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BackgroundBipolar disorder is a common psychiatric disorder with a massive psychological and social burden. Research indicates that treatment adherence is not good in these patients. The families’ knowledge about the disorder is fundamental for managing their patients’ disorder. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the knowledge of the family members of a sample of Iranian patients with bipolar I disorder (BD-I) and to explore the potential reasons for treatment non-adherence.MethodsThis study was conducted by qualitative content analysis. In-depth interviews were held and open-coding inductive analysis was performed. A thematic content analysis was used for the qualitative data analysis.ResultsThe viewpoints of the family members of the patients were categorized in five themes, including knowledge about the disorder, information about the medications, information about the treatment and the respective role of the family, reasons for pharmacological treatment non-adherence, and strategies applied by families to enhance treatment adherence in the patients. The research findings showed that the family members did not have enough information about the nature of BD-I, which they attributed to their lack of training on the disorder. The families did not know what caused the recurrence of the disorder and did not have sufficient knowledge about its prescribed medications and treatments. Also, most families did not know about the etiology of the disorder.ConclusionThe lack of knowledge among the family members of patients with BD-I can have a significant impact on relapse and treatment non-adherence. These issues need to be further emphasized in the training of patients’ families. The present findings can be used to re-design the guidelines and protocols in a way to improve treatment adherence and avoid the relapse of BD-I symptoms.

Background Gaming disorder was added to the 11th international classification of disorders by the World Health Organization in early 2019. Adolescents are the most vulnerable group in this area, thus a screening tool for this age range is essential. This study aims to examine psychometric properties of the Gaming Disorder Scale for Adolescents (GADIS-A) in Iranian male sample. Methods 260 students -7th to 12th grade- of Isfahan city in the academic year 2020-21 were selected using convenience sampling. The participants responded to the Farsi version of the GADIS-A and problematic online game questionnaire (POGQ). Thirty participants answered the scale again to assess validity of the retest. Pearson’s correlation analysis, Cronbach's alpha and confirmatory factor analysis were used in this research. The data were analyzed by SPSS version 24 and LISREL version 8.8. Results Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the two-factor model, which included cognitive-behavioral symptoms and negative consequences, had good fitness indices. The GADIS-A convergent validity is confirmed by the scale's significant correlation with the POGQ. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine the scale's validity, which was 0.85 for the full scale and 0.70 and 0.75 for two factors. The validity of the retest after two weeks also showed a correlation of 0.88. Conclusion The Farsi version of the Gaming Disorder Scale for adolescents has a two-factor structure and is valid for use in Iran.

Background: Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is recognized a serious mental disorder. Its prevalence has increased in recent years. Emotion regulation has been noted to have important role in mental health problems. There is evidence in the literature about the relationship between NSSI and emotion regulation. The studies, however, have reported mixed findings, and no comprehensive study has been conducted yet to address this topic. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to investigate the relationship between NSSI and emotion regulation.Methods: All studies published after 1990 that have assessed the relationship between NSSI and emotion regulation will be eligible. This entails observational-analytic (descriptive or cross-sectional) studies, case-control studies, cohort studies. There will be no language restriction. Additionally, no limitation will be imposed regarding age, gender, and nationality of the subjects studiedDiscussion: Given the inconsistencies present in the findings of primary studies in terms of relationship between NSSI and emotion regulation strategies conducting such a study seems necessary. The results of this study could be used to improve our knowledge about NSSI, help revise health policies in the future, research and education to reduce NSSI burden, and to develop more effective interventions to manage NSSI.Systematic review registration: CRD42021226454

Background: Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is one of the most important public health concerns. NSSI usually begins in adolescence and is associated with several psychiatric, interpersonal, and intrapersonal problems. Prevalence estimates of NSSI has been reported globally and locally. However, the prevalence of NSSI even in similar populations is diverse in the literature. Most previous reports on NSSI prevalence originate from primary studies which usually have selection bias. Therefore, the objective of the current study is to estimate the prevalence of NSSI while considering the limitations of previous studies. Methods: All studies that have reported the prevalence of NSSI published from 1990 until the search date will be eligible to be included. This includes observational, survey, cohort, cross-sectional, and correlational studies. NSSI with any definition will be eligible to be included. There will be no language limitation. Special populations such as natives, minorities, or particular disorders will be excluded. Also, there will be no restriction regarding age, gender, nationality, and sexual orientation of the participants. To assess the methodological quality of the primary articles, a form will be used. Discussion: Considering the limitations of previous studies on the prevalence of NSSI, conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis to provide estimates of different types of NSSI. A better understanding of the prevalence of NSSI and related complications will point to gaps in research and help set preclude for future analyses. The results of this review will be applied by patients, healthcare providers, and policymakers.Systematic review registration: CRD42020180887

Background: Bipolar disorder is a common psychiatric disorder with a great psychological and social burden. Research indicates that therapeutic adherence in these patients is low. On the other hand, family knowledge about the disorder is one of the basic principles of treating this disorder. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the knowledge of family members of patients with bipolar I disorder and the reasons for treatment non-compliance in Iran.Methods: This study was conducted by qualitative content analysis method. In-depth interviews were categorized by open coded inductive method based on common meanings and continuous comparisons into subcategories and main subcategories.Results: The findings of this study indicated that the components of the viewpoints of the families of patients with bipolar I disorder, consisted of five themes: a) information about the disorder, b) information about the medications, c) information about the treatment and the role of the family in it, d) causes of patient’s medication non-compliance, and e) family guidelines for patient’s medication compliance.Conclusions: This study showed that family members did not have enough information about the nature of bipolar I disorder and related this to the lack of education. They did not know what causes the recurrence of the disorder and did not have sufficient knowledge about the prescribed drugs and treatment. Also, most families did not know the etiology of the disorder. Lack of knowledge among families can have a significant impact on relapse and therapeutic non-compliance of patients. It seems that these points need to be further emphasized in the education of families. The results of this study will be used to design guidelines and protocols for relapse prevention and family education and reduce the costs.

Nowadays a lot of systems are developed to predict or suggest a diagnosis about the health level of a patient for helping physicians in their decisional process. Recent researches prove that decisional systems implemented by Bayesian networks represent an efficient tool for medical healthcare practitioners. Bayesian networks are graphical models with significant capabilities that can be used for medical predictions and diagnosis. Social anxiety disorder is the third most common psychiatric disorder in America behind depression and alcohol abuse. This paper focuses on the use of Bayesian network in assisting social anxiety disorder diagnosis. The network is constructed manually based on the domain knowledge and the conditional probability tables are learned by using the Netica software. This research provides a Bayesian network-based analysis of data set, collected from a number of university students. The model can be an efficient tool for medical healthcare practitioners in diagnosis of social anxiety.

Objective. A relationship between psychological factors and skin diseases has long been hypothesized. The objective of this study is to investigate the association of dermatology conditions with depression, anxiety and personality disorders. Method. A total of 144 dermatology outpatients and 100 controls were selected and assessed by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM III-R personality disorders and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale for presence of personality disorders and anxiety and depression. Results. A total of 77 (70%) of the patients and 26 (20%) of the control group reported moderate to severe anxiety and depression. Twenty-two patients (15.27%) and five controls (5%) suffered from personality disorders. Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder was the most diagnosed personality disorder followed by avoidant, borderline and dependent personalities. Conclusion. The association between dermatological diseases and psychiatric and personality morbidity underscores the deep emotional suffering that can be associated with skin diseases and confirms the importance of psychiatric evaluation of dermatology patients. Our findings highlight the need for a biopsychosocial approach to patients with skin disease.