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Abstract Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) is a primary immunodeficiency characterized by reduced levels of specific immunoglobulins, resulting in frequent infections, autoimmune disorders, increased cancer risk, and diminished antibody production despite an adequate B cell count. With its clinical manifestations being highly variable, the classification of CVID, including the widely recognized Freiburg classification, is primarily based on clinical symptoms and genetic variations. Our study aims to refine the classification of CVID by analyzing transcriptomics data to identify distinct disease subtypes. We utilized the GSE51405 dataset, examining transcriptomic profiles from 30 CVID patients without complications. Employing a combination of clustering techniques—KMeans, hierarchical agglomerative clustering, spectral clustering, and Gaussian Mixture models—and differential gene expression analysis with R’s limma package, we integrated molecular findings with demographic data (age and gender) through correlation analysis and identified common genes among clusters. Three distinct clusters of CVID patients were identified using KMeans, Agglomerative Clustering, and Gaussian Mixture Models, highlighting the disease’s heterogeneity. Differential expression analysis unveiled 31 genes with variable expression levels across these clusters. Notably, nine genes (EIF5A, RPL21, ANP32A, DTX3L, NCF2, CDC42EP3, CHP1, FOLR3, and DEFA4) exhibited consistent differential expression across all clusters, independent of demographic factors. The study recommends categorizing patients based on the four genes, NCF2, CHP1, FOLR3, and DEFA4—as they may assist in prognostic prediction. Transcriptomic analysis of common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) patients identified three distinct clusters based on gene expression, independent of age and gender. Nine differentially expressed genes were identified across these clusters, suggesting potential biomarkers for CVID subtype classification. These findings highlight the genetic heterogeneity of CVID and provide novel insights into disease classification and potential personalized treatment approaches.

Abstract Evidence suggests that lumbar disc herniation (LDH) influences sexual function to a great deal. However, most existing studies have been conducted on men. Thus, the current study aimed to assess sexual function and its correlates in women with acute LDH. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 350 women of reproductive age with acute LDH in Fasa, Iran in 2023. The mean score of female sexual function was 21.33 (3.38). Almost 80% of women had sexual dysfunction. Women scored lower on sexual desire and the higher on lubrication. As the severity of LDH increased, arousal, lubrication and sexual pain score decreased and low back pain (LBP) score increased (p

A novel control strategy utilizing the Internal Model Principle (IMP) is introduced to mitigate damped oscillations within power systems, specifically targeting low-frequency electromechanical oscillations. This approach involves first identifying the dynamic behaviors of power system oscillations and then integrating these dynamics into the feedback loop. Consequently, leveraging the IMP, the method effectively eliminates oscillations from the system output. Key benefits of this method include its straightforwardness, resilience, capability for real-time deployment, and independence from specific system models. To assess its efficacy, simulation studies were conducted on two operational power systems, complemented by an empirical study on a two-bus laboratory power system at the University of Calgary. Both simulation and empirical findings affirm the method’s effective performance.

Abstract Background Patients with autoimmune and immune-mediated diseases (AI-IMD) are at greater risk of COVID-19 infection; therefore, they should be prioritized in vaccination programs. However, there are concerns regarding the safety of COVID-19 vaccines in terms of disease relapse, flare, or exacerbation. In this study, we aimed to provide a more precise and reliable vision using systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods PubMed-MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science were searched for original articles reporting the relapse/flare in adult patients with AI-IMD between June 1, 2020 and September 25, 2022. Subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis were conducted to investigate the sources of heterogeneity. Statistical analysis was performed using R software. Results A total of 134 observations of various AI-IMDs across 74 studies assessed the rate of relapse, flare, or exacerbation in AI-IMD patients. Accordingly, the crude overall prevalence of relapse, flare, or exacerbation was 6.28% (95% CI [4.78%; 7.95%], I 2 = 97.6%), changing from 6.28% (I 2 = 97.6%) to 6.24% (I 2 = 65.1%) after removing the outliers. AI-IMD patients administering mRNA, vector-based, and inactive vaccines showed 8.13% ([5.6%; 11.03%], I 2 = 98.1%), 0.32% ([0.0%; 4.03%], I 2 = 93.5%), and 3.07% ([1.09%; 5.9%], I 2 = 96.2%) relapse, flare, or exacerbation, respectively (p-value = 0.0086). In terms of disease category, nephrologic (26.66%) and hematologic (14.12%) disorders had the highest and dermatologic (4.81%) and neurologic (2.62%) disorders exhibited to have the lowest crude prevalence of relapse, flare, or exacerbation (p-value

Background & Aims: Due to the fact that cardiovascular diseases are one of the most important causes of death and disability worldwide, including Iran, and considering the importance of this issue, this study was conducted with the aim of investigating the distribution of heart disease risk factors and related factors in Urmia city. Materials & Methods: The study sample included 10,000 people over 30 years of age in Urmia city, who were examined in terms of the risk of cardiovascular diseases in 2023. A multi-stage cluster sampling method was used to select the samples. Descriptive statistics, frequency, and percentage were used to describe the findings, and data analysis was performed using SPSS 22 software. Results: The average age of the subjects studied was 49.19 ± 13.21 years. Furthermore, 91.2% had a risk level of less than 10%, 8.2% had a risk level between 10% and 20%, and 0.3% had a risk level between 20% and 30%, and 0.3% had a risk level above 30%. The average levels of cholesterol and FBS of risk assessed people were 177.72 ± 32.6 and 99.3 ± 32, respectively. The prevalence of people with high blood pressure was 17.2%, and diabetes was 12.2%. The average waist circumference and body mass index were calculated as 91.36 ± 10.7 and 27.8 ± 4.3, respectively. Conclusion: In this study, people who were at risk of heart diseases were reported to be less than 10%, which requires the use of up-to-date and efficient models to accelerate appropriate intervention for high-risk people.

Abstract This paper deals with the mitigation of sub‐synchronous resonance (SSR) in doubly‐fed induction generator (DFIG)‐based wind farms using a sub‐synchronous resonance damping controller (SSRDC). The performance of the SSRDC depends on its input control signal and the location of its output control signals. Hence, this paper presents an algorithm to select the best location for applying the SSRDC. The DFIG parameters are used as the inputs of this algorithm. Also, the participation factors analysis is employed as this algorithm's main core. The output of this algorithm determines that the control signal of SSRDC can be applied either in the grid‐side converter (GSC) and/or in the rotor‐side converter (RSC). The best input location in the GSC is the DC‐link voltage and the best input location in the RSC is the q‐component of the rotor voltage. The accuracy of this algorithm was evaluated by investigating the effect of various input signal locations on the SSR using the eigenvalue analysis. This analysis indicated that the dc‐link voltage and the q‐components of the rotor voltage are the most effective signals on the sub‐synchronous oscillatory modes. Moreover, this paper introduces a new SSRDC using these two signals. The performance of this controller is validated through the eigenvalue analysis and a time domain simulation.

Introduction: The nursing profession is one of the most challenging jobs in health care, and many of these challenges can lead to a decrease in efficiency and burnout among nurses. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the structural model of organizational commitment, job stress, psychological capital, and job burnout among nurses in Kermanshah, Iran, in 2021. Material & Methods: This descriptive correlational study was conducted using structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the research included nurses who worked in public and private hospitals in Kermanshah in 2021. The sample size was calculated at 300 cases who were selected via random and stratified sampling methods. Data were analyzed in SPSS (version 19) and AMOS software packages using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, and structural equations. The significance level was P

Abstract In this paper, a new type of magnetic mesoporous material (Fe3O4@SiO2@KIT-6@2-ATP@CuI) was designed and synthesized and its application in the synthesis of amides and anilines was investigated. The structure of Fe3O4@SiO2@KIT-6@2-ATP@CuI was characterized and identified using FTIR, SEM, XRD, TGA, BET, VSM, and ICP techniques. An external magnet can easily remove the synthesized catalyst from the reaction medium, and be reused in several consequence runs.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a significant biological role in the regulation of various cellular processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and migration. In various malignancies, lncRNAs interplay with some main cancer-associated signaling pathways, including the Hippo signaling pathway to regulate the various cellular processes. It has been revealed that the cross-talking between lncRNAs and Hippo signaling pathway involves in gastrointestinal (GI) cancers development and progression. Considering the clinical significance of these lncRNAs, they have also been introduced as potential biomarkers in diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic strategies in GI cancers. Herein, we review the mechanisms of lncRNA-mediated regulation of Hippo signaling pathway and focus on the corresponding molecular mechanisms and clinical significance of these non-coding RNAs in GI cancers.

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a progressive autoimmune disease with variable and inflammatory clinical symptoms that causes pain, dryness, and reduced joint function. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of integrated treatment based on acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) and positivity on adherence to treatment and life expectancy of women with RA. Methods: In the present study, a single-case experimental design of the asynchronous multiple baseline type was used. The statistical population of the study included all women with RA in Khorramabad, Iran. The sample included 3 people who were selected by convenience sampling from among the affected women. Integrated treatment protocol based on ACT and positivity was performed during three stages of baseline, 10 sessions of 90-minute intervention, and three-stage follow-up, and the subjects responded to the adherence to treatment and life expectancy scales. Findings: The data were analyzed using visual drawing, reliable change index (RCI), and percentage change formula. Results of the study showed that the mean improvement of adherence to treatment variable in the post-treatment stage in the three patients was 62.7% and in follow-up was 60.5%; for the life expectancy variable in the post-treatment stage, the mean of all three was 53.3% and the follow-up mean was 51.03%. Conclusion: Integrated treatment based on ACT and positivity has been effective on treatment adherence and life expectancy of affected women. Therefore, it is suggested to use this treatment to increase compliance with treatment and life expectancy in these patients.

Background & Objective: Prediction of preterm delivery can reduce a large number of its complications. The present study aimed to compare vaginal and plasma fibronectin concentrations in the diagnosis of preterm delivery. Materials & Methods: Serum samples were obtained from 105 women at 24-36 weeks of gestation. However, only 40 women gave permission to collect vaginal samples. Fibronectin concentration was measured using the ELISA technique. Then, plasma and vaginal fibronectin levels were compared in term and preterm deliveries. Results: The mean plasma fibronectin level was 6226.43±7174.97 ng/ml among the mothers with term infants and 7724.01±1143.82 ng/ml among those with preterm infants (p=0.667). The mean fetal fibronectin level was 156.61±126.42 ng/ml among the mothers with term infants and 127.71±43.14 ng/ml among those with preterm infants (p=0.241). The cut-off point of plasma fibronectin level was 1750 ng/ml with a sensitivity of 80.25% and specificity of 85.17%. Additionally, the cut-off point of vaginal fibronectin level was 158.98 ng/ml with a sensitivity of 94.62% and specificity of 22.08%. Conclusion: Plasma fibronectin analysis had lower sensitivity and higher specificity compared to vaginal fibronectin analysis. This implies that plasma testing has lower false-positive cases and can identify a more significant number of true positive cases of preterm delivery.

Abstract Background Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women. Even though early detection and diagnosis of this disease can reduce mortality considerably, several studies have shown that more than 92% of women are unaware of the risk factors for breast cancer and of breast cancer screening tests. The simultaneous promotion of screening and provision of education can increase community health and reduce medical costs, and students can play a leading role in informing and educating people in society. Aim The present study aims to examine the level of knowledge and attitude of female students in senior high schools in Fasa regarding breast cancer screening. Methods In this cross-sectional study, the random sampling method was applied to survey 350 female high school students, only 311 of whom completed the study. Questionnaires were completed in girls' high schools, and the data was analyzed by SPSS Software, Version 25. Results The results revealed that more than 87% of students were unaware or had incorrect information regarding breast cancer screening. The link between the type of breast cancer information sources and students' general knowledge was significant. Most students were aware of the risk of breast cancer, but they were uninformed of its symptoms, risk factors, and prevention strategies, and students with a family history of breast cancer had a higher score in terms of mammography knowledge than students with no family history of breast cancer, although this difference was not significant (mean ± standard deviation = 0.94 ± 0.90 vs. 0.67 ± 0.81, p = 0.19). Conclusion The level of awareness and attitude of Fasa high school girls regarding breast cancer and screening methods is not acceptable. Therefore, it is recommended that educational programs be implemented to increase the awareness of students in schools, so that the number of screenings increases with the institutionalization of this information. Likewise, by transferring information through students to their families, the level of awareness in the whole society will hopefully increase as well.

The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of emotion-focused therapy and positive psychotherapy on marital satisfaction and feelings of loneliness in married women without parental consent. The present practical study used a single-case experimental design with multiple asynchronous baselines. The statistical population included women who were married without parental consent. The sample consisted of 6 individuals selected from among women married without parental consent in Khorramabad. Emotion-focused therapy and positive psychotherapy protocol were conducted during three baseline phases and 10 sessions of 90-minute intervention and follow-up in three phases in 2021, and subjects answered the Marital Satisfaction and Feelings of Loneliness scales in two groups of three. Data were analyzed using the visual drawing, reliable change index (RCI), and percent recovery formula. The results of the study indicated that the average rate of improvement in the marital satisfaction variable of emotion-oriented treatment at post-treatment for three individuals was 61.41% and at follow-up 60.91%, positive treatment, in the post-treatment for three people was 53.21 percent and for the follow-up 51.46%, in the variable of the feeling of loneliness, emotion-oriented treatment in the post-treatment for three people was 58.36% and for the follow-up 58.9%, positive treatment, in the post-treatment for three people was 59.56% and for the follow-up it was 59.76%. The results of the study show that both the emotion-focused and positive treatments had an effect on marital satisfaction, with the emotion-focused treatments having a stronger effect. In addition, both treatments had an effect on feelings of loneliness and there was no significant difference.

Background and Objective: With the prevalence of COVID-19 and the lack of face-to-face classes and the need for teachers to use the Navid virtual education system, the Education Development Center (EDC) organized a series of faculty empowerment workshops to develop virtual education. Due to the nature of this program; Professor Harden's planning model was selected. Methods: The present study is based on Harden 10 step model, Includes; Identify needs, Formulate program goals, Compiling the course content, Organizing the content, Formulating educational strategies, Teaching methods, Evaluation, Communication and information, Providing a favorable educational environment and Managing the design and Planning program, respectively. Findings: According to the positive report of monitoring e-learning activities in the field of the number of empowerment programs for teachers in the field of e-learning, Number of active courses, ratio of active courses and number of active teachers in Navid system in Babol University of Medical Sciences, Also, the positive results of the satisfaction of the faculty members participating in the workshops, the success rate of the program was reported to be favorable. Conclusion: Design, implementation and evaluation of faculty empowerment program in the field of virtual education by Harden ten-step method Due to the success of Babol University of Medical Sciences in monitoring virtual activity reports and also increased the satisfaction of professors participating in the workshops.

Basiri Khorasani was one of the poets and writers of the tenth centuryAH. He spent most of his poetic career in the Osmani's region and died there. What is available about the poet's biography is limited to a small amount of information which it is obtained from several sources. Basiri wrote poetry in both Turkish and Persian and was also fluent in Arabic. His Turkish Divan has been published in Turkey, but the manuscript of his Persian Divan has not been corrected or published until yet. This divan has 1440 verses, which have been obtained from two manuscripts belonging to the libraries of "Asher Effendi" and "Istanbul University" in Turkey, which were written in the author's own handwriting. The poet has composed most of his poetry in the forms of ode, lyric poem, refrain, verse and quatrain, respectively. Basiri has a tendency towards the style of the poets from the ninth century and the school of occurrence, and his poetry is fluent from the punctuation and fantasies of his contemporaries. He also pays attention to various poetic themes, praises and describes that nature has a good place in his poems. The use of different meters, rhymes and references to words and terms which is related to various sciences these concepts clearlt are evident in his books of poem. This article has been written following the correction of Basiri poesy in a critical way with the subject of introduction, analysis of themes and poetic style of this poet has done completely.

In this research, CMC/MMT nano composite was prepared using the free radical polymerization method and evaluated as Arsenic ions removal adsorption from an aqueous solution. We used the Design expert (CCD) to remove Arsenic Ions optimally. SEM, XRD and FTIR analyses were used to determine the adsorbent properties. The experimental design was done with four time variables (25–40min), Arsenic concentration (0.5–2 ppm), adsorbent dose (0.05-2gr) and pH (4–8). The interaction and combined effects of the variables were evaluated by the analysis of variance (ANOVA) table. A quadratic polynomial regression equation was developed to predict the response under optimal conditions. The results of kinetic studies and adsorption isotherms present that the kinetics of Arsenic ion adsorption by CMS/MMT adsorbent follows the quadratic equation and the Langmuir isotherm with a better correlation coefficient than the Freundlich equation. Furthermore, under optimal conditions (pH = 5.6, t = 34 min), 1.9 ppm Arsenic is adsorbed per 0.09 g of the adsorbent with 85% efficiency which indicates that the carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogel modified with Montmorillonite is a suitable adsorbent to remove Arsenic ions from aqueous solution.

Abstract In this paper, a new type of mesoporous material based on KIT-6 has been introduced. In this aim, magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles and mesoporous silica KIT-6 have been combined to obtain mesoporous MNPs. The prepared magnetic mesoporous catalyst has been applied in different carbon–carbon cross-coupling reactions including Mizoroki–Heck, Suzuki–Miyaura, and Stille reactions. This magnetic mesoporous compound is characterized by various techniques including FT-IR, BET, VSM, SEM, XRD, and TGA.

Background and aims: Emerging infectious diseases, such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), are among the most serious occupational hazards for healthcare providers. The aim of the present study was to assess anxiety level among nursing staff during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in 2020. Participants were 510 nursing staff selected through a census from Valiasr teaching hospital, Fasa, Iran. Data were collected via a demographic questionnaire and a researcher-made COVID-19 anxiety questionnaire and were analyzed using the SPSS software (v. 22.0) through the chi square and ANOVA test. Results: The total mean score of anxiety among participants was 93.10±7.06 and had significant relationship with participants’ age, work experience, affiliated ward, and educational level (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Nursing staff suffer from high levels of anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic. Healthcare authorities and managers need to employ strategies to psychologically support and empower nursing staff, improve their stress management skills, ensure their occupational safety, and improve their knowledge about COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: Anaplasmosis is caused by an obligate intracellular, gram-negative microorganism, which be-longs to the family Anaplasmatacea and can be transmitted by ticks and other arthropods. OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to investigate the status of Anaplasma spp. infection by microscopy and molecular methods in dromedary camels in Bushehr province, Iran. METHODS: A total of 139 blood samples were collected from dromedary camels in Bushehr province. Giemsa staining and nested-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were conducted to detect Anaplasma infection in the drome-dary camels. RESULTS: We found that 27 (19.4%) out of the total 139 blood samples were suspected for the presence of Ana-plasma spp. by morphological study. The PCR and nested-PCR sequencing results showed 111 (80%) and 134 (96%) samples positive for Anaplasma spp. and BLAST search in NCBI GenBank presented 100% identity with Candidatus Anaplasma camelii. CONCLUSIONS: The molecular results presented the high frequency of Candidatus Anaplasma camelii in camels, in Bushehr city.

Introduction: Surface properties are among the most important factors in clinical success of composite restorations. The composite surfaces may be affected by the occlusion forces, tooth brushing, or bacteria. This study aimed to evaluate the surface roughness of Bulk fill and universal nano-hybrid composites after toothbrush abrasion. Materials and Methods: Totally, nine specimens were prepared for each nano-hybrid composite (Tetric N Ceram and Tetric N Ceram Bulk fill) in this in vitro study. The surface roughness of the specimens was evaluated using a contact profilometer. Subsequently, the samples were abraded in a brushing machine using a soft toothbrush and slurry of toothpaste and distilled water at 10000 strokes. Following that, the mean surface roughness of the samples was measured again. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, t-test, and paired-t-test. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: After abrasion, surface roughness was increased in both types of composites. Moreover, the surface roughness of the TNC Bulk fill was significantly higher than that of the TNC composite. Conclusion:Due to the high surface roughness of the Bulk fill composite after abrasion, it is recommended to cover the surface of Bulk fill composites with a more abrasion resistant composite.

Abstract Resveratrol is a phytochemical with anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. The present study has evaluated the effect of resveratrol on the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) as factors related to endometriosis progression. Thirteen eutopic (EuESCs) and 8 ectopic (EESCs) endometrial stromal cells from women with endometriosis and 11 control endometrial stromal cells (CESCs) were treated with resveratrol (100 µM) for 6, 24 and 48 h. The gene and protein expression levels of VEGF, TGF-β, and MMP-9 were measured using real-time PCR and ELISA methods, respectively. Results showed that the basal gene and protein expression of VEGF and MMP-9 were higher in EESCs compared to EuESCs and CESCs (P

Abstract Background Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer and the fifth deadliest cancer among women in Iran. Educational interventions based on the proper behavior promoting models can lead to early diagnosis of cervical cancer.This study aimed to investigate the effects of educational intervention on performing Pap smear tests based on the Theory of Planned Behavior among women living in Fasa, Iran. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 700 participants. Thereafter, the educational intervention based on the results of cross-sectional study was conducted in a workshop form for 50 women as the intervention group and 50 women as the control group. Afterward, the data were entered into the SPSS statistical software and then analyzed via logistic regressions analysis, paired t test, independent t test, chi-square test, and McNemar test. Result According to the results, 45.7% of the patients had a history of performing a Pap smear test, and 20.7% of them regularly performed this test. The knowledge, attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control were the predictors of intention and behavior of Pap smear test among the women (P

Aims: Early childhood development is one of the priority areas of social determinants of health. A wide range of factors influence a childchr('39')s development. This study aimed to investigate the factors associated with developmental delay in children under 5 years. Instrument & Methods: This study was a case-control study that conducted from April to August 2019 in Hamadan city. 462 children under 5 years and their mothers participated (231 children that have a developmental delay in the case group and 231 healthy children in the control group). The risk factors assessed were demographic characteristics, mothers’ awareness, and childhood developmental care. The data analysis were performed using Logistic Regression by Stata11 software and a significant level of 5% was considered. Findings: The results showed that there were statistically significant relation between the developmental delay with mothers’ age (OR=1.04, 95%CI:1.00-1.08), history of child hospitalization (OR=2.57, 95%CI:1.63-4.05), tobacco use by parents (OR=2.09, 95%CI:1.20-3.64), and mothers’ awareness (OR=0.44, 95%CI:-0.25-0.82). Conclusion: Mothers with children under 5 years need to be educated on various aspects of development and caregiving behaviors that protect their children from developmental delays, and the Identify these factors can help planners to reduce developmental delays and their effects.

This study aims to predict sexual satisfaction and marital intimacy of married university students.The present correlation study was conducted, and the target population chosen for this research were 158 married individuals married on campus. The data of this study were collected through questionnaires of religiosity (ARA), marital intimacy (AIC), sexual satisfaction (ISS), and also marital commitment (DCI). For a better interpretation and analysis, the descriptive inferential method (regression) was applied.The results indicated that 35 percent of sexual satisfaction can be predicted by means of marital intimacy and religiosity. There is also a 43 percent prediction of marital commitment. It seems that religiosity and marital intimacy can significantly affect the sexual satisfaction. Religiosity seems to be a factor in enhancing sexual satisfaction and marital commitment.

Background: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on cognitive fatigue in female patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test design and three months of follow up performed on three groups of therapy, placebo, and waiting list. Thus, among the female patients with MS referred to the MS Society of Ahwaz, Iran, 41 patients were chosen with the convenience sampling method and divided into therapy (n = 13), placebo (n = 13), and waiting list (n = 14) by random sampling. Findings: All patients completed the Modified Impact of Fatigue Scale (MFIS) in the pretest and posttest stages and after the three-month follow-up period. The results of the mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the interaction between time and therapy can reduce the cognitive fatigue in patients with MS (F = 3.53, P = 0.014, effect size = 0.16, statistical power = 0.84) and this reduction will remain and until the follow-up. Conclusion: According to fatigue as a main and pervasive complaint of this group, the results of this study can be used as an appropriate method to reduce cognitive fatigue in patients with MS.

Introduction: Rheumatoid arthritis is the most common inflammatory disease of rheumatism. Aim: The aim of the present study was to compare positive psychotherapy with acceptance and commitment to the empowerment of women with rheumatoid arthritis. Method: The research method was semi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design with the control group. The statistical population of the study included all women with rheumatoid arthritis in Khorramabad city in 2019. Using the available sampling method, 60 people were selected and randomly divided into three experimental groups 1 (positive treatment) experimental group 2 (acceptance and commitment) and the witness group (20 people in each group) were replaced. Under the same conditions, the pre-test was conducted with a VIA IS questionnaire from all three groups. The experimental groups underwent positive treatment and acceptance and commitment (8 sessions, 90-minutes), but the control group did not receive any treatment. The test was then performed on all three groups. The findings were analyzed with SPSS 24 software in two sections: descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Results showed that positive treatment and commitment acceptance increased patients' character abilities (P

Background: Falling is a serious problem in the elderly population and one of its complications is fear of falling. Fear of falling is one of the threatening factors of elderly health. This study aimed to investigate fear of falling and its relationship with balance in elderly in Urmia. Methods: This is a descriptive-analytic study that 200 elderly people were selected by random cluster sampling. Required data were collected using a two-part questionnaire including demographic information and Self-efficacy Fear Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using logistic regression test in SPSS v.21. Results: The results showed that 52.5%, 27.5%, 20% of the elderly had moderate, severe, mild fear of falling, respectively. Results of logistic regression showed age (OR = 2.1, p = .04), female (OR = 1.4, p = .02), living alone (OR = 1.8, p = .05), history of falling (OR = 1.9, p = .008), low balance (OR = 4.1, p = .001), increases the likelihood of fear of falling in elderly. Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that the level of fear of falling in the elderly is relatively high and appropriate and effective preventive interventions should be carried out according to the factors in the fear of falling in the elderly.

Background and Objective: Health literacy is one of the major determinants of health. Demonstrates cognitive and social skills that determine individuals' motivation and ability to acquire, access, and understand ways to use information to maintain and promote health. This study aimed to examine health literacy and its relationship with self-efficacy in health ambassadors. Orumiyeh is done. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, 200 health ambassadors of Urmia city were selected by cluster random sampling method. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire, Health Literacy Questionnaire (HELIA) and General Self-efficacy Questionnaire (Sherer). Data were analyzed by SPSS 20 software using ANOVA and regression tests. Results: The results of this study showed that 21.5% of health ambassadors had inadequate health literacy, 30% had insufficient health, 23% had insufficient health and 25.5% had excellent health. Also, health literacy with variables of age, gender, education level Jobs had a significant relationship. Results showed that there was a significant relationship between health literacy and self-efficacy of health ambassadors (p Conclusion: Given the importance of health literacy in health ambassadors and the effect that self-efficacy has on health literacy, the need for interventions by health care providers to increase self-efficacy and health literacy is essential for adopting health behaviors in health ambassadors.

Introduction: Virtual reality (VR) games are among the rehabilitation strategies that, while effective, are attractive to the individual and facilitate and encourage proper movement. In this study, four VR games were designed and assessed to encourage the movements of the forearm and wrist complexs. Materials and Methods: The games were designed using the leap motion device, a small non-tactile device with good spatial resolution. Cameras were responsible for detecting the depth and distance of the hand from the device, and the infrared sensors were responsible for detecting hand movements. In order to determine the level of attractiveness of the game for people with upper motor neuron disorders, three individuals aged 18 to 41 were randomly selected from among the people referred to the physiotherapy department of Al-Zahra Educational and Medical Center, Tehran, Iran. Results: The effectiveness of the games was confirmed by board members of department of physical therapy. Three games were applicable in the early stages of rehabilitation for all three participants. One game could not be used in the early stages of rehabilitation due to the complexity of the required movement. Conclusion: The four designed games required the basic movements required for daily and self-care activities and seemed to appeal the younger users.

The 15-minute city concept was introduced as a post-COVID strategy to support more sustainable recovery from the pandemic and develop complete, climate-sensitive, and resilient neighborhoods. This review examines key neighborhood planning movements to identify the origins of the 15-minute city concept. These include the garden city, neighborhood unit plan, modernist urbanism, post-modern urbanism, and eco-urbanism, which have emerged since the late 19th century. The results of the study show that the concept of the 15-minute city has ten basic characteristics: proximity, density, diversity, mixed-use, modularity, adaptability, flexibility, human-scale design, connectivity, and digitalization. The concept has been successful in advancing theoretical debates on sustainable urbanism. However, some criticisms of past planning movements also apply to the 15-minute city. Similar to the neighborhood unit and modernist urbanism, the concept follows a philosophy of physical determinism, setting goals without specifying how or by what means they will be achieved. At this point, one can only speculate about the future of the concept. A more detailed study of the real-world applications of the concept is needed before one can thoroughly discuss its strengths and weaknesses.

Background: Gestational diabetes is one of the most common complications of pregnancy that has several effects on mother and baby. Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence as well as maternal and neonatal outcomes in women with gestational diabetes. Methods: This descriptive comparative study was carried out on all pregnant women who underwent 75 g glucose test and referred to Ayatollah Mousavi Hospital in Zanjan for delivery from September to March 2018. Data was collected according to the clientchr('39')s biography obtained by the gynecologist and also the available evidence of gestational diabetes. Data was analyzed by SPSS 25 software. Results: The prevalence of gestational diabetes in the present study was 4.7%. The mean age in the group with gestational diabetes was 30.65± 6.9 years, which was statistically significant compared to the mean age of healthy mothers (27.93± 6.4) (P= 0.01). There was a statistically significant difference in the type of delivery between the two groups (P

Background: Considering the complex conditions of work in rural environment, it is important to evaluate the quality of life and its relation with self-efficacy in health care providers Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 301 health care providers working in rural health centers. The short form of quality of life questionnaire (sf36) and Shererchr('39')s general self-efficacy scale was used to evaluate the study variables. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, independent t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression. Results: The average score of quality of life was 65.42 ± 19.1. Self-efficacy results showed that the mean self-efficacy score was 64.12 ± 10. According to multivariate linear regression method, there was significant inverse and independent relationship between quality of life with work duration (B = -0.45, P-value = 0.001) and income (B = -6.07, P-value = 0.001). There was no meaningful relationship between self-efficacy and quality of life in this study (B = -0.12, P-value = 0.33). Conclusion: This study showed that work duration and income were important predictors of quality of life.

Background: Preterm delivery is one of the main causes of infant death. Therefore, prediction of preterm delivery may eliminate a large number of prenatal complications. Objective: The present study aimed to understand if preterm delivery can be predicted by assessing maternal plasma fibronectin concentration. Materials and Methods: Serum samples from 105 pregnant women participating in this study were collected. The plasma fibronectin were measured at 24-28 wk of gestation and again at 32-36 wk of gestation. Unfortunately, only 65 of the 105 pregnant women, returned for the second sampling. The plasma fibronectin was analyzed using ELISA method and its concentration in term and preterm deliveries was compared. The delivery dates of all the women were also recorded. Results: Out of 105 pregnant women, 28 delivered preterm (26.7%). The Plasma fibronectin concentrations in women with preterm delivery were higher than in those who delivered at term (p = 0.001). Accordingly, Plasma fibronectin concentrations were significantly higher in the second serum samples (p = 0.01). Plasma fibronectin concentrations was also higher in obese women and in those suffering from preeclampsia (p = 0.12) and gestational diabetes (p = 0.81). Conclusion: Plasma fibronectin concentrations test could be used as an optional screening test for preterm delivery at 28 to 34 wk of gestation in pregnant women who prefer to avoid vaginal sampling.

Abstract Introduction: Kidney is one of the most distinguished organs of the body. Impairment in kidney function can cause serious harm to the personchr('39')s physical and mental health. In the event of kidney failure, dialysis will perform kidney’s function, and the person will need dialysis for the rest of his or her life. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of integrating spiritual and cognitive counseling on the level of resiliency and self-efficacy of hemodialysis patients in city of Khorramabad. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was carried out using pretest and post-test methods. The statistical population of the study included all patients who were using hemodialysis in Khorramabad’s Shahid Rahimi Hospital during the spring of 2019. The method of sampling for this study included random selection of 30 patients based on set inclusion and exclusion criteria. They were then randomly assigned into experimental and control groups (15 individuals each). Then, under identical and simultaneous conditions, the pretest was performed with Resiliency and Self-Efficacy questionnaire for participants of both groups. The group intervention protocol was then performed on the experimental group, which included a combined version of spiritual and cognitive counseling for eight 90-minute sessions. Meanwhile, the control group did not receive this or any specific interventions. Following the conclusion of these sessions, a retest was performed (post-test) on the members of both groups. Results: The results of multivariate and single-variable covariance analysis showed that the intervention of the combined model of spiritual and cognitive counseling had a significant effect on increasing the resiliency and self-efficacy of the participating hemodialysis patients (P

Background: Adolescent pregnancy is considered a high-risk pregnancy and is considered as a common phenomenon in Iran. Objectives: This study aimed to compare neonatal and maternal outcomes in adolescent mothers with those of adult pregnancy. Methods: This cross-sectional comparative study was conducted between September 2018 and March 2019 in the Referral Hospital of Ayatollah Mosavi of Zanjan, Iran. Data were collected using the convenience sampling method. Overall, 133 and 696 out of 1340 participated women were teenage and adult women within the age range of 20-30 years, respectively. The Chi-squared and logistic regression tests were used to compare the neonatal and obstetric consequences of the pregnancy of the two age groups. Finally, SPSS25 was used for data analysis, and a P0.05). Conclusion: In our society, adolescent pregnancy is accompanied by dire consequences for the mother, but not for the neonate. Thus, it is recommended that health workers discourage adolescent pregnancy through appropriate services and education, and in cases where pregnancy has already occurred, support the woman through offering health services in order to prevent or minimize the risks or complications of pregnancy at such early age.

Background: Adolescent pregnancy is considered a high-risk pregnancy and is considered as a common phenomenon in Iran. Objectives: This study aimed to compare neonatal and maternal outcomes in adolescent mothers with those of adult pregnancy. Methods: This cross-sectional comparative study was conducted between September 2018 and March 2019 in the Referral Hospital of Ayatollah Mosavi of Zanjan, Iran. Data were collected using the convenience sampling method. Overall, 133 and 696 out of 1340 participated women were teenage and adult women within the age range of 20-30 years, respectively. The Chi-squared and logistic regression tests were used to compare the neonatal and obstetric consequences of the pregnancy of the two age groups. Finally, SPSS25 was used for data analysis, and a P0.05). Conclusion: In our society, adolescent pregnancy is accompanied by dire consequences for the mother, but not for the neonate. Thus, it is recommended that health workers discourage adolescent pregnancy through appropriate services and education, and in cases where pregnancy has already occurred, support the woman through offering health services in order to prevent or minimize the risks or complications of pregnancy at such early age.

Background: The study of the prevalence, reasons, and various outcomes of pre-eclampsia in any region is of special importance in determining the prevention and medication strategies in that area. Objectives: This study focuses on the prevalence and outcomes of pre-eclampsia and related factors in the referral Hospital of Ayatollah Mosavi in Zanjan Province. Methods: This cross-sectional and analytical study was conducted on all the pregnant women who delivered their babies in Ayatollah Mosavi Hospital in Zanjan from September 2018 and March 2019. From among 1340 mothers in this study, 63 patients were considered as the sample based on the aim of this study, and 63 participants were selected by means of systematic randomized sampling and were placed in the control group. The data were collected using a researcher-made checklist. Analyses of the data were done using Mann–Whitney U test, Chi-square test, and Fisherchr('39')s exact test (p

Strategic management accounting, including systems and processes in the modern era, is characterized by changes in the competitive environment that, Can be achieved through the participation of companies in the management accounting system, Assist financial managers to make decisions in the value chain and develop green accounting functions. Unfortunately, though, over time, strategic management accounting techniques are still unknown to corporate executives, especially in environmental processes, leading to a decline in corporate participation in strategic decision making. The Purpose of this research is Capacity Building Green Accounting Consequences Based on Explanation of Strategic Management Accounting Techniques by analysis of CARD and developed the theory of Rough (ERST). The methodology of this research is developmental, applied and hybrid and two groups of target population participated in this research. In the first part of 15 experts in the field of accounting at the university level an In the second part, 35 executives participated matrix Tehran Stock Exchange through a questionnaire that both the target population, sampling was homogenous. In this research, in the qualitative part, the components and indices related to the research variables were selected based on content analysis and cross-analysis and then based on Delphi analysis and hierarchical analysis in order to achieve theoretical adequacy. Then, in the quantitative section, through the analysis of the Rough Complex analysis, the decision tree determined the most effective green accounting function/outcome and strategic management accounting technique, and finally, the product life cycle costing technique is the most effective strategic management accounting technique for enhancing green accounting functions. In fact, the results showed that product cycle costing technique is a factor for enhancing the cost savings of recycling and waste recycling costs and increasing the competitiveness of the company as a component of green accounting competitive Consequences.

Background and Objectives: Behavioral change is one of the most powerful strategies for preventing osteoporosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the osteoporosis preventive behaviors in women based on the transtheoretical model. Materials and Methods: This cross sectional descriptive-analytical study was performed on 400 women over 30 years covered by Fasa health care centers in 2018 that were selected by simple random sampling. The instruments of data collection included a personal information questionnaire, awareness, change stages, decision-making balance, self-efficacy in two parts of physical activity and dietary calcium, and a calcium intake questionnaire, as well as a checklist for physical activity and calcium intake performance. The data were analyzed by SPSS 22 software, using Pearson correlation coefficient, Chi-square, independent t-test, and multiple regression analysis. Results: The majority of the participants were involved with calcium intake performance (41.25%) and walking (46.25%) at the precontemplation stage. There was a direct correlation between calcium intake performance and self-efficacy of calcium intake (p=0.032; r=0.125) and an inverse correlation with perceived barriers of calcium intake (p=0.045; r=-0.187). There was a direct correlation between walking performance with exercise benefits (p=0.020; r=0.128) and exercise self-efficacy (p=0.032; r=0.184), and a reverse correlation with perceived barriers of exercise (p=0.040; r=-0.102). Totally, the variables under the study predicted 28.6% of the variance in walking and 30.2% of the variance in calcium intake behavior. Conclusion: Transtheoretical model structures can predict osteoporosis preventive behaviors in women. The predictive power of self-efficacy for walking behavior and calcium intake is more than other structures.

Background & Objectives: Endometritis is the most common complication of cesarean section and can cause complications such as prolonged hospitalization, additional costs, establish long-term use of antibiotics, adhesions and infertility. The prevalence of cesarean section infection has been estimated 3 to 15 percent. The incidence of infection depends on socio-economic factors, length of labor, parity, the duration of the rupture of membranes (ROM) or amniorrhexis, and the mode of delivery. The perioperative application of antimicrobial drugs has changed it radically. Material & Methods: This is a cross-sectional study that required information was collected from 300 women who had cesarean in Vali-e-Asr hospital. A questionnaire was filled out at mothers’ bed, in women's ward. Data were analyzed by chi square test through SPSS software. (P

Introduction: Feel confident in the ability of students and their conceptions of research skills are the most important factors affecting research. This study is aimed to assess factors associated with self-efficacy of medical students of Islamic Azad University of Qom. Methods: In this sectional-analytic study, 303 students that are studying medical sciences at Islamic Azad university of Qom have participated. Samples of multistage sampling were selected in proportion to the share of each field. Data were collected using a questionnaire including personal, academic and research self-efficacy.Content validity by teachers and and reliability with Cronbach's coefficient Alfay (0/72) was confirmed .Data were analyzed using SPSS software and using descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation with inferential statistics and independent T of ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient and significance level (p 0/05). The T independent test also showed differences in self-efficacy in terms of passing a course or workshop on research methodology, history of co-running research projects and having research papers in journals and conferences (P >0/001). Conclusion: Considering the self-efficacy of students in this research, increase their research capacity by providing workshops right after being admitted to university and strengthen educational programs, raise their awareness of the regulations of talented students and young researchers club, increase motivation and empowerment of teachers in medical universities and creating a serious incentive for student in research are emphasized.

Background and Objective: Breastfeeding is a matter of significant importance. Given the role of such factors as attitude and subjective norms on the behavior of mothers and the low level of exclusive breastfeeding, the present study aimed to determine the effect of educational program based on the theory of planned behavior on breastfeeding behavior among the pregnant women in Fasa, Iran. Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 100 pregnant women with the gestational age of 30-35 weeks who referred to the health care centers of Fasa, Iran, in 2017. The study population was selected using random sampling technique, and then assigned into two groups of control (n=50) and intervention (n=50). The data were collected using a demographic form, components of the theory of planned behavior questionnaire, and a breastfeeding checklist. The intervention group received three 55-to-60-minute training sessions. The mothers' breastfeeding behavior was evaluated before the training sessions and 40 days post-delivery in both groups. The data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 22, using Chi-square test, independent t-test, and paired sample t-test. Results: According to the results, there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of the components of the theory of planned behavior before the educational intervention (P=0.208). However, after the training sessions, the intervention group showed a significant improvement in all components of the theory of planned behavior, including intention and breastfeeding behavior, compared to the control group (P=0.001). Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, appropriate training programs, social network support, and suitable conditions for breastfeeding in the community are among the effective factors that can change the mothers’ attitudes towards lactation and result in successful breastfeeding in the first three months after childbirth.

Introduction: The intensity and duration of exercises are the main factors of fat oxidation and carbohydrate during the exercise. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of prolonged and graded exercise protocols on maximal fat oxidation (MFO) and Fatmax in trained girls. Methods: Ten trained girls (age = 22.3 ±1.8 years old; weight= 53.3±3.4 kg; BMI= 20.6 ± 1.1 kg/m2 and VO2max= 34.2±2 ml/kg/min), attended the laboratory on seven separate occasions. In the first visit, anthropometrics and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) measurements were assessed. In the second session, participants completed a submaximal graded exercise protocol with seven stages, 3 min per stages at intensity of 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60 and 65% of VO2max. Next, each participant in five separate sessions consisting of 30 min prolonged exercises performed exercises in a counterbalanced order of intensity at 40, 45, 50, 55 and 60% VO2max. For statistical analysis of data Shapiro Wilk and paired sample t-test (p≤0.05) were used. Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference between MFO (p=0.01) and Fatmax (p=0.04) after graded and prolonged exercises. Conclusion: It appears that prolonged exercise caused a higher MFO and Fatmax rather than graded exercise in trained girls.

Background and Objective: Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among the females. This cancer is considered as a preventable disease due to having a long period before the invasion, availability of appropriate screening program, and effective treatment of primary lesions. The aim of this study was to determine the factors related to per forming regular Pap smear test based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) among the females living in Fasa, Iran. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytic cross-sectional study was conducted on 700 married women in Fasa city in 2016. The study population was selected from the females referring to the healthcare centers of Fasa using simple random sampling technique. The data were collected by means of a three-part questionnaire, including demographic data, knowledge, and TPB constructs. Data analysis was performed using Pearson correlation coefficient test and logistic regression in SPSS, version 22. Results: According to the results, 45.7% of the patients had a history of undergoing a Pap smear test, and 20.7% of them performed this test regularly. The results indicated that knowledge, attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control were the predictors of intention and behavior of Pap smear test among the women (P

Background and Objectives: The number of patients inflicted with AIDS is on a growing trend in Iran, and one of the routes of disease transmission is the infection of sharps that are used for different people without disinfection. This study was designed to evaluate the performance of male barbers regarding AIDS prevention based on the Health Belief Model in Fasa, Iran. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2014 on 220 male barbers working in Fasa, Iran. The participants were chosen through random multi-stage sampling. The data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire including demographic data, knowledge, and constructs of the Health Belief Model using self-report. To analyze the data, linear regression was run in SPSS, version 18. Results: Our findings showed that among the participants, knowledge was good, perceived sensitivity was moderate, perceived severity was low, perceived benefits were high, perceived barriers were low, and practice was at a good level. Knowledge, perceived sensitivity, and perceived benefits constructs were predictors of barbers' performance in preventing AIDS. In general, 31.5% of variance predicted performance variables. Conclusions: Regarding the results of this study, by appropriate planning for raising awareness, perceived sensitivity, and perceived benefits regarding AIDS, barbers’ performance can be enhances, which is essential for preventing and controlling AIDS.

Morkowitz model is one of the well-known models in portfolio selection problem. This paper presents an extended version of Markowitz mean semi variance portfolio selection model. The extended model considers sets of constraints including cardinality, bounds on holdings, sector capitalization, an entropy constraints. It also considers transaction costs. The problem model has a combinatorial structure. Due to the NP-hard characteristic of the resulting mathematical model, Harmony Search Meta-heuristic algorithm was used to solve the model. Since the proposed mathematical model is a multi-objective one, the Pareto solution approach was applied. To investigate the applicability of the proposed model, a data set of ten stocks from Tehran Stock Exchange, from March 2011 to December 2015, is used as a case study. The obtained efficient frontier indicates the applicability of the harmony algorithm in the optimization model. Research results show that the proposed model is efficiently is capable to consider the investment portfolio requirements quite well.

Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum var. durum) is one of the most important cereal crops widely cultivated all over the world with high economic value. In the present study, genetic variation in a mini-core collection of durum wheat germplasm, including 25 breeding lines and 18 landraces, was evaluated using 15 inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and six start codon targeted (SCoT) markers. High levels of polymorphism were observed; 98.70% (ISSR) and 100% (SCoT), which indicated that these markers are useful tools for detection of genetic variation in the collection. Analysis of molecular variance revealed that the major part of genetic variations (90% and 93% for ISSR and SCoT, respectively) occurred within genotypes set. Comparing the genetic variation of breeding lines and landraces based on genetic parameters showed that effective number of alleles (Ne), Nei's gene diversity (He) and Shannon's Information index (I) in landraces were higher than in breeding lines. Although cluster analysis, based on both markers, separated the genotypes in five groups, the dendrogram obtained from SCoT provided the best clustering pattern. Inter-population differentiation (Gst) estimated on the basis of two marker systems representing that a vast portion of the total genetic diversity refers to variation within two sets of genotypes. In conclusion, the results verified a high level of genetic variation among the durum wheat mini-core collection, particularly among landraces, which can be interesting for future breeding programmes.

Background: The ability of polyclonal antibodies to react with many epitopes of an antigen makes them valuable reagents in research and diagnosis. The aim of this study was purification of mouse IgG2a and production of polyclonal antibody against purified mouse IgG2a subclass. Materials and Methods: Mouse IgG2a was purified by ProA affinity. Verification method of the purified antibody was SDS-PAGE and ELISA by a mouse isotyping Kit. Rabbit was immunized with purified IgG2a. The production of antibody in rabbit was investigated by direct ELISA method. Rabbit serum was collected and precipitated at the final concentration of 50% ammonium sulfate. Polyclonal antibody was purified by ion-exchange chromatography and labeled with HRP. The titre and cross reactivity of product was detected by direct ELISA method. Results: The results of SDS-PAGE in reduced and non-reduced conditions showed bands with 50-KDa, 25-30 KDa MW and a distinct band with 150 KDa MW. Isotype determination showed the presence of mouse IgG2a in related fraction. The titer of Anti-mouse polyclonal antibody was 200000. The optimum titer of prepared HRP conjugated IgG was 4000. Conjugated rabbit IgG has more cross reactivity with mouse IgG2b. Conclusion: Taking together, affinity chromatography and ion-exchange chromatography are appropriate techniques for purification of mouse IgG subclasses and rabbit IgG, respectively. .

Introduction: Cleanup, the tooth-coloured adhesive used in orthodontics is time-consuming which may cause the iatrogenic enamel damage. Various techniques have been proposed to reduce the operator-sensitivity of the composite detection procedure. Applications of ink dye and 0.2 brilliant green solutions and articulating paper are some examples. Aim: To compare the staining effects of Turmeric-Persica solution and Turmeric-GC-MI Plus paste on remnant adhesive on teeth after bracket debonding. Materials and Methods: Forty metal brackets were bonded to 40 caries-free extracted premolars. After debonding, teeth were randomly divided into two groups of 20 each. Teeth in Group 1 (G1) were immersed in Turmeric-Persica solution while in Group 2 (G2) Turmeric-GC-MI Plus paste was applied to the buccal surface of the teeth. After rinsing and drying, all the specimens were photographed under standard situations and analysed by MATLAB software to evaluate the colour differences between enamel and adhesive. Collected data were statistically analysed by SPSS version 16.0 and compared by Mann-Whitney U test. The significance level was considered to be 0.05. Results: The mean cross-border yellowness was significantly higher in G2, turmeric-GC-MI Plus paste, than G1, turmericpersica solution. (with a p-value: 0.005). Conclusion: Turmeric powder mixed in GC-MI Plus paste could be used as a disclosing material for adhesive resin applied to tooth surface.

Variations in forest vegetation are effected by several factors, one of the most important of which being the crown canopy. This study aims to survey the effect of close and open crown canopy on the herbaceous diversity in Nav-e Asalem forests in Guilan province. To this aim, 15 canopy gaps of small (100-200 m2), medium (200-300 m2) and large (300-400 m2) sizes were selected with 5 replications each. Moreover, control plots of the same sizes were selected under the tree canopy. Along small and large diagonals in each gap microplots of 2×2 m each were measured in a randomized systematic design. The percentage of herbaceous cover was estimated using Domin scale. To assess plant diversity in each plot, diversity indices of Simpson, Shannon-Wiener, Smith-Wilson Evenness Index and herbaceous richness were derived. Results showed that increasing the gaps area resulted in a significant increase of diversity and richness. Furthermore, no significant difference was observed between diversity and richness indices between small area gaps and control areas.