of linguistic communication and evaluation. These findings serve as guideposts. They illuminate the nuanced forces that shape candidates' performance, perceptions, and trajectories in these assessments.

Abstract Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), a molecular chaperone, contributes to the preservation of folding, structure, stability, and function proteins. In this study, novel compounds comprising isoxazole structure were designed, synthesized and their potential ability as Hsp90 inhibitors was validated through docking studies. The active site-based compounds were prepared through a multi-step synthesis process and their chemical structures were characterized employing FT-IR, NMR, and mass spectrometry analysis. Cytotoxic and Hsp90 inhibition activities of synthesized compounds were assessed by MTT assay and ELISA kit, respectively. Based on the obtained results, compound 5 exhibited the highest cytotoxicity (IC50; 14 µM) against cancer cells and reduced Hsp90 expression from 5.54 ng/mL in untreated (normal cells) to 1.56 ng/mL in cancer cells. Moreover, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation results indicated its high affinity to target protein and approved its excellent stability which is essential for exerting an inhibitory effect on cancer cell proliferation.

Abstract In this work, a cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and convenient method for synthesizing a novel heterogeneous catalyst via modification of polystyrene using tetrazole-copper magnetic complex [Ps@Tet-Cu(II)@Fe3O4] has been successfully developed. The synthesized complex was analyzed using TEM (transmission electron microscopy), HRTEM (high resolution-transmission electron microscopy), STEM (scanning transmission electron microscopy), FFT (Fast Fourier transform), XRD (X-ray diffraction), FT-IR (Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy), TG/DTG (Thermogravimetry and differential thermogravimetry), ICP-OES (Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry), Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), EDS (energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy), and elemental mapping. N-Sulfonyl-N-aryl tetrazoles were synthesized in high yields from N-sulfonyl-N-aryl cyanamides and sodium azide using Ps@Tet-Cu(II)@Fe3O4 nanocatalyst. The Ps@Tet-Cu(II)@Fe3O4 complex can be recycled and reused easily multiple times using an external magnet without significant loss of catalytic activity.

The palladium nanoparticles were immobilized on DNA-modified multi walled carbon nanotubes as stable and powerful heterogeneous catalyst. The catalyst was characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, inductively coupled plasma and elemental analysis. DNA as a well-defined structure and biodegradable natural polymer was used to make the palladium catalyst which shows a high activity in Suzuki and Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions in excellent yields and good selectivity under ligand-free and mild reaction conditions. Moreover, the catalyst could be recovered and reused several times without any considerable loss of its catalytic activity. This air- and moisture-stable phosphine-free palladium catalyst was found to be highly active in aqueous ethanol with extremely small amount of palladium under mild conditions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on using DNA base heterogonous catalyst for Suzuki and Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions.

Heat shock proteins (Hsps) have garnered special attention in cancer therapy as molecular chaperones with regulatory/mediatory effects on folding, maintenance/stability, maturation, and conformation of proteins as well as their effects on prevention of protein aggregation. Hsp90 ensures the stability of various client proteins needed for the growth of cells or the survival of tumor cells; therefore, they are overexpressed in tumor cells and play key roles in carcinogenesis. Accordingly, Hsp90 inhibitors are recognized as attractive therapeutic agents for investigations pertaining to tumor suppression. Natural Hsp90 inhibitors comprising geldanamycin (GM), reclaimed analogs of GM including 17-AAG and DMAG, and radicicol, a natural macrocyclic antifungal, are among the first potent Hsp90 inhibitors. Herein, recently synthesized heterocyclic compounds recognized as potent Hsp90 inhibitors are reviewed along with the anticancer effects of heterocyclic compounds, comprising purine, pyrazole, triazine, quinolines, coumarin, and isoxazoles molecules.

Introduction Two main principal aspects for the genesis of porphyry copper deposits have been determined. The first genetic model concerns the petrologic and geochemical processes and the other relates the genesis to crustal deformation and geodynamic conditions (Kesler, 1997). Recent studies (e.g., Padilla Garza et al., 2001) show that the generation and emplacement of porphyry copper deposits may not only be dependent on magmatic and hydrothermal processes, but also that the regional and local tectonic setting plays an important role. Therefore in determining the suitable setting for emplacement of copper and other porphyry intrusions, determination of location of partial melting of the lower crust, generation of batholiths, and their volatile-rich derivative intrusions in the crust seems to be necessary (Carranza and Hale, 2002). Almost all porphyry copper deposits in Iran are located in the Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic belt. These deposits show distinct spatial and temporal relationship with Miocene granodiorite plutonic rocks emplaced along strike slip faults (Mehrabi et al., 2005). Accordingly, the tectonic setting of ore deposits seem to be the most important factor for regional exploration of porphyry copper systems (Vearncombe and Vearncombe, 1999). There are several methods for analysis of distribution of ore deposits. In this research the role of structural control in the spatial distribution of porphyry deposits has been studied using Fry and Fractal methods. Here, the Fry method is used as a complementary method for Fractal analysis. Materials and methods Fry analysis is a self-adaptive method that is used for point objects. Fry analysis offers a visual approach to quantify the spatial trends in groups of point objects. Fry analysis can also be used to search for anisotropies in the distribution of point objects. More specifically it can be used to investigate whether a distribution of point objects occurs along linear trends, and whether such linear trends occur at a characteristic spacing. There is 37 and 42 copper point's index in the Khezr-Abad and Shar-B-Babak areas. The Fry patterns of copper index for two areas were determined with application of Dot Proc software. Fractal analysis is another technique for determination of regional distribution of faults. In this research the fractal dimension of joints and faults was determined in different locations using box-counting fractal method and drawing the logarithmic graphs. Results - The major faults show NW/SE trends in the Khezr-Abad area. They have a similar trend with Dehshir-Baft fault. Other sets of faults show NE/SW trend. These faults are younger than the Dehshir-Baft and release sinistral sense of shear. - Intrusion of two intrusive bodies leads to the accumulation of strike-slip faults in the vicinity of intrusive rocks. In this region faults and joints mainly show NW/SE and NE/SW trends. - The results of Fry analysis show that the mineralization in the Khezr-Abad occurred in the Cretaceous (and younger) rocks with NE/SW and NW/SE orientations. In the other words, these areas of mineralization are mainly related to the secondary faults or (P faults) in the pull basins and cross cutting points of these faults which have similar strike with the Dehshir-Baft fault. NE/SW mineralization is probably related to the tensional stress direction or faults having the general trends of central Iran structures. - The calculations of fractal dimension show that the southeastern parts of the Khezr Abad have higher amounts of fractal dimension (Db= 1.7002). Also there is a relatively higher copper index in this part, indicating a logical relation between fault structures and mineralization. -The generated maps indicate that the mineralization in the Shahr-e-Babak area occurred at the intersection of faults and volcanic system and the Fry analysis shows a NE/SW and NW/SE trend of ore concentration. - Northwestern parts of the Share-e-Babak show higher fractal dimension (Db= 1.748) that occurs in the areas with more volcanic rocks and copper indexes. - Results show that the porphyry copper mineralization mainly occurs near the great faults and related to the fault structures and shear zones in the Urumieh-Dokhtar structural zone. In the other word fault lineaments are the main factors in the local concentration of the ore deposits. Discussion The Study of geometry and mechanism of faults related to porphyry copper deposits is very important for determining the suitable location of ore concentration (Zarasvandi, 2004). For example, shear zones, pull apart basins, and step over along the strike slip faults are proper locations for concentration of porphyry ore deposits (Carranza and Hale, 2002). In this research the Khezr-Abad and Shahr-e-Babak areas have been studied. Plotted rose diagrams show the main role of the Dehshir-Baft shear zone for generating the joints and faults in the KhezrAbad area. In this area faults with NNW/SSE and NW/SE trends are the main direction of ore concentration. They are mainly related to the Dehshir-Baft fault. NE/SW faults show sinistral sense of shear and generally are younger than before mentioned sets. Finally the latest fault sets show N/S trend. The Shahre-e-Babak area is mainly dominated with Eocene igneous rocks. Volumetrically, andesite units are more abundant. Rose diagrams represent the existence of two main conjugate fault sets with NW/SE and NE/SW trends. The main copper indexes are located in the intersection of volcanic rocks with these two fault sets. Also the results of Fractal analyses reveal the higher Fractal dimension in the Northwestern part of the Shahr-e-Babak area. In the other words the most density of joint and faults occurred in this region. References: Carranza, J.M. and Hale, M., 2002. where are porphyry copper deposits spatially localized? A case study in Benguet province, Philippines. Natural Resources Recearch, 11(13): 45-59. Kesler, S.E., 1997. Metallogenic evolution of convergent margins: Selected ore deposit models. ore Geology Reviews, 12(3): 153-171. Mehrabi, A., Rangzan, K. and Zarasvandi, A., 2005. Where is significant location for the porphyry copper Deposits? A case study in south centeral Iranian volcanic belt. 9th symposium of Geological Society of Iran, The teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran. Padilla Garza, R.A., Titley, S.R. and Francisco Pimentel, B., 2001. Geology of the scondida porphyry copper deposit, Antofagosta region, Chile. Economic Geology, 96(2): 307-344. Vearncombe, J. and Vearncombe, S., 1999. The Spatial Distribution of Mineralization: Applications of Fry Analysis. Economic Geology, 94(4) :475-486. Zarasvandi, A., 2004. Magmatic and structural controls on localization of the Darreh-Zerreshk and Ali-Abad porphyry copper deposits, Yazd Province, Central Iran. Ph.D. thesis, Shiraz University, Shiraz ,Iran, 280 pp.

The Green–Naghdi system is used to model highly nonlinear weakly dispersive waves propagating at the surface of a shallow layer of a perfect fluid. The system has three associated conservation laws which describe the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy due to the surface wave motion. In addition, the system features a fourth conservation law which is the main focus of this note. It will be shown how this fourth conservation law can be interpreted in terms of a concrete kinematic quantity connected to the evolution of the tangent velocity at the free surface. The equation for the tangent velocity is first derived for the full Euler equations in both two and three dimensional flows, and in both cases, it gives rise to an approximate balance law in the Green–Naghdi theory which turns out to be identical to the fourth conservation law for this system. It is also shown that the conservation equation for the tangent velocity at the free surface appears as an endpoint case of a more general conservation equation for tangent velocities along material surfaces in the body of the fluid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]