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Simple Summary: Ovarian cancer, which is resistant to platinum-based chemotherapy, has limited therapeutic options, and there is uncertainty over the role of surgery to remove all visible tumour cells (cytoreductive surgery), and its survival benefits. We performed a systematic review to evaluate the oncological benefit of this surgery in patients with platinum-resistant ovarian cancer and the associated surgical morbidity and mortality. Although evidence is limited, surgery appears to prolong survival in these patients, particularly with isolated recurrences and where there has been a full resection of all visible tumour. However, surgery is associated with substantial risks and limited benefits when all visible tumours cannot be removed. There is a need for prospective clinical trials in these patients. Background/Objective: Platinum-resistant ovarian cancer (PROC) has limited therapeutic options, and the role of cytoreductive surgery (CRS) in improving survival outcomes remains uncertain. We performed a systematic review to evaluate the oncological benefit of CRS on PROC patients and the associated surgical morbidity and mortality. Methods: We followed a prospective protocol according to PRISMA guidelines. We searched PubMed, Medline, and Embase till October 2024. We used a "Population Intervention Comparator Outcomes (PICO)" framework. Our population included women with epithelial PROC who underwent CRS with/without chemotherapy. Our outcomes included overall survival (OS), progression-free-survival (PFS), post-operative morbidity and mortality and Quality of Life. Results: Our search yielded 6590 citations; six studies (N = 155 patients) were included. There is limited evidence available on the role of CRS in PROC, with notable variation in reported outcomes and outcomes' measures; therefore, we were unable to perform quantitative synthesis. CRS demonstrated survival benefits in well-selected PROC patients, particularly those with limited, isolated recurrences, low tumour burden, and good performance status. Complete resection (R0) was associated with significantly longer OS/PFS compared to those who had suboptimal surgeries (R1/R2). Conclusions: CRS seems to extend survival in carefully selected PROC patients, especially those with limited disease spread and favourable surgical profiles. Nevertheless, CRS carries substantial surgical risks, and its benefits appear contingent upon achieving R0. Further prospective trials with standardised patient selection criteria are needed to define CRS's role in PROC. At present, CRS in PROC should be considered within a multidisciplinary approach in specialised gynaecological oncology centres, with the careful assessment of patient-specific risk factors and potential for R0 resection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Relevance: Paraneoplastic hyponatremia is often secondary to syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) by tumour cells. Immature ovarian teratomas (IOT) are uncommon and may present with SIADH., Case Report: A 26-year-old female presented with a 3-month history of abdominal pain and constipation. Imaging identified a mixed solid-cystic right ovarian mass containing fat and peritoneal deposits. Biochemistry showed severe, refractory hyponatremia (117 mmol/l). She underwent diagnostic fertility-preserving right salpingo-oophorectomy and resection of peritoneal nodules with the aim to achieve symptom control and hyponatraemia resolution. Pathology revealed a FIGO Stage 2 Grade 2 IOT with extensive benign peritoneal gliomatosis. Initial management was conservative. After 6 months of active follow-up, a rise in AFP, and recurrent hyponatremia supported the decision to administer three cycles of Bleomycin-Etoposide-Cisplatin chemotherapy. One month later, given radiological disease progression despite satisfactory biomarker response, cytoreductive surgery with complete macroscopic resection was performed. Pathology consisted solely of peritoneal mature glial elements: a growing teratoma syndrome (GTS). The patient remains disease-free after 2 years of surveillance., Clinical Discussion: Specimen histological assessment from the patient's initial surgery showed immature neuroectodermal tubules, which are thought to be the source of vasopressin secretion. The authors hypothesise that recurrent hyponatremia and rising AFP levels represented postoperative disease relapse. Biochemical response despite radiological disease progression was pathognomonic of a GTS., Conclusion: Paraneoplastic SIADH secondary to an IOT must be considered in female patients presenting with abdominal symptoms and hyponatremia. Management requires a multidisciplinary approach. Serum electrolytes are useful surveillance biomarkers supplementary to tumour markers., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)