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Suicide is one of the oldest phenomena of human societies, and since it must be studied and understood within the framework of social psychology of each society and its sub-communities, so far an important part of social studies of suicide has been focused on suicide in nomadic and rural areas. For several years, the significant number of suicides and especially women's self-immolations in the Dishmuk region of Kohgiluyeh and Boyar Ahmad provinces has been widely reflected in the media. This research sought to study and investigate suicide in this rural-nomadic area by using the qualitative method of phenomenology in Georgi's style and using semi-structured interviews. The research sample is purposeful and consists of people who have had an unsuccessful suicide or one of their relatives has committed suicide leading to death. In understanding the interviewees' perceptions of the causes and contexts of suicide attempts in this region, the researchers divided them into five main categories: 1) lack of knowledge and life management skills; 2) lack of satisfaction with private life; 3) reaching a feeling of dead end and getting stuck in social life; and 5) the personal aspects and the superficiality of some religious beliefs have been reached, each of which has been separated into more detailed concepts in the findings section and documented with quotes from the interviewees. Finally, these categories are compared with some of the theoretical literature on suicide, and the authors provide suggestions for suicide prevention.

‌The proclivity of women with university education towards employment in government and private organizations is an undeniable trend. However, a notable phenomenon that deserves further exploration is the growing interest and enthusiasm of some women in entrepreneurship and establishing their own businesses. This study employed a qualitative and interpretive phenomenological approach, utilizing semi-structured in-depth interviews with 14 female university graduate entrepreneurs, to investigate the importance of small and medium-sized entrepreneurship as a crucial platform for effective policy-making in the field of women and to restore their socio-economic role. This type of research is vital due to the pressing need to promote women's social participation and decrease the unemployment rate of university-educated women. Therefore, the aim of this study was to comprehend the reasons behind the inclination of university-educated women towards small and medium-sized entrepreneurship and to listen to their narratives. The research findings reveal four major themes that have emerged from the interviews, namely “feminine creativity flourishing,” “entrepreneurship as a connecting bond of multiple identities of women,” “dwindling of women's confidence and creativity,” and “entrepreneurship as a win-win game.” These themes reflect the lived experiences of female entrepreneurs and the challenges they confront in entrepreneurship. Overall, the findings indicate that the lack of social structures supporting women and their low official employment rates have driven them to create new self-made social structures, such as entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship has the potential to define the field of activity and the role of women in expressing their abilities and skills, as well as their socio-economic participation. Based on this, policymakers are urged to take entrepreneurship among women seriously, as it can play a crucial role in empowering and enabling women to participate effectively in society and the economy.‌Keywords Entrepreneurship, Women Entrepreneurs, Entrepreneurial Action, Socio-Economic Role‌‌IntroductionIn today's world, a noticeable trend among women worldwide is the pursuit of employment based on their own desires and interests. This tangible phenomenon reflects the changes and developments that have occurred in modern times. Despite the many challenges and obstacles that women face in male-dominated job markets, there has been a growing interest in entrepreneurship and non-governmental professions. Entrepreneurship not only provides women with the potential to reduce poverty and generate income, but also offers the advantages of flexible working hours, which can greatly reduce conflicts between work and family responsibilities (Shahabadi et al., 2019: 62). The information provided suggests that exploring the topic of educated women's entrepreneurship and understanding its dimensions, particularly by listening to their experiences and narratives as they navigate entrepreneurship and reclaim their socio-economic roles through small and medium-sized businesses, is crucial in creating effective policies for women. The significance of conducting this study is to uncover the obscure and unexplored aspects of the experiences of female university entrepreneurs. These women have utilized their knowledge, passion, and creativity to establish opportunities for employment and income not only for themselves but also for others, thus contributing to an increase in female participation in different societal spheres. By tackling the pressing social issue of unemployment among female university graduates, they are paving the way for educated women to experience joy and contentment (Azizi et al., 2019: 577-579), and ultimately, for the realization of socio-economic progress in society. The primary objective of this research is to answer the question of how small and medium-sized entrepreneurship can contribute to the recovery of the socio-economic role of female university students and encourage them to take action in this area.‌MethodologyThis study employed qualitative and interpretive phenomenological methods to investigate the experiences of female graduates aged 20 to 50 who had less than 10 years of entrepreneurship experience. The research collected data using semi-structured interviews and focused on small and medium-sized entrepreneurship that employed a maximum of 20 people, including the business owner. Interviewees were selected using targeted and snowball sampling methods based on their shared entrepreneurship experiences and university education. In total, 14 interviewees were selected, with data saturation achieved in the twelfth interview. To ensure the credibility of the research, two additional interviewees were included. Throughout the research, the interview questions were designed to elicit a clear understanding of the interviewees' statements and to ensure consensus and accuracy. The aim was to gain a comprehensive and credible understanding of the experiences of these female entrepreneurs. FindingsThe findings of this study, obtained through qualitative data analysis and in-depth interviews, are presented in the form of four primary themes: "feminine creativity flourishing", "entrepreneurship as a connecting bond of multiple identities of women", "dwindling of women's confidence and creativity", and "entrepreneurship as a win-win game". These themes are further divided into sub-themes, including "joy for production", "entrepreneurship as a maternal fertility", "preservation of femininity and maternal identity", "recovery of socio-economic identity", "male-dominated policy structures", "distrust of government structures", "satisfying the sense of altruism and social networking", and "achieving capability and independence". Data analysis indicates that women who have received education engage in entrepreneurship for various reasons, including both material and spiritual benefits, not only for themselves but also for their colleagues, target communities, and society at large. One notable observation is that women entrepreneurs frequently experience identity confusion due to a lack of suitable social platforms. On the one hand, they actively participate in various socio-economic fields, while on the other hand, societal gender division expects them to fulfill traditional roles, which can be challenging to balance. As a result, many women use entrepreneurial activities as a means of connecting their identities to multiple roles, reducing role conflicts, and creating new opportunities and structures for themselves. Despite the prevalence of male-dominated structures in policymaking and political institutions, which may lead to a dwindling of women's confidence and creativity, research shows that these factors do not deter women's motivations to enter small and medium-sized entrepreneurship. The study demonstrates that while material and spiritual benefits serve as driving forces for interviewees to embark on their entrepreneurial journey, their enthusiasm and passion for unleashing their talents and creativity play a crucial role in motivating them to pursue their dreams.‌‌ResultIn summary, this study shows that women are increasingly drawn to entrepreneurship because it allows them to effectively balance their social, economic, personal, and family responsibilities, while also nurturing their creativity. A university education has been instrumental in helping women develop the skills necessary for success in this field, despite potential challenges posed by societal and economic structures. However, it is worth noting that individual and family factors, particularly the support of spouses, also play a critical role in these women's achievements. Despite these significant findings, further research is needed to fully understand these factors and their impact on women's success in entrepreneurship. Therefore, future studies should aim to delve deeper into these issues.

Objectives: Sexual harassment is one of the most common workplace issues that female employees may experience. The issue is especially severe for women working in a healthcare setting due to factors, such as unequal hierarchical power, night shifts, and a significant volume of visitors, etc. This study sought to characterize and categorize responses to and causes of acute sexual harassment. Methods: Thirty-nine hospital employees who had experienced sexual harassment were selected for in-depth interviews as part of a qualitative study designed to collect data. Results: The responses were categorized chronologically as pre-, during-, and post-harassment. Preventive strategies were the most notable pre-harassment responses, whereas, during harassment, diffusion, denial, avoidance, and behavioral changes were the most significant responses. Nonetheless, since diffusion, avoidance, non-disclosure, and non-reporting could result in the persistence of the harassment, the post-harassment strategies shed light on the factors that determined the victims' failure to disclose sexual harassment. Discussion: Although women experience sexual harassment in healthcare settings, they typically refrain from reporting it and respond passively to such situations. Formal and informal organizational support for the harassed women can empower them to resist harassers and report their conduct in hospital settings.

IntroductionThe emergence of feminism, movement of women and consequently, ever-increasing presence of women in the society, and social evolutions, as well as egalitarianism and development of egalitarian values, especially among women, have significantly increased to the point that women want to play a more prominent role in various facets of the society today. Gender equality has been described as equal rights and responsibilities for men and women and equality in all opportunities in the society. Gender equality and the sense of equality can boost the motivation for community activities and efforts, especially among women, besides being a milestone for the presence of women in different social, political, and cultural fields. Additionally, women’s positive perspective toward gender equality in the public and private spheres of their lives enhances social livelihood, feeling of being seen, and lack of social discrimination among women, thus laying the ground for their activities in social, cultural, and economic levels in the society. It appears that an increase in the levels of social awareness and education can play a significant role in forming egalitarian beliefs and views among women. Therefore, with the assumption that this is the case, in this research, we attempted to analyze the egalitarian viewpoint and some of the factors affecting it among female university students. This study aimed to answer the following questions: Do female university students’ levels of education and ages affect their egalitarian views? Considering the effect of socialization along with social beliefs and values, do the girls have some views on matters, such as marriage and relationship with boys, as well as individualistic views associated with their egalitarian views? Materials & Methods This research was based on qualitative methodology. It was an applied survey. The questionnaire was used as a tool for data collection. Hence, the data in this analysis was the result of a cross-sectional survey. that They were gathered through a structured questionnaire conducted in 2019. The statistical population consisted of the female university students of faculties of Technical and Engineering, Humanities, Basic Sciences, Art, Foreign Languages, and Physical Education. They were studying as undergraduate, graduate, and Ph.D. students at Tehran University in 2019. The sample size was estimated to be 379 by using Cochran formula. Upon predicting the possibility that not all the questionnaires would be filled out and there would be a drop in the number of the students, the sample size was risen up to 400 people. To determine the essential samples, we applied stratified relative sampling and simple random sampling in this research.To analyze the research data, we utilized SPSS, as well as multivariate and bivariate tests. To examine and test the research hypotheses, we first conducted a bivariate analysis and then a multivariate analysis. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to assess the bivariate correlation between the dependent variable, which was an interval (the female university students’ egalitarian views, and the independent variables of age, education, individualism, view toward relationships between girls and boys, and interest in marriage at an interval scale. Furthermore, as both the dependent and independent variables were interval, a multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to have a multivariate assessment between the dependent and independent variables.Discussion of Results & ConclusionsThe research results revealed that age and education had a significant correlation with the female university students’ egalitarian views. This meant that egalitarian views among the female university students increased with age and education. Additionally, the findings indicated that there was a significant correlation of the girls and boys with egalitarian views. The correlation of individualism and interest in marriage with egalitarian views was significant too. According to the findings, individualism had an inverse correlation with egalitarian views, namely positive egalitarian views increased as individualism declined among the students. Moreover, the results demonstrated that there was a significant correlation between interest in marriage and egalitarian views among the girls, i.e., egalitarian views increased as interest in marriage rose up.Due to this different finding, the inverse correlation between individualism and egalitarian views requires more investigation and a qualitative research is recommended for achieving a more precise analysis. Nonetheless, in the evolving community of Iran, it appears that women and girls’ demands for gender equality have increased due to changes in the society. They want a more prominent share of the society in different social, economic, and political fields. Despite socialization, i.e., the theory of gender socialization, and internalization of values and norms, girls still hold values for marriage and are interested in starting a family. The changes in the values and modern beliefs among girls are significant and have revealed not only individualistic values and positive views on the relationship between girls and boys, but also women’s views on gender equality. Furthermore, they have been manifested under the influence of social context and values in the society.

During the socialization process, individuals internalize some attitudes and beliefs on social and political occasions, in line with the prevailing culture of the case. In this study, the attitude toward active political participation of women between male and female students has been examined. The sample size according to Cochran's formula is equal to 370 male and female students living in Tehran. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient, simultaneous regression and Fisher's test using survey method and questionnaire technique. ‌Findings showed that there was no significant relationship between socio-economic status and attitudes toward women's active participation and among the variables affecting students' attitudes toward women's active political participation were variables such as a feeling of political effectiveness (women: r = 0.43 and men: r = 0.29), the existence of gender stereotypes (women: r = -0.50 and men: r = -0.35), belief in patriarchy (women: r = -0.58 and men: r = -0.37) and glass ceiling (female: r = -0.52 and men:r = -0.34) showed the most effect and gender analysis emphasized the effect of the mentioned cases among female students more than male students. The low presence of women in politics can be due to political socialization, which has seen politics as masculine and marginalized women. ‌ Political Participation, Gender Sociability, Gender Stereotypes, Glass Ceiling, Sense of Political Effectiveness. ‌‌Introduction‌The existence of political participation in any society indicates development, and each society shows its level of development according to the credibility and degree it gives to the presence and activity of women, but in reality, women achieve equal positions with men in various fields. Social and political are facing serious obstacles (Pishgahi Fard, Zahedi, 2018: 26). Although in recent decades there have been changes in women's social and political relations and along with increasing literacy and the development of higher education, empowerment, and women's demands have increased, the level of women's political participation is low (Nazari, 2014: 162 ). Aronson (2002) believes that growing up in a traditional society leads to the acceptance of most prejudices. A group of women consider social participation and presence in social and political arenas necessary and a group of women do not prioritize social participation and in line with their traditional status and context, they define preference around their family. Social structures create positive or negative attitudes toward participation in individuals and influence actors through the family institution, the educational institution, the social learning process, and the socialization process. In some cases, the existence of gender stereotypes, under the shadow of patriarchy, perpetuates a kind of glass ceiling and creates an obstacle to women's activities. Individuals act to prevent social exclusion within the framework of social norms based on their gender stereotypes (Ezazi, 2001: 45 and 46). In the divisions of social forces, women are consciously or unconsciously marginalized and their growth and development is considered insignificant to others. This process affects women in all social and political spheres and indicates the existence of a kind of glass ceiling and prevents the advancement of women according to implicit and unwritten agreements (Wirth, 2002: 2). The glass ceiling is defined as a metaphor for the inequality of women against men and implies a patriarchal monopoly in developing countries (Shafi et al., 2019). MethodologyThe main purpose of this study is to "examine students' attitudes toward women's active political participation" between the two groups of female and male students. Students are considered as a group that has a higher social status and are more influential in political and social affairs. This research has investigated students' attitudes using a survey method. After collecting information by processing and entering the data into the computer and using SPSS software, statistical activities were analyzed at the descriptive and inferential levels of research findings. The statistical population of this study includes students of Tehran, Allameh, Al-Zahra, Imam Sadegh, Tarbiat Modares, and research universities who lived in Tehran. After taking the variance in the pre-test stage, using Cochran's sampling formula, 370 students were systematically selected and by proportionality, 205 female and 165 male students living in Tehran were examined. ResultAccording to the results of the social and economic status of female students has a higher average than male students. In the simultaneous regression model, social and economic status, sense of political effectiveness, belief in patriarchy, belief in the glass ceiling and gender stereotypes as predictor variables and attitudes toward women's active political participation entered the equation as criterion variables. Aiming to compare male and female students, first using Fisher's conversion to compare multiple correlation coefficients, the findings indicate that there is a significant difference between male and female students. A comparison of predictor variables also shows that in both groups of male and female students, feelings of political effectiveness, belief in patriarchy, belief in the glass ceiling, and the existence of gender stereotypes can predict attitudes toward women's active political participation. But the social and economic situation is not able to predict the attitude towards women's active political participation. A comparison of standardized regression coefficients shows that belief in patriarchy and belief in the glass ceiling in female students has a higher coefficient than in male students. The presence of gender stereotypes has a higher coefficient in men and there is no difference in the standardized regression coefficient in the sense of political effectiveness. Based on this, the main hypothesis of the present study is confirmed. This means that the variables of a feeling of political effectiveness, belief in patriarchy, belief in the glass ceiling and the existence of gender stereotypes can predict attitudes towards women's active political participation. A comparison of groups shows a significant difference in the explained variance between groups. In the women's group, predictor variables play a greater role in explaining attitudes toward women's active political participation. For women, the belief in patriarchy and the existence of a glass ceiling has the greatest impact, and for men, the belief in patriarchy and the existence of gender stereotypes have the greatest impact on a positive attitude towards women's active political participation. Conclusion The results of the study emphasize that students' attitudes are overshadowed by the culture of patriarchy and the existence of gender stereotypes, and this issue is not different between male and female students, although female students have more understanding and experience. Despite benefiting from the socio-economic status, students still follow the previous conditions and have not shown a change in their attitude towards women's active political participation and attending university has not created a positive attitude towards women's active political participation. Today, due to the expansion of higher education, women have a maximum presence in universities, but contrary to expectations, they do not show active political participation and have shown a minimal share. According to the research conducted in this field (Sadeghi Fasaei, 2015), women's participation in all fields not only does not have a systematic body and model but is also influenced by the discourse space of the ruling structure. Although women have become an influential and active force in the past, structural and social barriers and pressures to create a glass ceiling due to the hegemonic layers of power acceptance continue (Shafi, 2019: 1) and it can’t be hoped that students due to the base that Are leading to positive changes in this area.

As one of the substantial factors influencing the persuasion of social structure during great crises, social capital plays a vital role in accelerating the implementation and effectiveness of policies adopted to control crisis. In this respect, this study aimed to examine the role of social capital in the level of satisfaction with government performance in COVID–19 control policy-making. The statistical population of the study comprised all citizens of Tehran. The Cochrane formula was used to determine the sample size, which amounted to 400. The study relied on multistage cluster sampling to choose the participants in 22 districts of Tehran in Iran. Having been collected by a researcher-made questionnaire, the data was processed through SPSS software with one-sample t-tests, Pearson Correlation, multivariate linear regression, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The findings indicate that citizens living in Tehran have a moderate level of satisfaction with government performance in controlling COVID–19. Moreover, the lowest satisfaction mean value was associated with supply chain management and access to health items while the highest mean value of satisfaction pertained to the constraints and social distancing. There was a high correlation between the variable of social capital and satisfaction with government performance in COVID–19 control (R=0.552), and it can predict 30.3% of satisfaction variances. The results show that the variable of trust was the most important predictor of satisfaction with government performance in COVID–19 control.

Introduction:Nowadays, families face a spectrum of social harms and issues that influence their lives significantly and require to be identified. For this purpose, the current study aimed at analyzing women’s perceived understanding of family harms and hearing their accounts of family issues and harms. That is because women in many cases gain a deeper understanding of the issues and challenges in the family life and the changes occurring there since they play a pivotal role within families and establish interactions and relations with other members of the family. On the other hand, the informal social networks where women are members and their social bonds to women’s groups make it possible for them to share their daily experiences and accumulate a plethora of women’s experiences and interpretations of issues in daily lives, particularly regarding the family life. In many cases, such experiences involve interpretations that can be valuable in understanding family harms and social issues. Materials and Methods: The current study was conducted using a qualitative and phenomenological methodology. The data were collected using semi-structured in-depth interviews with 17 women (aged 18-65 years old) in Fasa, which had been selected according to the purposive sampling technique. The semi-structured interview refers to a flexible interview in which questions are designed based on the main questions of a particular study. In the current study, the research questions were formulated based on the following major questions:- How do the participants understand and describe issues in the domain of family?- What are the most important issues for women according to the participants?- How do women face family issues? How do the female participants classify and categorize family issues?- Which factors are mentioned by the female participants as the background factors in the emergence of social issues?Each participant who took part in the study was completely aware of the process of research and interviews. To obtain their consent, the research study including its goals, questions, the manner of participating, and the process of interviews was explained to all of the participants.In the current study, the Colaizzi’s method was used for data analysis. Thus, the audio files obtained from each interview session were transcribed and coded in a textual format. The extraction of concepts aimed to collect the participants’ significant statements related to the topic of the study and special care was taken so that these statements can be collected with similar valuation and free from repetition and overlap. After the first stage was over, themes and categories were extracted by comparing and merging or eliminating early concepts, and the process of data analysis was conducted. Discussion of Results and Conclusions:Based on the results of the study, two types of harms in the form of “content harms” and “structural harms” were identified and classified. Content harms, which mostly deal with the relationships inside a family and between family members, include three major categories in the form of “the formation of solitude chrysalis and individualized worlds”, “generalized parenting and increasing child-centeredness”, and “constant disagreements and conflicts in the family”.In addition, the second type that refers to external aspects of a family named “structural harms” has been classified in the form of three major categories. These categories include “changes in family values and beliefs as the changes and developments in the family institutions”, “the spillover of social harms to families”, and “challenges related to social welfare”. Altogether, it seems that harms and issues within the family include a wide spectrum of social issues. Though these harms have been classified in the current study into two groups called content and structural harms, many of them are so complicated and intertwined that it seems they originate from one another and create a cycle of harm and social issues. They can be interpreted and assigned meaning based on their cultural environments and backgrounds, and the reduction and prevention of such harms require that those backgrounds be taken into consideration.

Background: Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is prevalent among patients undergoing hemodialysis. This research suggests that cold dialysis solution and stretching exercises are effective approaches reducing RLS; however, they should be adopted according to the patient’s condition. Aim: This study aimed to compare cold dialysate with stretching exercises on RLS severity in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Method: This two-group randomized clinical trial was conducted on 44 hemodialysis patients with RLS. One group received cold dialysis (35.5°C) and the other group performed stretching exercises in two hemodialysis centers in Sabzevar, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran, in 2019. The severity of RLS was measured in both groups using the IRLS scale at the baseline and end of each week for 6 weeks. The data were analyzed in SPSS (version 21) using repeated measures ANOVA and Friedman’s test. Results: The mean age of participants in cold dialysis and stretching exercise groups were 54.5±13.6 and 54.5±10.8 years, respectively. The Friedman test results showed a significant reduction in the severity of RLS in both groups (P=0.001). Moreover, the repeated measures ANOVA results revealed that the time effect was significant (P=0.001). However, group effect (P=0.09) and interaction between time and group (P=0.25) were not significantly different. Implications for Practice: Both methods of cold dialysate and stretching exercises decreased RLS severity; therefore, they can be suggested to nurses as effective strategies. Due to the limited sample size, studies with larger sample sizes are recommended.

Introduction Prostitution is the action that one provides sexual services for earning money, sleeping places or other desires that are agreed with customers. The definition of prostitution and the way it is dealt with varies depending on the social, cultural and legal context in different countries. Prostitution is considered a criminal act in Iran, due to its criminalization, we face with a lack of reliable information and adequate studies as well as the strategies that women usually adopt for this challenging experience in their lives. Existing literature considers prostitution as one of the societal issues that is complex in terms of the reasons and contexts, and is mainly motivated by poverty, deprivation, inevitability and addiction. But the topics such as the meaning of prostitution for prostituted women, the misguided ways for them and the manners to achieve these goals are neglected. This study attempts to study the phenomenon of prostitution based on the narrative of women and beyond the stereotypes and categories that exist. The study aims to answer these question: what is the meaning of the act of perpetrating their act? On the other hand, what techniques or strategies do they use to adapt to the individual and alleviate the stresses of prostitution? This research is important because it is a novel study of how the practice of prostitution is organized by its underwriters, given the confidentiality of its practice. Material & Methods The present study is a qualitative study and the approach used in this research is the grounded theory (foundation data) that employs a set of systematic procedures to develop a theory based on induction and movement from the whole to the phenomenon. The statistical population of this study consisted of 17 prostituted women for understanding the act of prostitution and its related strategies through the grounded theory approach. To increase the validity of the research, we have exploited previous research too, to confirm the findings of the present research. To increase the research reliability, not only interviews have been recorded, but they have been monitored by the respondents themselves during interview process. Discussion of Results & Conclusions The findings of the study show that participants have defined their activities in terms the way they address livelihood and support problems. The viewpoints of these women were that prostitution is an answer to addiction problem, livelihood problems, poverty, inadequate support networks and homelessness. They have equipped to sexual capital, recklessness, adventure, dare and courage, and lack of commitment, and disobedience which are all facilitators of the act of prostitution. The participants have been encountered with physical and psychological violence several times so they try to protect themselves from the cycle of harm and have used individual and group strategies for reducing the harm. In addition, theses ways include: to be adaptive, deviant, and outgoing, thereby reducing the pressures of prostitution or achieving other goals. In sum, the findings of the research in the context of the central category of ‘prostitution as despair and helplessness’ illustrate the theoretical model of this type of activity. Research findings in the context of this central issue include factors that explain the context of these street women, and show how street women experience prostitution and come along and justify it.

Background: Restless leg syndrome (RLS) is a common symptom of some diseases specially observed during hemodialysis. Cooling the dialysate is a safe and nonpharmacological method. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of cool dialysate on RLS in hemodialysis patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 79 patients were selected for screening based on the four main criteria set by the RLS International Association. Finally, in line with the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 63 hemodialysis patients were recruited and participated in this clinical trial. The patients were randomly assigned to the intervention group (n = 32) and the control group (n = 31). The intervention group received 35.5°C dialysate and the control group received 37°C dialysate three times a week for a period of 1 month. The severity of RLS was measured in both groups using a standardized RLS questionnaire. Using R software version 3.3.1, the data were analyzed using the Student's t-test, and Wilcoxon test, at 95% confidence interval. Results: In terms of RLS severity, there was no significant difference between intervention and control groups before the intervention (t = -2.11, p > 0.05). After the intervention, the mean (SD) of RLS severity in the control group was 28.77 (5.45) and in the intervention group was 11.66 (4.69), in which t test showed a significant difference between two groups (t = 14.03, p= 0.001). Conclusions: Using cool dialysate as a nonpharmacological treatment may reduce the severity of RLS in patients on hemodialysis. Therefore, using this method to improve RLS in hemodialysis patients is recommended.

Phenomenology of Criminal Grounds in Women Zahra Mirhosseini[1] Received: 8/10/2017 Accepted: 30/12/2017 Abstract The purpose of this research study is to identify and understand risk factors in female offenders’ lives. This research is based on the phenomenological method. For this purpose, in-depth qualitative interviews have been conducted with 24 women with criminal sentences and imprisonment records. The results show that most of the women interviewed had experienced various forms of violence and harassment during their lives, and were often found either homeless or were from inefficient and disrupted families whose parents or first-degree relatives had a history of convictions and imprisonment or drug addiction. Also, some of these women had used drugs when they committed the crimes. In addition to the above, the socioeconomic status of women, type of occupation, family disorders, the lifestyle of women, are among the risk factors that are effective in the context of life for female offenders. However, the results of this study are not generalized in any way because of the small sample size. Keywords: Female Offenders, Crime, Prison, Phenomenology [1]. Assistant Professor, AlzahraUniversity, Department of Women and Family Studies, Tehran. z.mirhosseini@alzahra.ac.ir

INTRODUCTION: Low quality of sleep is a common problem among hemodialysis patients. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of a cold dialysis solution on the quality of sleep in patients undergoing hemodialysis. METHODOLOGY: This double-blind clinical trial was performed on 26 hemodialysis patients with chronic renal failure and sleep disorders in the dialysis center of Sabzevar, Iran, in 2016–2017. Of the 26 patients, 13 each were allocated to the intervention and control groups. The patients in both groups received 4 weeks of hemodialysis (3 sessions per week) using a standard solution with a temperature of 37°C. In the next stage, the control group continued to receive the standard-temperature dialysis, while the intervention group received dialysis using a solution with a temperature of 35.5°C for 4 weeks (3 sessions per week). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was used to assess and compare the quality of sleep before and after the intervention in the two groups. Data were analyzed using R 1.2.3 software, at 95% confidence level. RESULTS: Although the mean scores of sleep quality were not significantly different between the intervention (9.53 ± 3.12) and control (11.23 ± 3.37) groups at baseline, postintervention, significant differences were observed (intervention group: 4.7 ± 4.55; control group: 10.61 ± 2.69; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: This study showed that dialysis with cold solution is a simple, cost-effective, and nonpharmacological method that can be used to improve sleep quality in patients undergoing hemodialysis.

Background Heat shock protein A2 (HSPA2) is correlated with sperm maturity and function. Therefore, dysfunctional expression of this gene results in abnormal spermatogenesis. On the other hand, DNA damage in spermatozoa is considered to be an important cause of male infertility, and the presence of sperm with DNA fragmentation and chromatin abnormalities in human ejaculates is well documented, in particular in men with poor semen quality. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate HSPA2 expression and its relation with DNA fragmentation, protamine deficiency involved in DNA packaging and semen parameters in varicocele patients in comparison to fertile men before and after varicocelectomy. Materials and methods This study included 52 fertile individuals as the control group and 70 infertile individuals with varicocele as the experimental group. Sperm DNA fragmentation, protamine deficiency and relative HSPA2 expression were evaluated by the sperm chromatin dispersion test, chromomycin A3 staining and RT-PCR, respectively. Results The mean values of abnormal morphology, protamine deficiency and DNA fragmentation were significantly lower in varicocele individuals following varicocelectomy when compared to fertile individuals. The correlation between these parameters were studied and discussed in the text. Conclusion There is a decrease in relative HSPA2 expression which is possibly due to chronic induced hyperthermia in varicocele individuals. Removal of this stress increases HSPA2 expression and results in the proper folding of proteins involved in spermatogenesis; therefore resulting in improved DNA packaging, as well as better sperm morphology and motility which may indirectly reduce sperm DNA fragmentation.

Objective: The relationships between body fat distribution, lipid profile and blood pressure, have not been studied extensively in young population. This study was designed to evaluate the association between measures of adiposity and established cardiovascular risk factors in adolescent girls. Methods: A total of 477 adolescent girls aged 15 to 18 years were recruited from Mashhad high schools. Socio-demographic characteristics were assessed using a self-administered questionnaire. Anthropometric assessments, blood pressure measurement and biochemical assessment were performed. Total and regional fat mass were determined by bio-impedance analysis. Cardiovascular disease risk factors were assessed in relation to body fat measures with adjustment for confounder factors including age and family socioeconomic status. Findings: The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 14.6% and 3.4% respectively; 16% of study population had greater fat mass compared to its ideal distribution. The majority of cardiovascular risk factors, especially systolic and diastolic blood pressure, triglyceride concentration, CRP and fasting blood sugar were significantly higher in group with a high body fat when compared to those with normal and low values. All anthropometric indices showed significant correlation with fat mass, fat free mass, total and regional body fat percent (P<0.001). After adjustment for age and family socioeconomic status, a high fat mass especially, truncal fat, was positively associated with triglyceride and blood pressure. Conclusion: Adiposity, especially truncal adiposity, which can be assessed by simple measures such as Body Mass Index (BMI) and Waist Circumference (WC) may predispose adolescent girls for demonstration of metabolic abnormalities and consequently cardiovascular diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study sought to determine the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome, one of the major public health challenges worldwide, and its influencing factors among 15 to 17 years old adolescent girls in Mashhad, lran. Methods: A total of 622 high school adolescents participated in a cross-sectional study. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess socio-demographic characteristics and dietary habits. Anthropometric assessments, blood pressure measurement and biochemical assessment were done. Results: Applying BM1 Z-score for age and gender (WHO 2007), 14.6 % and 3.4 % of subjects were classified as overweight and obese, respectively. Enlarged WC (> 80 cm/was seen in 9.5% of subjects. The prevalence of combined hypertension was 6.1% which was increased by the severity of obesity. A total of 24.5% of subjects had hypertriglyceridemia and 57% of them had low level of HDL-cholesterol. Hyperglycemia was present in 16.7% of subjects. Based on the NCEP ATP III (2001) criteria, the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 6.5% and increased to 45.1% in obese subjects. Increasing BMI or WC, led to significant increment in the number of metabolic syndrome fea- Pares (p < 0.001). High socioeconomic status of family, medical history of parents and dietary habits especially high consumption of carbohydrates were influencing factors in the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome. Conclusion: Approximately 6.5% of all and 45% of obese subjects met the criteria for the metabolic syndrome, Dietary habits especially carbohydrate consumption, socioeconomic status of family and medical history of parents can be influential factors in the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome, [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Pasta is one of the relatively wide-consumed flour products in Iran, however despite its abundant consumption, it lacks some nutrients, especially some essential amino acids. On the other hand, fish protein concentrate (FPC) is a suitable option for enriching pasta due to its high amount of protein. It is a healthy product with high nutritional value in which protein and other nutrients are compactly placed. Therefore, in this study, the effects of adding the silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix protein concentrate as one of the food supplements rich in amino acids on improving pasta's nutritional value and sensory, textural, and physicochemical properties was investigated. Materials and methods: In this study, three types of pasta were formulated with different concentrations of 0, 1, and 2% FPC (T0, T1% and T3% respectively). T0 consisted of ingredients such as No. l flour, water, gluten, and salt, was formulated. In T1% and T3%, flour was replaced by 1 and 2% FPC, respectively. The effects of adding FPC to pasta on its sensory (flavor, smell, taste, and color), textural (adhesion, hardness, and flexibility), and physicochemical (cooking time, water absorption percentage, swelling index, and cooking loss) properties were investigated. Results and discussion: The obtained results showed no significant difference in the sensory characteristics between the three treatments, and also the results exhibited the decrease in some textural characteristics of the produced pasta, such as the amount of adhesion, hardness, and flexibility with the addition of protein concentrate, so that the lowest amount of adhesion was observed in T2%. In terms of cooking time and the amount of cooking loss, the control treatment (T0) showed the highest value, while water absorption percentage and swelling index, by the elevation in the amount of concentrate, the value of these two also increased (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results, the pasta enriched with 2% FPC, along with improving the nutritional value, improved several properties, including adhesion while no significant alteration in sensory properties.