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Measurements of the carbon-to-oxygen (C/O) ratios of exoplanet atmospheres can reveal details about their formation and evolution. Recently, high-resolution cross-correlation analysis has emerged as a method of precisely constraining the C/O ratios of hot Jupiter atmospheres. We present two transits of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-76b observed between 1.4-2.4 $\mu$m with Gemini-S/IGRINS. We detected the presence of H$_{2}$O, CO, and OH at signal-to-noise ratios of 6.93, 6.47, and 3.90, respectively. We performed two retrievals on this data set. A free retrieval for abundances of these three species retrieved a volatile metallicity of $\left[\frac{\mathrm{C}+\mathrm{O}} {\mathrm{H}}\right]=-0.70^{+1.27}_{-0.93}$, consistent with the stellar value, and a super-solar carbon-to-oxygen ratio of C/O$=0.80^{+0.07}_{-0.11}$. We also ran a chemically self-consistent grid retrieval, which agreed with the free retrieval within $1\sigma$ but favored a slightly more sub-stellar metallicity and solar C/O ratio ($\left[\frac{\mathrm{C}+\mathrm{O}} {\mathrm{H}}\right]=-0.74^{+0.23}_{-0.17}$ and C/O$=0.59^{+0.13}_{-0.14}$). A variety of formation pathways may explain the composition of WASP-76b. Additionally, we found systemic ($V_{sys}$) and Keplerian ($K_{p}$) velocity offsets which were broadly consistent with expectations from 3D general circulation models of WASP-76b, with the exception of a redshifted $V_{sys}$ for H$_{2}$O. Future observations to measure the phase-dependent velocity offsets and limb differences at high resolution on WASP-76b will be necessary to understand the H$_{2}$O velocity shift. Finally, we find that the population of exoplanets with precisely constrained C/O ratios generally trends toward super-solar C/O ratios. More results from high-resolution observations or JWST will serve to further elucidate any population-level trends., Comment: 13 pages, 8 figures, 2 tables; accepted for publication in the Astronomical Journal

Ground-based, high-resolution and space-based, low-resolution spectroscopy are the two main avenues through which transiting exoplanet atmospheres are studied. Both methods provide unique strengths and shortcomings, and combining the two can be a powerful probe into an exoplanet's atmosphere. Within a joint atmospheric retrieval framework, we combined JWST NIRSpec/G395H secondary eclipse spectra and Gemini South/IGRINS pre- and post-eclipse thermal eclipse observations of the hot Jupiter WASP-77A b. Our inferences from the IGRINS and NIRSpec data sets are consistent with each other, and combining the two allows us to measure the gas abundances of H$_2$O and CO as well as the vertical thermal structure with higher precision than either data set provided individually. We confirm WASP-77A b's subsolar metallicty ([(C+O)/H]=-0.61$^{+0.10}_{-0.09}$) and solar C/O ratio (C/O = 0.57$^{+0.06}_{-0.06}$). The two types of data are complementary, and our abundance inferences are mostly driven by the IGRINS data while inference of the thermal structure is driven by the NIRSpec data. Our ability to draw inferences from the post-eclipse IGRINS data is highly sensitive to the number of singular values removed in the detrending process, potentially due to high and variable humidity. We also search for signatures for atmospheric dynamics in the IGRINS data and find that propagated ephemeris error can manifest as both an orbital eccentricity or a strong equatorial jet. Neither are detected when using more up-to-date ephemerides. However, we find moderate evidence of thermal inhomogeneity and measure a cooler nightside that presents itself in the later phases after secondary eclipse., Comment: Accepted to AJ. 31 pages, 19 figures

Atmospheric escape shapes the fate of exoplanets, with statistical evidence for transformative mass loss imprinted across the mass-radius-insolation distribution. Here we present transit spectroscopy of the highly irradiated, low-gravity, inflated hot Saturn HAT-P-67 b. The Habitable Zone Planet Finder (HPF) spectra show a detection of up to 10% absorption depth of the 10833 Angstrom Helium triplet. The 13.8 hours of on-sky integration time over 39 nights sample the entire planet orbit, uncovering excess Helium absorption preceding the transit by up to 130 planetary radii in a large leading tail. This configuration can be understood as the escaping material overflowing its small Roche lobe and advecting most of the gas into the stellar -- and not planetary -- rest frame, consistent with the Doppler velocity structure seen in the Helium line profiles. The prominent leading tail serves as direct evidence for dayside mass loss with a strong day-/night- side asymmetry. We see some transit-to-transit variability in the line profile, consistent with the interplay of stellar and planetary winds. We employ 1D Parker wind models to estimate the mass loss rate, finding values on the order of $2\times10^{13}$ g/s, with large uncertainties owing to the unknown XUV flux of the F host star. The large mass loss in HAT-P-67 b represents a valuable example of an inflated hot Saturn, a class of planets recently identified to be rare as their atmospheres are predicted to evaporate quickly. We contrast two physical mechanisms for runaway evaporation: Ohmic dissipation and XUV irradiation, slightly favoring the latter., Comment: Submitted to The Astronomical Journal

We present high-resolution dayside thermal emission observations of the exoplanet WASP-18b using IGRINS on Gemini South. We remove stellar and telluric signatures using standard algorithms, and we extract the planet signal via cross correlation with model spectra. We detect the atmosphere of WASP-18b at a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 5.9 using a full chemistry model, measure H2O (SNR=3.3), CO (SNR=4.0), and OH (SNR=4.8) individually, and confirm previous claims of a thermal inversion layer. The three species are confidently detected (>4$\sigma$) with a Bayesian inference framework, which we also use to retrieve abundance, temperature, and velocity information. For this ultra-hot Jupiter (UHJ), thermal dissociation processes likely play an important role. Retrieving abundances constant with altitude and allowing the temperature-pressure profile to freely adjust results in a moderately super-stellar carbon to oxygen ratio (C/O=0.75^{+0.14}_{-0.17}) and metallicity ([M/H]=1.03^{+0.65}_{-1.01}). Accounting for undetectable oxygen produced by thermal dissociation leads to C/O=0.45^{+0.08}_{-0.10} and [M/H]=1.17^{+0.66}_{-1.01}. A retrieval that assumes radiative-convective-thermochemical-equilibrium and naturally accounts for thermal dissociation constrains C/O<0.34 (2$\sigma$) and [M/H]=0.48^{+0.33}_{-0.29}, in line with the chemistry of the parent star. Looking at the velocity information, we see a tantalising signature of different Doppler shifts at the level of a few km/s for different molecules, which might probe dynamics as a function of altitude and location on the planet disk. Our results demonstrate that ground-based, high-resolution spectroscopy at infrared wavelengths can provide meaningful constraints on the compositions and climate of highly irradiated planets. This work also elucidates potential pitfalls with commonly employed retrieval assumptions when applied to UHJ spectra., Comment: 27 pages, 18 figures, submitted to AAS Journals. Community feedback welcome

The spectra of brown dwarfs are key to exploring the chemistry and physics that take place in their atmospheres. Late-T dwarf spectra are particularly diagnostic due to their relatively cloud-free atmospheres and deep molecular bands. With the use of powerful atmospheric retrieval tools applied to the spectra of these objects, direct constraints on molecular/atomic abundances, gravity, and vertical thermal profiles can be obtained enabling a broad exploration of the chemical/physical mechanisms operating in their atmospheres. We present a uniform retrieval analysis on low-resolution IRTF SpeX near-IR spectra of a sample of 50 T dwarfs, including new observations as part of a recent volume-limited survey. This analysis more than quadruples the sample of T dwarfs with retrieved temperature profiles and abundances (H$_2$O, CH$_4$, NH$_3$, K and subsequent C/O and metallicities). We are generally able to constrain effective temperatures to within 50K, volume mixing ratios for major species to within 0.25dex, atmospheric metallicities [M/H] to within 0.2, and C/O ratios to within 0.2. We compare our retrieved constraints on the thermal structure, chemistry, and gravities of these objects with predictions from self-consistent radiative-convective equilibrium models and find, in general though with substantial scatter, consistency with solar composition chemistry and thermal profiles of the neighboring stellar FGK population. Objects with notable discrepancies between the two modeling techniques and potential mechanisms for their differences, be they related to modeling approach or physically motivated, are discussed more thoroughly in the text., Comment: 21 pages, 11 figures

Measurements of the atmospheric carbon (C) and oxygen (O) relative to hydrogen (H) in hot Jupiters (relative to their host stars) provide insight into their formation location and subsequent orbital migration. Hot Jupiters that form beyond the major volatile (H2O/CO/CO2) ice lines and subsequently migrate post disk-dissipation are predicted have atmospheric carbon-to-oxygen ratios (C/O) near 1 and subsolar metallicities, whereas planets that migrate through the disk before dissipation are predicted to be heavily polluted by infalling O-rich icy planetesimals, resulting in C/O < 0.5 and super-solar metallicities. Previous observations of hot Jupiters have been able to provide bounded constraints on either H2O or CO, but not both for the same planet, leaving uncertain the true elemental C and O inventory and subsequent C/O and metallicity determinations. Here we report spectroscopic observations of a typical transiting hot Jupiter, WASP-77Ab. From these, we determine the atmospheric gas volume mixing ratio constraints on both H2O and CO (9.5$\times 10^{-5}$ - 1.5$\times 10^{-4}$ and 1.2$\times 10^{-4}$ - 2.6$\times 10^{-4}$, respectively). From these bounded constraints, we are able to derive the atmospheric C/H (0.35$^{+0.17}_{-0.10}$ $\times$ Solar) and O/H (0.32 $^{+0.12}_{-0.08}$ $\times$ Solar) abundances and the corresponding atmospheric carbon-to-oxygen ratio (C/O=0.59$\pm$0.08; the solar value is 0.55). The sub-solar (C+O)/H (0.33$^{+0.13}_{-0.09}$ $\times$ Solar) is suggestive of a metal-depleted atmosphere relative to what is expected for Jovian-like planets while the near solar value of C/O rules out the disk-free migration/C-rich atmosphere scenario., Comment: This is the accepted "pre-proof" version. Minor editorial reference/figure/abstract differences from published version. Published version here: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03912-6

We present new $H$-band scattered light images of the HD 32297 edge-on debris disk obtained with the Gemini Planet Imager (GPI). The disk is detected in total and polarized intensity down to a projected angular separation of 0.15", or 20au. On the other hand, the large scale swept-back halo remains undetected, likely a consequence of its markedly blue color relative to the parent body belt. We analyze the curvature of the disk spine and estimate a radius of $\approx$100au for the parent body belt, smaller than past scattered light studies but consistent with thermal emission maps of the system. We employ three different flux-preserving post-processing methods to suppress the residual starlight and evaluate the surface brightness and polarization profile along the disk spine. Unlike past studies of the system, our high fidelity images reveal the disk to be highly symmetric and devoid of morphological and surface brightness perturbations. We find the dust scattering properties of the system to be consistent with those observed in other debris disks, with the exception of HR 4796. Finally, we find no direct evidence for the presence of a planetary-mass object in the system., Comment: Accepted for publication in the Astronomical Journal

Ultra-cool brown dwarfs offer a unique window into understanding substellar atmospheric physics and chemistry. Their strong molecular absorption bands at infrared wavelengths, Jupiter-like radii, cool temperatures, and lack of complicating stellar irradiation, make them ideal test-beds for understanding Jovian-like atmospheres. Here we report the findings of a uniform atmospheric retrieval analysis on a set of 14 Y and T-dwarfs observed with the Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3 instrument. From our retrieval analysis, we find the temperature-structures to be largely consistent with radiative-convective equilibrium in most objects. We also determine the abundances of water, methane, and ammonia and upper limits on the alkali metals sodium and potassium. The constraints on water and methane are consistent with predictions from chemical equilibrium models, while those of ammonia may be affected by vertical disequilibrium mixing, consistent with previous works. Our key result stems from the constraints on the alkali metal abundances where we find their continued depletion with decreasing effective temperature, consistent with the trend identified in a previous retrieval analysis on a sample of slightly warmer late T-dwarfs in Line et al. (2017). These constraints show that the previously observed Y-J color trend across the T/Y transition is most likely due to the depletion of these metals in accordance with predictions from equilibrium condensate rainout chemistry. Finally, we simulate future James Webb Space Telescope observations of ultra-cool dwarfs and find that the NIRSpec PRISM offers the best chance at developing high-precision constraints on fundamental atmospheric characteristics., Comment: Submitted to AAS Journals (1/14/19). Resubmitted for 2nd round of revisions (3/27/19)

We test the high-eccentricity tidal migration scenario for Kepler-419b, a member of the eccentric warm Jupiter class of planets whose origin is debated. Kepler-419 hosts two known planets (b,c). However, in its current configuration, planet c cannot excite the eccentricity of planet b enough to undergo high-eccentricity tidal migration. We investigate whether the presence of an undiscovered fourth body could explain the orbit of Kepler-419b. We explore the parameter space of this potential third giant planet using a suite of N-body simulations with a range of initial conditions. From the results of these simulations, coupled with observational constraints, we can rule out this mechanism for much of the parameter space of initial object d conditions. However, for a small range of parameters (masses between 0.5 and 7 $m_{\rm{Jup}}$, semi-major axes between 4 and 7.5 AU, eccentricities between 0.18 and 0.35, and mutual inclinations near 0$^{\circ}$) an undiscovered object d could periodically excite the eccentricity of Kepler-419b without destabilizing the system over 1 Gyr while producing currently undetectable radial velocity and transit timing variation signals., Comment: Submitted to AAS journals. Revised following comments from referee