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Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) belong to a group of synthetic compounds that have recently raised concerns about human health and environmental quality due to their great prevalence, degradation resistance, and potential toxicity. This review focuses on the applications of PFAS and their effects on human health. Specific emphasis has been laid on (i) the application/use of PFAS, (ii) sources and distribution of PFAS in diverse environmental compartments, and (iii) the impact of PFAS on human health. Significant health effects on humans are associated with exposure to PFAS, i.e., immunotoxicity, thyroid and kidney disorders, cancer, etc. Conclusions obtained from PFAS studies demonstrate that inadequate evidence should not be used to justify delaying risk reduction steps for PFAS alternatives. PFAS can be determined in different environmental matrices using both traditional analytical approaches, i.e., liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and semi-quantitative and passive sampling, and advanced analytical methods with colorimetric, spectrofluorimetric, and electrochemical detection. Traditional methods are costly and not broadly available, while the emerging, cost-effective methods are less sensitive and unable to meet regulatory exposure limits. There is still a significant number of studies to be performed to fully comprehend the real contamination by PFAS.

The widespread presence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the environment poses a serious threat due to their persistent nature and harmful effects on human health and ecosystems. In this context, there is an imperative need for developing and improving methods to identify and eliminate these contaminants. Different detection techniques that are being used for PFAS detection are discussed. The details of detection mechanism of these techniques, their limitations and future areas of research for their optimization and improvement in detection efficiencies are also discussed in this review. Besides, this article provides a baseline for anticipating the advanced treatment technologies for PFAS in drinking water. We focus on the effectiveness of different removal techniques (physical, biological and chemical advancements) for eliminating various types of short and long chain PFAS. More so, the methods for the removal of PFAS are also explained with their limitations and future outlooks. Their pros and cons and limitations that need to be overcome and could be the potential future research. We included the recent literature and encompassed the information of PFAS related to guidelines, analytical techniques to determine PFAS and treatment or removal technologies. Conclusively, this study suggests that a combination of treatment methods will likely be necessary for effective PFAS remediation in water.

To meet the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6.1.1. indicator of the ‘proportion of the population using safely managed drinking water services (SMDWS)’, data on the state of drinking water quality in Indonesia is needed. Therefore, a cluster survey was conducted in 2019 to investigate the access to, availability of, and quality of drinking water from 870 improved drinking water sources (IDWS) in four regions. The methods involved sanitary inspection, assessment of household water management and water quality examination. Based on four levels of sanitary risks determined by World Health Organization (WHO), the IDWS in Sumatra had the highest percentage of sources categorised as `low-risk' among the four regions. The percentage of samples in compliance with the national standards for total coliforms and Escherichia coli was 21.49 and 42.64%, respectively. Moreover, the percentage of SMDWS was 35.9%, which was higher than the previous Indonesian surveys in 2015 and 2020. These findings indicate that bacteriological contamination was present in the IDWS and sanitary risk factors were a good predictor of drinking water quality. The study suggests that proper implementation of drinking water surveillance through sanitary inspection, water quality testing and remedial actions of non-piped water sources is imperative towards achieving SDG 6.1.1. HIGHLIGHTS This study focuses on the quality of improved drinking water sources at the point of access in four regions.; Sanitary inspection remains a useful tool to identify risks of drinking water supplies.; The proportion of bacteriological parameters that complied with the national standards was lower as opposed to physicochemical parameters.; The proportion of the population using safely managed drinking water services was 35.9%.;

The availability of safe drinking water remains a challenge in Indonesia. Packaged water in bottles or refillable containers has been increasingly popular as an alternative to good-quality drinking water. This study aimed to identify the reasons for the selection, management, and factors that influenced bottled and refilled water use in Indonesia. A cross-sectional Household Drinking Water Quality (HDWQ) study was conducted in 34 Indonesian provinces in 2020 involving 7,236 households as analyzed samples. The data analysis also included the 2020 National Socioeconomic Survey data to obtain households' socioeconomic status. As many as 68 and 63% of households consumed good-quality bottled and refilled water, respectively. Health was the reason for 29% of households choosing good-quality bottled water, while 49% of households selected good-quality refilled water out of habit. Several factors related to the consumption of fine-quality packaged water were high social status, water physical quality, ease of access, health reason, monthly expenses to buy drinking water, and storing water in manufactured containers. Packaged water, whether bottled or refilled, does not guarantee good physical and chemical quality. Therefore, to ensure good quality, the water storage should be kept from contamination. HIGHLIGHTS Consumers select bottled and refilled water because of better physical quality, apparently healthier, and of easy access.; The selection of packaged drinking water in Indonesia is related to the social status of the household.; Packaged water is not free from pathogens; thus, proper water treatment is necessary to prevent bacterial contamination.;

For more than sixty years, thousands of patents and articles have been published annually on various manufacturing methods and comparing the properties and performance of manufactured polyethylenes. High-density polyethylene (HDPE) is one of the most widely used polyethylene in different grades, including pipes, films, fibers, bottles, etc., which about 50 million tons of this product is produced in slurry processes worldwide. Several technologies have been presented for the production of polyethylene in industrial plants. Each of these technologies has special operating conditions and type of catalyst and produces a specific product grade. High density polyethylene can be produced by gas phase or slurry. In this article, the processes and catalysts for the production of polyethylene in the slurry phase are reviewed. These processes include Hostalen slurry process by Basell, CX slurry process by Mitsui, MarTECH process by Phillips, Innovene S process by Inoes, and Bostar process by Borealis. Hostalen and CX technology are similar in general terms and the main process, but they have differences that are discussed in this article. Commercialized catalysts used in the polyethylene production process, including TH series from Basell, RZ and PZ series from Mitsui, and BCH and BCE series from Sinopec, are also investigated.

The right to mental health is one of the main components of the right to health and one of the main examples of children’s rights. Various factors are influential in threatening or realizing this right of children including the cyberspace. Cyberspace is important as nowadays children spend a lot of time in it while a significant part of this space is not appropriate for the age and mental state of children as well it has a detrimental effect on their psyche. Using descriptive-analytical method, this study intends to answer this question that: How can the right to children's mental health in cyberspace be realized according to the Iranian legal system, Islam and international human rights instruments? To answer this question, different rights of children in cyberspace including the right to education, the right to privacy, the right to security and the right to play and recreation, and their relation with the right to mental health of children have been investigated. The results indicate that in the international human rights system, especially in protection of children’s right, some measures have been considered by the governments. In Islam, the health of people has been highly emphasized in the Quranic verses and hadith. However, in Iranian legal system, some measures have been taken to protect the mental health of children in cyberspace, but in practice, there are much to do to achieve the desired situation.

High-throughput sequencing technologies (HSTs) have revolutionized crop breeding. The advent of these technologies has enabled the identification of beneficial quantitative trait loci (QTL), genes, and alleles for crop improvement. Climate change have made a significant effect on the global maize yield. To date, the well-known omic approaches such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics are being incorporated in maize breeding studies. These approaches have identified novel biological markers that are being utilized for maize improvement against various abiotic stresses. This review discusses the current information on the morpho-physiological and molecular mechanism of abiotic stress tolerance in maize. The utilization of omics approaches to improve abiotic stress tolerance in maize is highlighted. As compared to single approach, the integration of multi-omics offers a great potential in addressing the challenges of abiotic stresses of maize productivity.

Introduction:Nowadays, families face a spectrum of social harms and issues that influence their lives significantly and require to be identified. For this purpose, the current study aimed at analyzing women’s perceived understanding of family harms and hearing their accounts of family issues and harms. That is because women in many cases gain a deeper understanding of the issues and challenges in the family life and the changes occurring there since they play a pivotal role within families and establish interactions and relations with other members of the family. On the other hand, the informal social networks where women are members and their social bonds to women’s groups make it possible for them to share their daily experiences and accumulate a plethora of women’s experiences and interpretations of issues in daily lives, particularly regarding the family life. In many cases, such experiences involve interpretations that can be valuable in understanding family harms and social issues. Materials and Methods: The current study was conducted using a qualitative and phenomenological methodology. The data were collected using semi-structured in-depth interviews with 17 women (aged 18-65 years old) in Fasa, which had been selected according to the purposive sampling technique. The semi-structured interview refers to a flexible interview in which questions are designed based on the main questions of a particular study. In the current study, the research questions were formulated based on the following major questions:- How do the participants understand and describe issues in the domain of family?- What are the most important issues for women according to the participants?- How do women face family issues? How do the female participants classify and categorize family issues?- Which factors are mentioned by the female participants as the background factors in the emergence of social issues?Each participant who took part in the study was completely aware of the process of research and interviews. To obtain their consent, the research study including its goals, questions, the manner of participating, and the process of interviews was explained to all of the participants.In the current study, the Colaizzi’s method was used for data analysis. Thus, the audio files obtained from each interview session were transcribed and coded in a textual format. The extraction of concepts aimed to collect the participants’ significant statements related to the topic of the study and special care was taken so that these statements can be collected with similar valuation and free from repetition and overlap. After the first stage was over, themes and categories were extracted by comparing and merging or eliminating early concepts, and the process of data analysis was conducted. Discussion of Results and Conclusions:Based on the results of the study, two types of harms in the form of “content harms” and “structural harms” were identified and classified. Content harms, which mostly deal with the relationships inside a family and between family members, include three major categories in the form of “the formation of solitude chrysalis and individualized worlds”, “generalized parenting and increasing child-centeredness”, and “constant disagreements and conflicts in the family”.In addition, the second type that refers to external aspects of a family named “structural harms” has been classified in the form of three major categories. These categories include “changes in family values and beliefs as the changes and developments in the family institutions”, “the spillover of social harms to families”, and “challenges related to social welfare”. Altogether, it seems that harms and issues within the family include a wide spectrum of social issues. Though these harms have been classified in the current study into two groups called content and structural harms, many of them are so complicated and intertwined that it seems they originate from one another and create a cycle of harm and social issues. They can be interpreted and assigned meaning based on their cultural environments and backgrounds, and the reduction and prevention of such harms require that those backgrounds be taken into consideration.

Abstract Truffles, the symbiotic hypogeous edible fungi, have been worldwide regarded as a great delicacy because of their unique flavor and high nutritional value. By identifying their bioactive components such as phenolics, terpenoids, polysaccharides, anandamide, fatty acids, and ergosterols, researchers have paid attention to their biological activities including antitumor, antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective activities. In addition, numerous factors have been investigating that can affect the quality and productivity of truffles to overcome their difficulty in culturing and preserving. To provide the information for their potential applications in medicine as well as in functional food, this review summarizes the relevant literature about the biochemical composition, aromatic and nutritional benefits, and biological properties of truffles. Besides, various factors affecting their productivity and quality as well as the preservation methods are also highlighted.

In this study, the data sets and analyses provided the information on the characterization of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs), and their impacts on rhizosphere pH, and soil-bound phosphorus (P) availability to plants together with relevant parameters. For this purpose, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was cultivated in the TiO2 NPs amended soil over a period of 60 days. After harvesting, the soil and plants were analyzed to examine the rhizosphere pH, P availability in rhizosphere soil, uptake in roots and shoots, biomass produced, chlorophyll content and translocation to different plant parts monitored by SEM and EDX techniques in response to different dosages of TiO2 NPs. The strong relationship can be found among TiO2 NPs application, P availability, and plant growth. Keywords: Rhizosphere pH, TiO2 NPs nanoparticles, Wheat, Phosphorus, Uptake

The aim of the study was to compare the protective and interpersonal strengths as positive personality traits in employees with healthy (G: good health pattern, S: sparing pattern) and unhealthy (A: ambitious pattern, B: burnout pattern) job stress coping styles. Therefore, 146 employees of an industrial organization in Mashhad were selected by stratified random sampling and asked to respond to research tools. The instruments were the Values in Action Inventory of Strengths from Peterson & Seligman and Work-related Behavior and Experience Patterns Questionnaire from Schaarschmidt & Fischer. The results of multivariate analysis of variance showed that employees with healthy coping styles had higher means of protective and interpersonal strengths than unhealthy subjects. These findings open a new field for research on the role of personality in coping with work-related stress. Character strengths are trainable personal characteristics. Therefore, they are valuable resources to improve coping with work-related stress and to decreasing its negative effects.

Metal-enhanced fluorescence (MEF) is a unique phenomenon of surface plasmons, where light interacts with the metallic nanostructures and produces electromagnetic fields to enhance the sensitivity of fluorescence-based detection. In particular, this enhancement in sensing capacity is of importance to many research areas, including medical diagnostics, forensic science, and biotechnology. The article covers the basic mechanism of MEF and recent developments in plasmonic nanostructures fabrication for efficient fluorescence signal enhancement that are critically reviewed. The implications of current fluorescence-based technologies for biosensors are summarized, which are in practice to detect different analytes relevant to food control, medical diagnostics, and forensic science. Furthermore, characteristics of existing fabrication methods have been compared on the basis of their resolution, design flexibility, and throughput. The future projections emphasize exploring the potential of non-conventional materials and hybrid fabrication techniques to further enhance the sensitivity of MEF-based biosensors.

The tremendous increase in the production and consumption of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) in numerous industrial products and applications has augmented the need to understand their role in wastewater treatment technologies. Likewise, the deleterious effects of wastewater on the environment and natural resources have compelled researchers to find out most suitable, economical and environment friendly approaches for its treatment. In this context, the use of TiO2 NPs as the representative of photocatalytic technology for industrial wastewater treatment is coming to the horizon. For centuries, the use of industrial wastewater to feed agriculture land has been a common practice across the globe and the sewage sludge generated from wastewater treatment plants is also used as fertilizer in agricultural soils. Therefore, it is necessary to be aware of possible exposure pathways of these NPs, especially in the perspective of wastewater treatment and their impacts on the agro-environment. This review highlights the potential exposure route of TiO2 NPs from industrial applications to wastewater treatment and its impacts on the agro-environment. Key elements of the review present the recent developments of TiO2 NPs in two main sectors including wastewater treatment and the agro-environment along with their potential exposure pathways. Furthermore, the direct exposure routes of these NPs from production to end-user consumption until their end phase needs to be studied in detail and optimization of their suitable applications and controlled use to ensure environmental safety.

Quantum dots (QDs) are engineered semiconductor nanocrystals with unique fluorescent, quantum confinement, and quantum yield properties, making them valuable in a range of commercial and consumer imaging, display, and lighting technologies. Production and usage of QDs are increasing, which increases the probability of these nanoparticles entering the environment at various phases of their life cycle. This review discusses the major types and applications of QDs, their potential environmental exposures, fates, and adverse effects on organisms. For most applications, release to the environment is mainly expected to occur during QD synthesis and end-product manufacturing since encapsulation of QDs in these devices prevents release during normal use or landfilling. In natural waters, the fate of QDs is controlled by water chemistry, light intensity, and the physicochemical properties of QDs. Research on the adverse effects of QDs primarily focuses on sublethal endpoints rather than acute toxicity, and the differences in toxicity between pristine and weathered nanoparticles are highlighted. A proposed oxidative stress adverse outcome pathway framework demonstrates the similarities among metallic and carbon-based QDs that induce reactive oxygen species formation leading to DNA damage, reduced growth, and impaired reproduction in several organisms. To accurately evaluate environmental risk, this review identifies critical data gaps in QD exposure and ecological effects, and provides recommendations for future research. Future QD regulation should emphasize exposure and sublethal effects of metal ions released as the nanoparticles weather under environmental conditions. To date, human exposure to QDs from the environment and resulting adverse effects has not been reported.

Effluent-containing dye molecules is a significant environmental hazard. An economical and energy-saving solution is needed to combat this issue for the purpose of environmental sustainability. In this study, Fe-Ni-Co-based trimetallic nanocomposite was synthesized using the coprecipitation method. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy were conducted to explore the physical morphology, phase structure and functional groups of the synthesized catalyst. Among dyes, methyl orange is considered as a major contaminant in textile effluent. The current study focused on the degradation of methyl orange using a trimetallic Fe-Ni-Co-based nanocomposite. A central composite design in response surface methodology was employed to analyze the independent variables including dye concentration, catalyst dose, temperature, hydrogen peroxide, irradiation time, and pH. Dye degradation has been achieved up to 81% in 20 min at the lowest initial concentration (5 mg/L) in optimized conditions. Based on ANOVA, the predicted values were in great agreement with the actual values, signifying the applicability of response surface methodology in the photocatalytic decolorization of dyeing effluents. The results gained from this research demonstrated that the synthesis method of trimetallic nanocomposite (Iron Triad) is a cost-effective and energy efficient method that can be scaled up to a higher level for industrial application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research This aim For investigate impact promotion on awareness product, goal organization, determination price products, and revenue sales in the mineral water industry on Lombok Island, with focus on PT. Narmada Drinking Water. Study use method survey with data collection via questionnaire to 121 respondents who were staff company. Research result show that promotion own significant relationship with all variables studied. First, promotion impact positive on awareness product, where changes by 1% in activity promotion can cause change of 52.7% in awareness product. This shows the importance of promotional strategies in introduce product to market and create awareness more products high among consumer. Second, promotion also has an impact significant for the purpose organization, with change by 1% in promotion can cause change of 89.6% in achievement objective organization. This confirms that promotion is tool important in reach objective organization in a way whole. Third, results study indicated that promotion influence determination price product or brand company. Companies need consider promotional strategies they in connection with price product For reach optimal and maximizing balance mark brand they. Lastly, promotion own impact positive on income sale company, which confirms that the promotional strategy is effective can help increase performance sale. Study This give outlook important about role promotion in reach various objective business. The implications is that company need designing and implementing appropriate promotional strategies For reach objective they. along with market and technological developments, companies must Keep going reviewing and updating promotional strategies them to stay relevant and effective in reach objective business that has set. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]