Search

The paper presents the concept of “dual awakening”, which is based on the Buddhist mindfulness appropriated by socially engaged Buddhism as a method to recognize and implement a “wholesome” paradigm on both the social and in-dividual level. In the first half of the paper, I analyze the idea of “dual awakening” in the Southeast Asian context, especially in the case of the Sarvodaya Sramadana movement in Sri Lanka, In the second part of the paper, I review some of the re-search on (mindfulness) meditation in the West to critically evaluate the de-con-textualization of transferring Buddhist ideas and methods (such as cultivating empathy and compassion as a basis for social action) into the Western modernist paradigm. V prispevku je predstavljen koncept »dvojnega prebujenja«, utemeljenega v budistični čuječnosti, ki si jo je družbeno angažirani budizem prisvojil kot metodo za prepoznavanje in uresničevanje »zdrave« paradigme tako na ravni družbe kot posameznika. V prvem delu prispevka avtorica analizira idejo »dvojnega prebujenja« v kontekstu jugovzhodne Azije, predvsem v okviru gibanja Sarvodaya Shramadana na Šrilanki. V drugem delu preuči nekaj raziskav o (čuječnostni) meditaciji na Zahodu, da bi kritično ocenila dekontekstualizacijo prenosa budističnih idej in metod (npr. spodbujanje empatije in sočutja kot osnove za družbeno delovanje) v Zahodno modernistično paradigmo.

Bibliografija: str. 163-166. ARRS, Problemi avtonomije in identitet v času globalizacije ARRS, Državljanstvo in diskriminacija: intersekcijski pristop k raziskovanju družbene izključenosti

The purpose of the article is to present a variety of questions and challenges that Muslims in Europe are exposed to with the processes of secularization, the definition of their "European" identity as well as the analysis of the concept of "Euro-Islam", which is advocated by the prominent European Muslim intellectuals Bassam Tibi and Tariq Ramadan, among others. Special attention is paid to the presentation and analysis of Bosnian Islam and its specifics, which are the result of European secularization processes. Lo scopo del saggio e rifl ettere le questioni e le sfi de che per i musulmani in Europa rappresenta la secolarizzazione, la defi nizione della loro identita europea e l'analisi del concetto di "euro-islam" che vengono difesi da due intellettuali europei di spicco, Bassam Tibi e Tariq Ramadan. Una peculiare attenzione e dedicata alla presentazione e all'analisi del islam in Bosnia, nonché alle sue specifi cita che sono la conseguenza dei processi europei di secolarizzazione. Za islam so značilni številni kulturni, socialni, politični in gospodarski dejavniki, ki prispevajo k izgradnji tako kolektivne kot individualne identitete muslimanov, tudi v Evropi. Ta raznolikost ni omejena le na njihovo etnično pripadnost ali na njihovo družbeno-politično zavzetost. Dejstvo je, da so med muslimani (tako v Evropi kot širše) vedno obstajala razhajanja, temelječa na različnih interpretacijah islamskih naukov in praks. Precej nov izziv za muslimane v Evropi pa danes predstavlja evropska "sekularna" družba in načini, kako postati integralni del te družbe. Tako muslimani kot tudi Evropa se morajo soočiti z zastavljeni vprašanji in se odzvati na zastavljene izzive. Med drugim so prisiljeni odgovoriti na vprašanja, na kakšen način postati sestavni del evropskih kultur in tradicij, ter kako uskladiti islamske norme z evropskimi. Namen članka je predstaviti vprašanja in izzive, ki jih za muslimane v Evropi predstavljajo procesi sekularizacije, definiranje njihove "evropske" identitete, ter analiza koncepta "Evro-Islam", ki ga med drugim zagovarjata vidnejša evropska muslimanska intelektualca Bassam Tibi in Tariq Ramadan. Posebna pozornost je posvečena predstavitvi in analizi bosanskega islama in njegovih specifik, ki so posledica evropskih sekularizacijskih procesov.

The author discusses the specific relation between religion and state in Turkey. In the first part of the paper some existing polemics concerning the (in)compatibility of Islam and democracy are emphasiyed. The question, whether Islam is compatible with democratic forms of rule has raised a vigorous debate in the Western academic and political circles. This question is currently gaining relevance as Turkey is approaching full membership in the European Union. The author stresses the fact that democratic institutions have not been forced in Turkey, but rather voluntarily adopted by the Turks themselves. Turkey, of all the Muslim countries, has had the longest history of close relations with the West. Apart from this, Turkey has adopted the "Western model" in its political orientation and the Turkish experiment in parliamentary democracy has lasted for over a century - much longer than in any other country of the Islamic world. The paper proceeds with a presentation of variability and the peculiar character of Turkish Islam and its relation to the state. The Muslims in Turkey confess their faith in various ways, some of which are "orthodox" or standard and do not vary in time or among different countries or cultures. Other ways are characteristic of a certain culture. In the case of Turkey the intertwining of orthodox or standard religious practices with folk tradition has given rise to a peculiar form of Islam with some specific traits - the so called "Anatolian Islam". Regardless of the rich mosaic of various expressions of Islam in Turkey including the Shia Islam, Alevism, Sufism etc., it is the Sunni Islam which has been perceived as the "orthodox" form of Islam ever since the Ottoman times. In the paper, special attention is paid to the analysis of Diyanet (Office for Religious Matters), which represents the highest Islamic authority in the country and is a part of the state mechanism and the bureaucratic system. The largest conflicts between secular and religious standpoints in Turkey are presented and it is demonstrated, that the problem of Islam in Turkey is not as much a problem of religion influencing the state, as it is a problem of the state influencing religion.

Prispevek predstavi zgodovino evropskega dojemanja "drugega", ki odločilno vpliva na oblikovanje evropske identitete. Tako kot je evropska identiteta povezana z obstojem "drugega", ta "drugi" postane sestavni del Evrope, kar je posebej razvidno v evropskem odnosu do "Turka". Kot posledico porazov, ki so jih utrpeli s strani otomanskih zavojevalcev, so zahodni kristjani razvili občutek za enotnost in skupnost. Posebnost te nove situacije je bila projekcija sovražnosti do muslimanov v sedaj simbolični lik "Turka", in prav religija je tista, ki postane glavni dejavnik pri njegovi reprezentaciji kot evropskega "drugega". Prispevek predstavi nekatere primere "pregona Turka iz Evrope" v sodobni evropski zgodovini ter današnje reprezentacije Turčije v evropski zavesti, s posebnim poudarkom na Saidovi kritiki Samuela Huntingtona in njegovega znamenitega "spopada civilizacij", ki kljub vsemu močno zaznamuje evropsko-turški diskurz. Pokaže tudi na specifičnosti turškega islama in sekularnosti v Turčiji ter različne evropske odzive nanju.

Pravica do umetne prekinitve nosečnosti je ena izmed temeljnih reproduktivnih pravic žensk. V Sloveniji je ženskam omogočeno uveljavljanje te pravice, čemur določene skupine nasprotujejo. V tem zaključnem delu je predstavljeno zgodovinsko ozadje legalizacije abortusa, s poudarkom na področju Slovenije v času socializma. Poleg tega je prikazan tudi odnos Katoliške cerkve do socialistične države in do abortusa. Slovenija ima dolgo tradicijo nasprotovanja pravici do abortusa. V zadnjih tridesetih letih pa je bilo možno zaznati porast diskusij o abortusu. Analiza diskurza o abortusu temelji na Foucaultovem razumevanju diskurza kot nečesa, kar je neposredno vezano na in odvisno od institucij. V tem delu so tako analizirana besedila z antiabortusno vsebino, in sicer papeški dokumenti, časopisni in znanstveni članki ter članki spletnih strani. V nadaljevanju pa je poudarek na povezavi med institucijo Katoliške cerkve in društvom Gibanje za življenje, ki zagovarja tradicionalne krščanske vrednote in se sklicuje zlasti na Sveto pismo. Povezava med različnimi protiabortusnimi organizacijami je vidna tudi v organizaciji dogodka Pohod za življenje, pri kateri sodelujejo predstavniki Katoliške cerkve, člani in članice organizacij civilne družbe ter člani in članice desnih političnih strank. The right to abortion is one of the women's fundamental rights. In Slovenia, women are allowed to exercise this right, which certain groups oppose. In this paper, the historical background of the legalisation of abortion is presented, with an emphasis on the area of Slovenia during socialism. In addition, the attitude of the Catholic Church towards the socialist state and towards abortion is also shown. Slovenia has a long tradition of opposing the right to abortion. In the last thirty years, it was possible to detect an increase in discussions about abortion. The discourse analysis is based on Foucault's understanding of discourse as something that is directly tied to and dependent on institutions. In this part, texts with anti-abortion content are analyzed, namely papal documents, newspaper and scientific articles, and articles on websites. In the following, the emphasis is on the connection between the institution of the Catholic Church and the Pro-life Movement association, which defends traditional Christian values and refers especially to the Bible. The connection between various anti-abortion organizations is also visible in the organization of the March for Life, in which representatives of the Catholic Church, members of civil society organizations, and members of right-wing political parties participate.

Armenija oz. Republika Armenija je država v regiji Kavkaza, ki meji na Gruzijo, Azerbajdžan, Turčijo in Iran. Njena zgodovina sega tisočletja nazaj, zaznamovana pa je s trpljenjem, vojnami in genocidi. V njeni zgodovini so ji pogosto vladale tuje oblasti, npr. Bizantinci, Perzijci, Rusi itd. Toda kljub temu Armenija ohranja svojo kulturo. Del armenske kulture in zgodovine je tudi krščanstvo, ki ima za Armence posebno mesto. Armenija je namreč prva država, ki je prevzela krščanstvo kot državno vero. Poleg tega je Armenija celo ustvarila novo vejo krščanstva in svojo cerkev, tj. Armenska apostolska cerkev. Vloga armenskega krščanstva ni le širjenje krščanskih naukov in morale, temveč ima tudi politično vlogo, s tem da združuje celoten narod. Torej je armensko nacionalno identiteto potrebno raziskovati tudi skozi religijo, specifično sozi Armensko apostolsko cerkev. V tej nalogi se ukvarjamo z vprašanjem armenske identitete skozi prizmo armenskega krščanstva. Ukvarjamo se s pomenom krščanstva za armensko nacionalno identiteto, pri čemer se osredotočamo predvsem na obdobja prihoda krščanstva v Armenijo, časom Sovjetske zveze in sedanjostjo. Pri tem predvsem izpostavljamo nacionalno vlogo armenske cerkve, ki združuje in ohranja narod. Armenia or The Republic of Armenia is a country in the Caucasus region, bordering Georgia, Azerbaijan, Turkey and Iran. Its history goes back thousands of years and is marked by suffering, wars and genocides. In its history, it was often ruled by foreign authorities, e.g. Byzantines, Persians, Russians, etc. But despite this, Armenia preserves its culture. Part of Armenian culture and history is also Christianity, which has a special place for Armenians. Armenia is the first country to adopt Christianity as the state religion. In addition, Armenia even created a new branch of Christianity and its own church, i.e. the Armenian Apostolic Church. The role of Armenian Christianity is not only to spread Christian teachings and morals, but it also has a political role by uniting the entire nation. Therefore, the Armenian identity must also be explored through religion, specifically the Armenian Apostolic Church. In this assignment the issue of Armenian identity is viewed through the prism of Armenian Christianity. The importance of Christianity for the Armenian national identity, from the arrival of Christianity in Armenia, to the Soviet era and the present shall be examined. Here, we highlight the national role of the Armenian Church, which unites and preserves the nation.

Magistrsko delo preučuje problematiko podajanja religijskih vsebin v francoskem javnem šolstvu. Njegov glavni namen je osvetliti dejansko situacijo v francoskih javnih šolah in pridobiti vpogled v samo poučevanje religijskih dejstev, kot ga predvidi francoski kurikulum. Francija, ki je država z najstrožje uveljavljeno ločitvijo države od religije, to utemeljuje s konceptom laičnosti à la française. Ta princip je danes trdno zasidran v francosko družbo in vpliva na številne nivoje družbenega življenja, med drugim tudi na javne šole. Te so ideološko nevtralen prostor, v katerem se o religijah in o religijskih tematikah govori zgolj iz sekularne perspektive. Učenci, prav tako pa tudi učitelji, v šolah ne smejo izražati svojih religioznih prepričanj, nositi opaznih religijskih znamenj ali na kakršen koli drug način poskušati izkazovati svojo religiozno opredeljenost. Vse večja kulturna mešanost učencev v šolah pa botruje temu, da se ustanove, kar zadeva religijo, lahko znajdejo v konfliktnih situacijah. Gre za precej kompleksno problematiko, ki je ni vedno lahko rešiti, saj od posameznika, pa tudi od vodstva šole, najprej zahteva dobro poznavanje religij, religijskih običajev in seveda okoliščin, v katerih je do incidenta prišlo, da se konflikt lahko razreši. This master's thesis examines the issue of religious content in French public education. Its main purpose is to shed light on the situation in French public schools and to gain insight into the actual teaching of religious facts as foreseen in the French curriculum. France, which is the country with the most strictly enforced separation of state and religion, bases this on the concept of secularity à la française. This principle is now firmly rooted in French society and impacts many levels of social life, including public schools. Ideologically speaking, they are a neutral space in which religions and religious themes are discussed from a purely secular perspective. Pupils and teachers alike are not allowed to express their religious convictions, wear visible religious signs or in any other way attempt to show their religious identity in schools. The increasing cultural mix of pupils in schools, however, means that institutions can find themselves in conflict situations when it comes to religion. This is a rather complex issue which is not always easy to resolve, as it requires first of all good knowledge of religions, religious practices and, of course, the circumstances in which the incident took place, from the individual as well as from the school management, in order to be able to resolve the conflict.

Diplomsko delo se ukvarja z vprašanjem, kaj se dogaja z religijo (bolj natančno krščanstvom) ob razvoju umetne inteligence. Obravnava, kakšen je odnos med krščanstvom in hitro razvijajočo se umetno inteligenco, pri tem pa se nam odpirajo vprašanja, kako je krščanstvo »navdihnilo« umetno inteligenco in kako jo tudi danes oblikuje ter poganja njen razvoj v določeno smer. S temi vprašanji se bomo ukvarjali na konceptu posmrtnega življenja, kot ga razume krščanstvo, v odnosu z umetno inteligenco, ki bi rada na različne načine, na primer s »presajanjem« zavesti, novimi virtualnimi prostori ipd., dosegala elemente omenjenega koncepta. Pri tem pa si bomo še pogledali, kako je umetna inteligenca sploh prisotna v družbi in kje se tukaj nahaja transhumanizem ter kaj se dogaja z močjo institucionaliziranega krščanstva ob razvoju umetne inteligence. The diploma deals with the question of what happens to religion (more precisely, Christianity) with the development of artificial intelligence. It examines the relationship between Christianity and the rapidly developing artificial intelligence, and in doing so, questions are raised as to how Christianity "inspired" artificial intelligence and how it still shapes it today and drives its development in a certain direction. We will deal with these questions based on the concept of the afterlife, as understood by Christianity, in a relationship with artificial intelligence, which would like to achieve the elements of the mentioned concept in various ways, for example by ''transplanting'' consciousness, new virtual protos, etc. We will also look at how artificial intelligence is present in society and where transhumanism is located here, and what happens to the power of institutionalized Christianity with the development of artificial intelligence.

V diplomskem delu bomo s pomočjo že obstoječih študij analizirali značilnosti krščanske religije na spletu v času pandemije COVID-19. Zanimalo nas bo, kako se je (zaradi ukrepov za zajezitev virusa) krščanska religija, ki temelji na obredju v fizičnem okolju in ideji skupnosti, odzvala na obvezno premestitev svojega delovanja in svoje skupnosti iz fizične v digitalno sfero. Izpostavili bomo nekatere inovacije, ki so jih določene protestantske (baptistične, episkopalne in anglikanske) in katoličanske skupnosti v Avstraliji, Kanadi in Združenih državah Amerike uvedle za nadaljevanje svojega delovanja v času pandemije. Prav tako bomo s pomočjo že narejenih statističnih raziskav (npr. Pew Research Center, 2020 in Billy Graham Center, 2020) ter osebnih zapisov pripadnikov teh skupnosti (vernikov in pastorjev) analizirali, s kakšnimi izzivi in pozitivnimi platmi digitalne oblike njihovega delovanja so se njihovi pripadniki srečevali v obdobju pandemije COVID-19. Pri analizi se tako opiramo predvsem na že obstoječe raziskave oziroma subjektivne zapise avtorjev, ki so bodisi pastorji oziroma duhovniki katoliških, baptističnih, episkopalnih in anglikanskih cerkev v Avstraliji, Kanadi in Združenih državah Amerike bodisi njihovi verniki in tako poskušamo razumeti značilnosti njihovega digitalnega delovanja v času pandemije. In this thesis, we will analyse the characteristics of the Christian religion online during the COVID-19 pandemic, using existing studies. We will be interested in how the Christian religion, based on ritual in a physical environment and the idea of community, responded (due to the measures taken to contain the virus) to the obligatory relocation of its activities and its community from the physical to the digital sphere. We will highlight some of the innovations that certain Protestant (Baptist, Episcopalian and Anglican) and Catholic communities in Australia, Canada and the United States of America have introduced to continue their work in the face of the pandemic. We will also analyse the challenges and positive aspects of the digital form of these churches in the period of the COVID-19 pandemic with the help of existing statistical studies (e.g. Pew Research Center, 2020 and Billy Graham Center, 2020) and the personal accounts of the members of these congregations (believers and pastors). In analysing the characteristics of the Christian religion in the COVID-19 era, we draw on existing research or the subjective accounts of the authors, who are either pastors or priests of Catholic, Baptist, Episcopal and Anglican churches in Australia, Canada and the United States, or their congregants, in order to understand the characteristics of their digital engagement during the pandemic.

Indija je država, v kateri je hindujska tradicija še vedno zelo prisotna. V diplomski nalogi se ukvarjamo s tem, kako hinduizem razume materinstvo in kako se ta prepričanja kažejo v družbi. V hindujski mitologiji je skozi boginjo Lakšmi prikazan ideal materinstva, ki mu morajo slediti vse ženske, saj se materinstvo dojema kot primarna in najvišja vloga vsake Hindujke. India is a country where Hindu tradition is still very present. In the diploma thesis, we deal with how Hinduism characterizes motherhood and how these beliefs are manifested in society. In Hindu mythology, through the goddess Lakshmi is shown the ideal of motherhood, which all women must follow, because motherhood is perceived as the primary and highest role of every Hindu woman.

Na Slovenskem je stoletja kulturno in religijsko dominirala rimskokatoliška cerkev, ki je prežemala vse sfere posameznikovega in družbenega življenja, tudi šolstvo. S prevzemanjem značilnosti modernih družb ter ločitvijo Cerkve in države šolstvo ni bilo več v rokah Cerkve, temveč države. Postopoma se je uvedlo laično šolstvo, ki prisega na vrednotno in ideološko nevtralnost vsebin. Javni šolski prostor mora biti ideološko nevtralen, kar pomeni, da je za vse udeležence enak, ne glede na različnost socialnega ali kulturnega okolja. Poučevanje vseh predmetov v skladu s tem poteka na nekonfesionalen način. Globoke družbene in kulturne spremembe v drugi polovici 20. stoletja so sprožile pospešen proces globalizacije, tehnološkega napredka in migracij. Zaradi vseh teh procesov je tovrstno poučevanje izziv rastočih pluralnih družb, med katere spada tudi Slovenija. Slovenska družba je bila zgodovinsko monokultura, pri čemer je imela velik vpliv rimskokatoliška cerkev. Procesi modernizacije, sekularizacije in globalizacije, značilni za 20. in 21. stoletje, so prinesli religijsko pluralnost. Širjenje religijskega opismenjevanja v družbi, kjer so prisotne velike razlike v stališčih, vrednotah in običajih, je nujno za miren in strpen dialog med kulturami in religijami. Tako je potrebno najti primeren način posredovanja znanja o religijah mlajšim generacijam, ki ga prinaša pouk iz religij in o religijah. Že sociološki klasik Émile Durkheim je opozoril, da je šola model družbenega sistema oziroma uči, kako družba funkcionira in daje zgled za udejstvovanje v njej. Izobraževanje o religiji je zato pomembno in nujno potrebno za otroke, saj je za vse enako in se v tem razlikuje od družinske vzgoje in učenja. V šoli so vsebine posredovane na objektiven, kritičen in pluralen način in natanko tako se mora posredovati znanje o religiji. For centuries, Slovenia was culturally and religiously dominated by the Roman Catholic Church, which permeated all spheres of individual and social life, including education. As modern societies became separate of Church, education was no longer in the hands of the Church, but of the State. Gradually, secular education was introduced, which insists on the value and ideological neutrality of its content. Public school space must be ideologically neutral, which means that it is the same for all participants, regardless of the diversity of social or cultural backgrounds. Accordingly, all subjects are taught in a non-denominational manner. The profound social and cultural changes in the second half of the 20th century have triggered an accelerated process of globalisation, technological progress and migration. All these processes make this type of teaching a challenge for growing plural societies, such as Slovenia. Slovenian society has historically been a monoculture, with the Roman Catholic Church having a major influence. The processes of modernisation, secularisation and globalisation that have characterised the 20th and 21st centuries have brought religious pluralism. The spread of religious literacy in a society where there are genuine differences in attitudes, values and practices is essential for a peaceful and tolerant dialogue between cultures and religions. Thus, it is necessary to find an appropriate way of transmitting knowledge about religions to the younger generations, which is brought about by teaching from and about religions. The sociological classic Émile Durkheim already pointed out, that the school is a model of the social system. It teaches how society functions and sets an example for social participation. Religious education is therefore essential and necessary for children, because it is the same for all and differs in this respect from family education and learning. In school, content is conveyed in an objective, critical and pluralistic manner, and this is exactly how knowledge about religion supposed to be conveyed.

Diplomska naloga se osredotoča na novodobništvo, ki ga umeščamo med nove religijske fenomene. Ta termin opisuje različna religijska gibanja, ki so se razvila v drugi polovici dvajsetega stoletja. Gibanje se je pričelo na Zahodu, skozi čas pa je postalo globalni fenomen. Med novodobništvo umeščamo tudi novopoganstvo, ki gradi svojo duhovnost na starih poganskih verovanjih. Poleg osnovne razlage novodobništva in novopoganstva zaključno delo ta dva koncepta smiselno poveže in aplicira na Slovenijo, kjer lahko zasledimo različne novopoganske skupine in organizacije. The thesis focuses on the New Age movement, which we place among the new religious phenomena. The term describes various religious movements that developed in the second half of the twentieth century. The movement began in the West, but over time it became a global phenomenon. Part of New Age is also neo-paganism, which builds its spirituality on old pagan beliefs. In addition to the basic explanation of New Age and neo-paganism, the paper connects these two concepts and researches them in context of Slovenia, where we can find various neo-pagan groups and organizations.

Diplomsko delo zajema analizo in primerjavo moškost iz dveh mitologij, in sicer germanske – Siegfried v boju z zmajem in slovanske mitologije – Princ Ivan in Koščej nesmrtni . Teoretsko izhodišče dela bo vprašanje moškosti in moške spolne vloge, v okviru izbranega germanskega in slovanskega mita. Razlog za izbor teh dveh mitov je, da imata kljub temu da izhajata iz različnih mitologij skupne arhetipe. Carl Gustav Jung je ene iz med teh poimenoval: senca, junak, dobri stari mož … Temeljni namen dela je razlaga koncepta moškosti, moške spolne vloge, analiza in primerjava spolnih vlog posameznih likov in nujnega okolja. Analiza okolja bo zajemala vplive ključnih agensov (družina, vrstniki itd.), ki so bili del socializacije. Analiza spolnih vlog bo prikazala, kako sta posamezna moška lika sprejemala spolne vloge, skupne arhetipe, ki so se pojavljali skozi socializacijo in stereotipe moške spolne vloge. Končna hipoteza je, da oba moška mitološka lika, kljub temu da izhajata iz različnih mitologij, predstavljata heroja in “ideal” hegemonskega moškega. Z analizo strokovne literature bom analizirala dejavnike, ki so vplivali na okolje, v katerem je posameznik deloval. The dissertation covers the analysis and comparison of masculinity in comparison of two mythologies, namely Germanic - Siegfried in the fight with the dragon and Slavic mythology - Prince Ivan and Koschei the deathless. The theoretical starting point of the thesis will be the question of masculinity and male sexual role within the framework of selected Germanic and Slavic myth. The reason for choosing these two myths was that despite coming from different mythologies, they have common archetypes. Carl Gustav Jung named one of these: a shadow, a hero, a good old man ... The basic purpose of the task is to explain the concept of masculinity, the male sexual role. Analysis and comparison of sexual roles of individual characters and the necessary environment. The analysis of the environment will cover the influences of key agents (family, peers, etc.) that were part of socialization. The analysis of gender roles will cover how individual male characters accepted gender roles, common archetypes that emerged through socialization, and stereotypes of male gender roles. The final hypothesis is that both male mythological characters, despite coming from different mythologies, represent the hero and the “ideal” of the hegemonic man. By analyzing the professional literature, I will analyze the factors that influenced the environment in which the individual acted, gender roles and, consequently, directly and indirectly influenced the formation of "heroic" male characters.

Diplomsko delo obravnava nastanek in razvoj intelektualnega gibanja tako imenovanega novega ateizma, pojava, katerega izvor je povezan s predhodnim družbeno-političnim dogajanjem predvsem v Združenih državah Amerike in katerega vpliv se je nadalje razširil tudi širše po anglofoni družbeni in politični sferi. To gibanje, ki se je utemeljilo kot branik racionalizma in posledično kot nasprotnik religijskega vpliva na družbene in politične procese v ZDA ter končno v sleherni družbi in državi, je v kontekstu evangeličanskega vpliva na vrh ameriške politike in terorizma islamskih skrajnežev našlo prostor, iz katerega se je lahko predstavljalo kot razumna alternativa verskemu ekstremizmu. Zanašanje na retoriko racionalizma in odsotnosti emocij ter splošne netolerantnosti do vere pa je nove ateiste postopoma pripeljala do internih razhajanj med različnimi frakcijami, ki so se na nove družbene in politične okoliščine odzvale z vedno bolj medsebojno nasprotujočimi si pogledi. The thesis tackles the emergence and development of an intelectual movement of so-called new atheism, whose creation is connected to preexisting socio-political processes predominantly in the United States of America, and whose influence later on expands further into the wider anglophone social and political spheres. The movement that has defined itself as a bastion of rationalism, and consequentially as an opponent of religious influences on American, and ultimately within any society's and state's social and political processes, has in the context of evangelical outreach to the very top of American politics, and terrorism conducted by islamist extremists, established itself in a position from which it was able to present itself as a rational alternative to religious extremism. This reliance on rhetorics of rationalism, absence of emotions, and general intolerance toward religions has eventually also caused internal disputes between different fractions, all of which responded to new social and political realities with ever more pronounced internal strifes and divergences.

Zaključno delo poskuša osvetliti vprašanje religioznega sinkretizma na Kubi. Gre za soobstoj več religioznih prepričanj, ki se že od odkritja Amerike dalje prepletajo med seboj in vplivajo druga na drugo. Religiozni sinkretizem se v Latinski Ameriki kaže v spajanju različnih, tudi nasprotujočih si verovanj in prepričanj. Povezujejo se predvsem verovanja arhaičnih civilizacij, afriška verovanja ter krščanska vera kolonizatorjev. Skozi celotno zgodovino je pri stiku teh kultur na območju Latinske Amerike prišlo do sinkretičnega spajanja. Religiozni sinkretizem v življenju Latinoameričanov obstaja še dandanes. Sprva bom raziskala zgodovino avtohtonih prebivalcev na Kubi (ljudstva Guanajatabey, Siboney in Taíno) ter njihove obrede in prepričanja. Nato bom omenila odkritje Latinske Amerike, ki je prineslo evangelizacijo in kolonizacijo, pri čemer so se srečale tri različne kulture: kulture Evropejcev, Indijancev in afriških sužnjev. Raziskala bom tudi vpliv kubanske revolucije na religijo. Glavni poudarek zaključne naloge je na analizi sinkretičnih religij na Kubi, pri čemer se bom osredotočila na afrokubanske verske prakse, ki so se pojavile kot posledica transkulturacije. Analizirala bom verstva, ki so se na Kubi razvila iz sinkretičnega spajanja, osredotočila se bom predvsem na kubanski santerizem, palo monte, vudu in spiritizem. Na koncu bom raziskala še sodobno versko dogajanje in prakticiranje sinkretizma na Kubi. This thesis seeks to shed light on the issue of religious syncretism in Cuba. It is about the coexistence of several religious beliefs that have been intertwined and influencing each other since the discovery of the Americas. Religious syncretism in Latin America is manifested in the fusion of different, even contradictory, beliefs and convictions. In particular, the beliefs of archaic civilisations, African beliefs and the Christian faith of the colonisers are linked. Throughout history, the contact between these cultures has led to a syncretic fusion in Latin America. Religious syncretism is still present in the reality of Latin Americans today. I will first investigate the history of the indigenous peoples of Cuba (the Guanajatabey, Siboney and Taíno peoples) and their rituals and beliefs. Then I will mention the discovery of Latin America, evangelisation and colonisation, which brought about the meeting of three different cultures: that of the Europeans, that of the Indians and that of the African slaves. I will also explore the impact of the Cuban Revolution on religion. The main focus of the thesis is on the analysis of syncretic religions in Cuba, where I will focus on Afro-Cuban religious practices that emerged as a result of transculturation. I will analyse the religions that have developed in Cuba out of syncretic fusion, focusing in particular on Cuban Santerismo, Palo Monte, Voodoo and Spiritism. Finally, I will explore contemporary religious developments and the practice of syncretic practices in Cuba.

Umetna prekinitev nosečnosti ter druge pravice v povezavi s spolnim in z reproduktivnim zdravjem, predvsem žensk, na svetovni ravni pod okriljem Organizacije združenih narodov veljajo za temeljne človekove pravice. Kljub temu te niso zagotovljene v vseh državah po svetu niti v vseh državah Evropske unije. Med zadnjimi državami članicami je leta 2018 abortus (delno) legalizirala tudi Republika Irska. V magistrskem delu z naslovom »Katoliška Irska na poti do legalizacije abortusa: Analiza predreferendumskega dogajanja« sem pokazala, zakaj in kako so RKC, njena doktrina in katoliške vrednote, zasidrane v irski kolektivni (religijski) spomin, vplivale na zapoznelo liberalizacijo amandmaja o abortusu v primerjavi z drugimi državami zahodne Evrope. V iskanju odgovorov sem preučila zgodovinsko-politično dogajanje in analizirala predreferendumsko dogajanje ter ugotovila, da so na končni razplet referenduma o razveljavitvi osmega amandmaja vplivali številni škandali vidnih predstavnikov RKC, prav tako sprememba v diskurzu gibanja za izbiro, dejavnost feminističnih skupin in novo polje družbenih razprav – družabna omrežja. Artificial abortion and other rights related to sexual and reproductive health, especially of women, are considered fundamental human rights worldwide under the auspices of the United Nations. However, these are not guaranteed in all countries around the world, neither in all countries of the European Union. One of the last Member States to have (partially) legalized abortion in 2018 was the Republic of Ireland. In my master's thesis entitled "Catholic Ireland towards Legalizing Abortion: An Analysis of Pre-Referendum Events", I have showed why and how the RCC, its doctrine and Catholic values anchored in Irish collective (religious) memory, compared to other Western European countries, influenced the belated liberalization of the abortion amendment. Searching for answers, I studied historical and political events and analyzed the pre-referendum events to find out that the final outcome of the referendum on the repeal of the Eighth Amendment was influenced by numerous scandals of prominent RCC representatives, as well as a change in the discourse of the election movement, feminist groups. - social networks.

Leta 750 so ibaditi v Omanu ustanovili prvo ibadsko državo-imamat. Imamat je dve leti kasneje uničila vojska abasidskega kalifata in oblast so prevzeli suniti. 791 so se ibaditi s pomočjo iz tujine uprli in ponovno prevzeli oblast ter ponovno vzpostavili imamat. Vse do leta 866 je v Imamatu vlada relativna stabilnost, nato je prišlo do razkola, ki je Imamat razdelil na dva tabora in ga oslabil kar je omogočilo, da je 1154 oblast prevzela dinastija Nabhani, 1508 pa so oblast prevzeli Portugalci. Portugalska okupacija je poenotila Oman in Omanci so sprožili več uporov, a jim Portugalcev ni uspelo pregnati. Šele v začetku 17. stol., ko so v regijo prišli Britanci in oslabili Portugalce, so Omanci z novoizvoljenim imamom Nasirjem bin Murshidom iz hiše Ya'Aruba, izgnali Portugalce. Po smrti tretjega imama iz hiše Ya'Aruba, pa so nejasnosti glede nasledstva znotraj družine zanetile spor, ki je prerasel v državljansko vojno. Državljanska vojna je povzročila zaton dinastije Ya'Aruba in vzpon hiše Al Busaidi. Pod dinastijo Al Busaidi je prišlo do preobrazbe Omana iz imamata v sultanat, večati pa se je začel tudi britanski vpliv v Omanu Vse večji britanski vpliv, pa je vodil do vse večjega nezadovoljstva Omancev, kar je rezultiralo v več vstajah oz. revolucijah, katerih cilj je bil odprava sultanata in ponovna vzpostavitev imamata. Dvakrat je revolucionarjem ponovno vzpelo vzpostaviti imamat, a oba imamata so Britanci uničili in ponovno vzpostavili sultanat. In 750, the Ibadis founded their first state - the Imamate in Oman. The Imamate was two years later destroyed by the Abbasid Caliphate army ant the Sunnis came to power. In 791, the Ibadis with the foreign help rebelled and retook power and reestablished the Imamate. Up until 866 there was relative stability in the Imamate, then a rift occurred, which split the Imamate into two camps. The rift weakened the Imamate, which allowed the Nabhani dynasty to take power in 1154. In 1508, the dynasty was overthrown by the Portuguese. The Portuguese occupation reunited Oman and the Omanis rebelled several times but were unsuccessful and had to wait until the early 17th century. In the early 17th century, the British came to the region and weakened the Portuguese. The Omanis took this chance and with their newly elected imam Nasir bin Murshid from the house of Ya'Aruba they expelled the Portuguese. After the death of the third imam from the house of Ya’Aruba, the confusion regarding the succession caused a dispute within the family, which escalated into a civil war. The civil caused the demise of the Ya’Aruba dynasty and the rise of the house of Al Busaidi in 1749. Under the Al Busaidi dynasty Oman was transformed from an Imamate to a Sultanate. At the same time the British influence started to increase, which led to increased dissatisfaction among the Omanis which resulted in several uprisings and revolutions that aimed to abolish the Sultanate and to reestablish the Imamate. Twice the revolutionaries successfully reestablished the Imamate, but both Imamates were destroyed by the British who then reestablished the Sultanate.

V diplomskem delu se avtorica posveča identitetnim procesom mladih muslimanov in muslimank, bosansko-hercegovskega porekla, ki bivajo v Republiki Sloveniji. Upoštevajoč njihov pogled na islam kot religijo, partnerske odnose, sklenitev zakonske zveze, družino, razporeditev vlog med spoloma in enakopravnost spolov, ugotavlja, na kakšen način religijski dejavniki vplivajo na njihovo mišljenje, dejanja in samo-identifikacijo v slovenski, sekularni družbi. Ugotovitve terenskega dela avtorica analizira in interpretira s pomočjo etnografske študije Lori Peek (2005) in klasifikacije Åke Sanderja (1997). S prepoznavanjem religijskih dejavnikov, ki vplivajo na oblikovanje identitete, dopolnjuje njune ugotovitve in opozarja na heterogenost muslimanske skupnosti v Sloveniji. Med drugim obravnava zlasti mlade muslimane in osvetljuje tudi vplive sekularnega okolja na identifikacijske procese mladih muslimanov in muslimank v bošnjaški skupnosti v Republiki Sloveniji. The following research focuses on the identity processes of young muslims of Bosnian-Hercegovian origin, living in the Republic of Slovenia. Considering their view of islam as a religion, partnerships, marriage, family, gender roles and gender (in)equality, author determines, whether religious factors influence their thinking and self-identification in a secular society. Author analizes and interprets the findings of her fieldwork, by using the ethnographic study by Lori Peek (2005) and the classification of Åke Sander (1997). By recognizing the religious factors that influence the formation of the identity of young muslims, she supplements the findings of Peek and Sander and also draws attention on the heterogenity and influences of the secular environment within the Bosniak-muslim community in the Republic of Slovenia.

Magistrsko delo želi pokazati, kako nam primer teologije osvoboditve lahko pomaga pri oblikovanju sodobnih teorij sociologije religije. Prikaz krize koncepta religije, do katerega pripeljejo sociološki in religiološki kritiki v zadnji četrtini 20. stoletja, tvori prvi del magistrskega dela. Očitki kritikov so se osredotočali predvsem na protestantsko razumevanje religije kot nekaj povsem intelektualističnega, tj. esencializacijo religije kot verovanja v Boga, ki je omejeno na specializirane družbene institucije. Pokažemo, da takšna konceptualizacija koncepta religije onemogoča analitično plodno raziskovanje. Da bi pokazali, zakaj koncept religije kljub temu lahko obdržimo, se v drugem delu obračamo k latinskoameriški teologiji osvobodite. Sprva jo predstavimo kot koherenten teološki nauk, nato pa jo analiziramo kot družbeno gibanje. Pokažemo, da socio-analitična, hermenevtična in praktična mediacija tvorijo ključne elemente nauka. Gibanje teologije osvoboditve predstavimo skozi prizmo občih družbenih pogojev, institucionalnih značilnosti katoliške cerkve ter kolektivnega habitusa, ki so potrebni za razvoj gibanja. Četudi v zaključku drugega dela predstavimo krizo gibanja, njeno analizo odložimo na konec tretjega dela. V ta namen v slednjem sprva na primeru teorije racionalne izbire, ki smo jo izbrali kot učbeniški primer sodobne sociološke teorije religije, pokažemo na temeljne pomanjkljivosti omenjenega pristopa, čigar ključna značilnost je njegova neutelešenost. S pomočjo nauka teologije osvoboditve kot utelešene teologije pokažemo na pomembnost vključitve telesa v analitični aparat sociologije religije. V zaključku tretjega dela se vrnemo k analizi krize teologije osvoboditve, pri čemer soočimo analitično nezadovoljivo teorijo racionalne izbire z nereduktivnim materialističnim pristopom Manuela Vásqueza, enega izmed utemeljiteljev sodobnega materialnega obrata v raziskovanju religije. Na ta način pokažemo, da lahko krizo teologije osvoboditve razumemo zgolj z materialistično analizo ter da teologija osvoboditve tvori enega izmed ključnih intelektualnih tokov sodobne materialistične teorije religije. This master’s thesis aims to show how liberation theology can aid in formulating contemporary sociological theories of religion. The first part of the thesis demonstrates the crisis of religion as a concept, which was brought about by sociological and religious studies critics during the final quarter of the 20th century. In sum, these critics point to a protestant bias, because of which religion is understood as completely intellectualistic, thus labelling religion as primarily a matter of belief in a god, a phenomenon in fact limited to specialized social institutions. Having established that this conceptualization makes the category of religion analytically powerless, we turn to the Latin American liberation theology in order to demonstrate how the concept of religion may yet be useful. First, we analyse it as a coherent theological teaching, before examining liberation theology as a social movement. While socio-analytical, hermeneutical and practical mediations comprise the main elements of the teaching, we analyse the movement through the social conditions, institutional characteristics and collective habitus needed for its emergence. The second part of the thesis is rounded up by showcasing the crisis of the movement while he analysis itself is postponed until the closing sections of the third part. We begin the latter by presenting rational choice theory as a default contemporary sociological theory of religion, explaining its shortcomings, which primarily stem from the fact that it is a disembodied theory. Turning once again to liberation theology as an example of an embodied theology, we propose key analytical advantages of integrating the body into the analytical apparatus of the sociology of religion. Having done so, we return to analysing the crisis of liberation theology. We confront the analytically insufficient rational choice theory with the non-reductive materialist approach of Manuel Vásquez, one of the founders of the material turn in the study of religion. By doing so, we show how the crisis of liberation theology can only be properly understood from a materialist point of view, while also demonstrating how liberation theology forms one of the key intellectual currents in contemporary materialist theories of religion.

V diplomski nalogi sem se posvetila odnosu med Rusko pravoslavno cerkvijo in sektami. Izbrano temo sem najprej obdelala s teoretičnega vidika, v drugem delu naloge pa sem teoretični podlagi dodala konkretne primere nekaterih ruskih sekt in povzela družbene spremembe, ki so pripeljale do njihovega nastanka ter kasneje vplivale na spreminjanje odnosa med ločinami in oblastmi. Do pojava sektaštva v Rusiji je prvič prišlo po razkolu ali shizmi v Ruski pravoslavni cerkvi v 17. stoletju, ki so ga povzročile cerkvene reforme patriarha Nikona. Nastalo je močno opozicijsko gibanje staroobredcev ali razkolnikov. Pod njihovim pokroviteljstvom naj bi potekali različni upori, kar je oblastem dalo še dodatne razloge za njihovo preganjanje. Tako kot skupnosti staroobredcev, je tudi druge kmečke verske ločine in iskalce Boga vodilo utopično iskanje božjega kraljestva na zemlji. Vsem je bilo skupno, da so zavračale uradno cerkev in državno oblast. Med najbolj znane sekte v ruski kulturni zgodovini spadajo duhoborci, molokani ali pivci mleka, popotniki ali stranniki, sobotniki, hlisti in pa nekoliko bolj radikalni kapitonovci in skopci. Vse verske ločine, ki so se pojavile na ozemlju Rusije med 17. in 20. stoletjem, so bile praviloma preganjane s strani cerkvenih in posvetnih oblasti, čeprav je bilo v nekaterih obdobjih nemogoče ločiti med enimi in drugimi. Celotne skupnosti so bile pogosto obsojene na izgnanstvo v odročne predele države. Kljub preganjanju in splošni sovražnosti do religije v sovjetskem obdobju, se je nekaterim starim sektam v Rusiji uspelo ohraniti vse do šestdesetih let 20. stoletja. V izbranem časovnem okvirju se uradna drža Ruske pravoslavne cerkve in s tem tudi njen odnos do verskih ločin nista bistveno spreminjala, je pa mogoče opaziti spremembe v odnosu posvetne oblasti do cerkve in posledično tudi do sekt. This undergraduate thesis focuses on relations between the Russian Orthodox Chruch and religious sects. The first part of the thesis describes the chosen topic from a theoretical point of view, while the second part dives into specific examples of some Russian sects and summarizes the social changes that lead to their formation and later influenced the changing relations between the sects and the authorities. Sectarianism first appeared in Russia after the great schism, also known as Raskol in the Russian Orthodox Church in the 17th century, caused by the patriarch Nikon's church reforms. A powerful oppositional movement of the Old Believers was formed. It is believed that many different rebellions were lead under their patronage, which gave the authorities additional reasons for their persecution. Old Believers' communities as well as other religious sects consisting mostly of peasantry were lead by the utopian search of the Heavenly Kingdom on Earth. Their common trait was the denial of the official Orthodox Church and State's authority. Among the most renowned religious sects in Russia's cultural history are the Doukhobors, Molokans, Stranniks, Subbotniks, Khlysty and the slightly more radical Kapitonovtsy and Skoptsy. All heretical sects which appeared on Russia's territory between 17th and 20th Century were invariably persecuted by both ecclesiastical as well as secular authorities, although in it was impossible to distinguish between one and the other in certain eras. Whole communities were often sentenced to exile in the country's most remote areas. Despite the continuous persecution and a general hostility towards religion in the Soviet era, some of the oldest sects in Russia managed to survive until the 1960s. In the chosen time frame, the official stand of Russian Orthodox Church and consequently its relations towards sectarianism had not changed significantly. However it is possible to notice some changes in the State's stance towards the Church and consequently towards the religious sects as well.

Diplomsko delo analizira migracije in pojme povezane z njimi. Opiše vrste migracij ter vzroke in motive za le-te. Nadaljuje z »begunskim valom« iz leta 2015, ki ga je sprožila sirska vojna. Ker so se te migracije dotaknile tudi Slovenije, je država vzpostavila namestitvene centre, kjer so se begunci naspali in okrepčali, hkrati pa jih je imela država s tem pod nadzorom. Ko se posamezniki ali skupine izselijo iz svoje matične države, se morajo vključiti v novo okolje. Pomembno je, da integracija poteka dvosmerno, saj uspešna vključitev v družbo ne temelji le na priseljencih, temveč tudi na družbi sami. Nevladne organizacije so tiste, ki beguncem na podlagi informiranja in izobraževanja olajšajo prehod v novo politično, ekonomsko in socialno družbo. Te organizacije delujejo v javno dobro in pripomorejo k bolj uspešni integraciji. Rezultati dela izhajajo iz opravljenih polstrukturiranih intervjujev z različnimi akterji in iz opravljanja terenskega dela v samem namestitvenem centru. The aim of this bachelor work is to analize migrations and related concepts. It describes types of the migrations and the causes and motives behind them. It continues with the refugee wave in 2015, triggered by the Syrian war. Since these migrations touched Slovenia, the state set up accommodation centers, where refugees slept and strengthened, while at the same time the state had them under control. When individuals or groups emigrate from their home country, they must be involved in a new environment. It is important that integration is two-way, since successful integration into society is not only based on immigrants, but also on society itself. Non-governmental organizations are facilitating the transition to a new political, economic and social society through information and education for refugees. These organizations work in the public interest and contribute to more successful integration. The results of the work are derived from semi-structured interviews with various actors and from the field work in the accommodation center itself.

V diplomskem delu je obravnavan pojem religijie v navezavi z negativnim vplivom in učinki globalizacije. V okviru religioznega nasilja so podrobneje predstavljeni in opredeljeni ključni pojmi, ki so povezani z fundamentalizmom, verskim nacionalizmom in terorizmom. Predstavljeni so vzroki in okoliščine, na katere se nanaša vzpon religijskega nasilja in samo pojavnost le-tega v času globalizacije. Prikazani so vidiki in ozadje nastanka nasprotnosmernih učinkov, ki prispevajo h globljemu poznavanju le- teh, saj so kompleksni in individualni. Sovpadajo z današnjim zaznavanjem osebne in skupinske marginalizacije in odrinjenosti določenih skupin v odnosu do Zahodne Evrope in ZDA. Pojavlja se občutek dvojnih standardov, zaradi globalnega vpliva in to pogosto postane temeljni razlog za stopnjevanje religioznega nasilja in zatekanje nazaj k tradicijam. V diplomskem delu s raziskovali, kakšne odzive je možno opaziti v religiji in zakaj so se kot takšni pojavili. Na podlagi analize treh konceptov, ki so bili podani s strani izbranih avtorjev, smo poskušali ugotoviti, kakšni so temeljni razlogi za pojavnost in primerjati te tri koncepte. This thesis deals with the notion of religion in relation to the negative impact and effects of globalization. In the context of religious violence, key concepts related to fundamentalism, religious nationalism and terrorism are presented and defined in more detail. There are presented causes and circumstances, which refer to the rise of religious violence and its occurrence in the age of globalization. The aspects and background of the emergence of counterclockwise effects are shown, which contribute to a deeper knowledge of these, as they are complex and individual. They coincide with today's perception of the personal and group marginalization and detachment of certain groups in relation to Western Europe and the USA. There is a sense of double standards, due to global influence and this often becomes a fundamental reason for escalating religious violence and resorting back to traditions. In the thesis we explored which responses can be observed in religion and why did they appeared as such. Based on the analysis of the three concepts, provided by selected authors, I tried to find out what are the fundamental reasons for the occurrence and compared these three concepts.

V diplomskem delu želim prikazati način verovanja mladih danes. Ker živimo v obdobju sprememb, spremembe pa se odražajo tudi v sferi religije in njene vloge v družbi, sem v diplomskem delu želela ugotoviti, kakšno vlogo religiji pripisujejo danes mladi ter kako verujejo. Spremembe so se odražale kot večplastni proces, pri katerem gre na eni strani za zmanjševanje moči krščanstva, po drugi pa za preoblikovanje ali nadomeščanje krščanstva. Diplomsko delo poda teoretski pregled novodobništva, ki je razmeroma mlado gibanje in se je pojavilo v sedemdesetih letih 20. stoletja. Kljub kratkemu času obstoja je gibanje postalo pomemben del sodobne kulture. V drugem delu diplomske naloge sem izvedla kratki empirični del. Vprašanja za anketni vprašalnik so bila vzeta iz raziskave srednješolci in religija, prof. Marka Kerševana. Raziskava je bila izvedena leta 1969 in prav v tem študijskem letu praznuje 50-letnico izvedbe. Ker se je raziskava osredotočila na krščanstvo, sem tudi jaz v svojem diplomskem delu poskušala prikazati temeljne značilnosti krščanstva oz. cerkve kot institucije ter krščanstvo povezati z novodobništvom. Tudi v krščanstvu je namreč podobno kot na drugih področjih družbe v drugi polovici 20. stoletja prišlo do temeljnih sprememb, s katerimi se je krščanstvo po eni strani odzvalo na zunanje pritiske ter si po drugi strani odprlo novo pot razvoja. Vodilo celotnega dela je zastavljeno raziskovalno izhodišče, ki se glasi: Tudi mlada populacija veruje? Raziskovalno izhodišče sem dokazala s pomočjo izvedene raziskovalne ankete, v katero sem zajela vzorec 42 mladih, starih med 21 in 28 let. Ob izvedeni anketi ter analizi rezultatov sem prišla do zaključka, da mlada populacija veruje, a veruje na drugačen način. Vsak posameznik lahko v sodobnem svetu, za katerega je značilna kulturna in socialna raznolikost, oblikuje svoj lasten pogled na svet ter svobodno izbira med različnimi religijskimi sistemi. The intention of my bachelor’s thesis is to show the way of religious beliefs of the young population today. As we live in the period of changes which also reflects on the sphere of religion and its role in the society, my intention is to find out how young people feel about religion and whether they still have faith. Changes reflect as a multilayered process: on one hand, as a diminishing strength of Christianity and on the other hand, as a transformation or substitution of Christianity. My thesis will show theoretical view of New Age as a relatively young movement which appears in 1970s. Although it is a relatively young movement, it has become an important part of modern society. The second part of my thesis is a short empirical part. A survey questionnaire was taken from the previous survey of professor Marko Kerševan about high school students and religion. The above-mentioned survey took place in 1969 and today, it celebrates its 50th anniversary. The focus of research was Christianity. In my thesis, I also tried to show the basic characteristics of Christianity or the church as an institution and the connection between Christianity and the New Age movement. Namely, in Christianity, like in other areas of the society, in the second half of the 20th century, fundamental changes took place. Therefore, Christianity, on one hand, responded to external pressures and, on the other, opened a new path of development. The guideline of the whole work is the research question: does even the young population believe? I proved the research question through a research survey which included a sample of 42 young people aged between 21 and 28. The conclusion of the survey shows after analyzing the results that the young population believes. However, it believes differently. In the modern world, each individual characterized by cultural and social diversity can form his own worldview and make his own choice between different religions.

V diplomskem delu predstavljam (žensko) redovništvo kot družbeni pojav ter podrobno opisujem vse njegove konstitutivne elemente. Za razumevanje (ženskega) redovništva kot družbenega pojava moramo v najširšem smislu razumeti tudi njegovo hierarhično strukturo1, kjer so na dnu piramide same članice redov, torej redovnice, na vrhu piramide pa RKC kot krovna organizacija, redovi ter redovnice pa delujejo pod njenim okriljem. Redove uvrščamo med religijske organizacije in so sestavni del strukture RKC. Ženske v RKC ne morejo pridobiti statusa klerika – ženski redovi so tako izključno laiški. Posameznik oz. posameznica si z vstopom v red (lahko) zagotovi ugleden družbeni status, saj v družbi redovništvo ne velja za običajno, temveč za nekaj posebnega in (včasih) večvrednega. Poznamo dve vrsti redov: aktivne in kontemplativne – redovniki in redovnice v aktivnih redovih so lahko v svojem okolju dejavno udeleženi, tisti, ki so v kontemplativnih redovih, pa so od okolja ločeni. Skozi izvedene intervjuje, ki predstavljajo »glas« redovnic, opisujem, kakšen je odnos redovništva v povezavi z javno sfero v Sloveniji – od diskriminacije, vpliva redovništva, uspešnosti izpolnjevanja poslanstva do sprememb v redovništvu itd. In the following diploma thesis I introduce (female) monasticism as a social phenomenon and provide detailed descriptions of all its constituent elements. In order to understand (female) monasticism as a social phenomenon we have to understand its hierarchical structure2 in the broad sense. At the bottom of the pyramid we find the female members of the religious orders – nuns –, and at the very top of the pyramid we find the Roman Catholic Church (RCC) as the umbrella organisation under whose authority religious orders and nuns work. Orders are classified as religious organisations and present an integral part of the RKC structure. Women in the RKC cannot acquire the status of priest, making female orders exclusively lay. By joining a religious order you can guarantee yourself a respectful social status. Monasticism is, in fact, not regarded as something ordinary in society but instead as something special and (sometimes) superior. There are two types of religious orders, active and contemplative. Monks and nuns in active religious orders can be actively involved in their local communities, whereas those in contemplative religious orders are isolated from their environment. In this diploma thesis I present the role of women within the RKC. Through interviews, which represent the “voice” of nuns, I describe the relationship between monasticism and the Slovenian public sphere – from discrimination, the influence of monasticism, the successfulness of nuns fulfilling their purposes, to the changes in monasticism, etc.

Samomor je v islamu strogo prepovedan, a skozi teoretsko analizo različnih avtorjev vidimo, da je v določenih okoliščinah razumljen kot sprejemljiv ali celo zaželen. Do tega prihaja zaradi različnih interpretacij svetih tekstov in posledično različnega pogleda na iste zadeve. Gre za versko utemeljevanje in upravičevanje nasilnih dejanj, pri čemer so interpretacije oblikovane tako, da podpirajo lastne interese. Pri tem ključno vlogo igra koncept džihada, svete vojne, ki vodi do različnih interpretacij in posledičnega delovanja v vsakdanjem življenju. Pomemben je tudi koncept mučeništva, ki zaradi različnih interpretacij pripelje do točke, kjer je posameznik, ki je storil samomor, razumljen kot mučenik in ne kot samomorilec. Suicide in Islam is strictly forbidden, but through the theoretical analysis of various authors, we see that in certain circumstances it is understood as acceptable or even desirable. This is due to various interpretations of sacred texts and consequently different views on the same issues. It is about religious justification and the justification of acts of violence, with interpretations designed to support their own interests. The key role is played by the concept of Jihad, holy war, which leads to different interpretations and consequential actions in everyday life. Also important is the concept of martyrdom because of different interpretations lead to the point where an individual who has committed suicide, seen as a martyr and not as a suicide.

V diplomskem delu sem preučeval vlogo religije v historičnem razvoju Tibeta. Preučevanje sem začel z orisom tradicionalne teokratične tibetanske družbe, njenih temeljnih institucij in slojev ter nadaljeval z zgodovinskim razvojem Tibeta od 5. stoletja pred našim štetjem in naselitve prvih kultur znotraj tibetanskega geografskega območja, pa vse do prelomnega leta 1950. Omenjena letnica predstavlja leto kitajske komunistične okupacije, kateri sem v nadaljevanju posvetili posebno pozornost zaradi radikalnih posegov in sprememb znotraj tradicionalne tibetanske družbene ureditve, ki je od omenjenega leta dalje podvržena intenzivnim reformam z namenom modernizacije in zamejitvije vpliva religije. Z neposrednim napadom na religijo, njene institucije in vpliv v družbi ter vsakdanjem življenju, Kitajska spreminja tibetansko kulturo in etnično identiteto. V zadnjem poglavju sem zato pozornost namenil tudi vprašanju Tibeta v prihodnosti. V zaključku ugotavljam, da je aktualni tibetansko-kitajski konflikt v svojem temelju historični konflikt, saj njegovi zametki segajo daleč v zgodovino, vendar pa je svojevrsten, saj kitajska komunistična oblast ne priznava tibetanske tradicionalne, na načelih tibetanskega budizma utemeljene zasebne in javne družbene sfere, ki si jo poskuša podjarmiti tudi na silo. Ključni doprinos pa gre aktualnemu Dalajlami, ki iz izgnanstva skuša zagotoviti mirno razrešitev konflikta in vprašanja tibetanske prihodnosti. In this dissertation, the role of the religion in the historical development of Tibet is studied. The research starts by outlining the traditional theocratic Tibetan society, its basic institutions, and social stratification, and continues with the overview of the historical development of the region, from the time of the first cultures settling within the Tibetan geographical area in the 5th century BC until the Chinese Communist occupation in 1950. The latter is a subject of particular attention, due to its radical intervention and changes within the traditional Tibetan society which has since seen intensive reforms driven by the efforts of modernization and curbing the influence of the religion. With a direct attack on Tibetan religion, its institutions and influence in the society and everyday life, China is increasingly changing the Tibetan culture and ethnic identity. Therefore, the last chapter is also devoted to the issue of Tibet in the future. In conclusion, it is discussed that despite the fact that it originates from historical factors, the current Tibetan-Chinese conflict is somewhat peculiar. This peculiarity is based on the fact that the renunciation of Tibetan culture, based on the principles of Tibetan Buddhism, and justified private and institutional distinctiveness, by the Chinese authorities, often results in forceful subjugation. On the other hand, the key contribution to the relatively stabilized conditions goes to the current Dalai Lama, who, from exile, seeks to ensure a peaceful resolution of the conflict and the question of the Tibetan future.

Magistrsko delo na primeru skupnosti Tjuntjuntjara preučuje vpliv moderne družbe na družbo avstralskih staroselcev – Aboriginov v Zahodni Avstraliji,. V delu na osnovi številnih virov sklepamo o okvirnem času prihoda Aboriginov na avstralsko ozemlje ter podrobneje opišemo razvoj in današnje stanje aboriginskih skupnosti Zahodne Avstralije. S terenskim delom smo pridobili pomembne informacije o organizaciji in trenutnih problemih odročnih, obmestnih in mestnih skupnosti, preučevali pa smo tudi lokacijo območij, kjer se skupnosti nahajajo. Ugotovili smo, da lokacija pripomore k ohranjanju tradicionalnega načina življenja Aboriginov v Zahodni Avstraliji, vendar pa tudi v najbolj odročnih skupnostih zaznamo vpliv moderne zahodne družbe, ki krha tradicijo Aboriginov. Razlike med mestnimi in odročnimi skupnostmi so predvsem v številu pripadnikov, prisotni tradiciji in organizaciji ter geografskih lastnosti lokacije. Pri sociološkem orisu skupnosti smo izpostavili največje vplive zahodne družbe na tradicijo Aboriginov v skupnostih, med katerimi so vpliv zahodnih zakonov, šole, sodobne tehnologije in popolna finančna odvisnost od državnega financiranja. Odnosi med Aborigini in zahodno družbo so postavljeni hierarhično, pri čemer je prevlada zahodne družbe izrazito v ospredju. Skupnost Tjuntjuntjara je primer skupnosti, v kateri delujejo dobre prakse ohranjanja tradicionalnega življenja Aboriginov, ki pa je vedno bolj ogrožen zaradi prevlade zahodne družbe v Zahodni Avstraliji. The master’s thesis on the case of the Tjuntjuntjara community explores the influence of the modern society on the society of Australian indigenous people – Aboriginal people in Western Australia. Based on the various sources, we estimate the approximate time of the arrival of Aboriginal people to the Australian territory, and describe in detail the development and present state of the Aboriginal communities. Fieldwork was conducted to gain an important information about the organization and current problems of remote and urban communities. In addition, we also studied the geographical characteristics of regions where the communities are located. We discovered that the location contributes to the preservation of the traditional way of life of Aboriginal people in Western Australia, however, even in the most remote communities, the modern Western Society influences the Aboriginal tradition. The differences between urban and remote communities are mainly in the number of members, the presence of tradition and organization, and the geographical characteristics of the region. From the sociological perspective, we highlighted the major influences of Western Society on Aboriginal tradition in communities, including the influence of laws, schools, modern technology and complete financial dependence on state funding. Relationship between Aboriginal people and Western Societies is hierarchical, with the predominance of Western Society. The Tjuntjuntjara community is an example of a community with good practices of preserving the traditional life of the Aboriginal people. Nevertheless, the traditional life is becoming increasingly endangered by the on-going prevalence of Western Society in Western Australia.

Islam je v množičnih medijih reprezentiran na način, ki vključuje različne stereotipe in predsodke. Stereotipi in predsodki so se okrepili s konstituiranjem nacionalnih držav predvsem v 19. stoletju. Še večjo moč so dobili z razvojem množičnih medijev, kjer so islam in muslimani največkrat prikazani negativno: povezani z agresijo, terorizmom in »drugačnostjo«. O njih se večinoma govori le takrat, ko se v povezavi z njimi dogaja nekaj negativnega. Muslimani so v slovenski družbi še vedno dojeti kot »drugi«, manjvredni, kot tisti, ki v Slovenijo ne sodijo. Diplomska naloga preučuje stereotipe in reprezentacije islama ter muslimanov, v člankih spletnega portala 24ur. Pri preučevanju zastavljenega problema sem preverila tezo, ki sem si jo zastavila: v Sloveniji so muslimani negativno in stereotipno predstavljeni. Spletni portal 24ur.com v svojih novicah, ki se navezujejo na muslimane, odraža nestrpnost do islamske religije, muslimane povezuje s terorizmom in nasiljem, ter jih opisuje kot drugačne in nevarne za zahodno družbo. In mass media, Islam is represented in a way that involves different stereotypes and prejudices. Stereotypes and prejudices were strengthened by constitution of national countries, especially in 19th century. They got even bigger power with development of mass media, where most times Islam and Muslims are displayed negatively: linked to aggression, terrorism and ''difference''. They are mostly talked about, when something negatively is happening in connection with them. In Slovenian society, Muslims are still perceived as ''others'', inferior, like those, who don't belong to Slovenia. Diploma thesis examines stereotypes and representations of Islam and Muslims portayed in articles of web portal 24ur. In examination of my task, I checked thesis, i set: In Slovenia, Muslims are negatively and stereotypically represented. Web portal 24ur.com in its news, regarding to Muslims, reflects intolerance towards Islamic religion, connects Muslims to terrorism, violence and describes them as different and dangerous to west society.

Največja svoboda človeka je živeti in umreti po svojih prepričanjih. Tako je najpogostejša želja tistih z neozdravljivo boleznijo umreti z določeno mero dostojanstva. Prav o tem govori beseda o evtanaziji. Slovenska komisija za medicinsko etiko vztraja pri prepovedi evtanazije. Krščanski nasprotniki evtanazije se sklicujejo na svetost in nedotakljivost življenja. V Evropi evtanazijo dovoljujejo v Belgiji, na Nizozemskem, v Luksemburgu in Švici. Tako drugje po svetu kot pri nas je veliko število bolnikov, ki si ne želijo več podaljševanja agonije, ampak le še umreti. Kljub takim primerom evtanaziji še vedno nasprotujejo strokovnjaki različnih religijskih ozadij, kot na primer Anton Mlinar, ki trdi, da »ni nobene potrebe, da bi uzakonili evtanazijo, saj s to pravico nobena družba nič ne pridobi, ampak kvečjemu izgubi« (Mlinar, 12. 4. 2018). V diplomski nalogi bom najprej opisal postopek evtanazije in njene zvrsti, argumente za in proti evtanaziji ter teorijo kritične diskurzivne analize. V drugem delu bom z metodo diskurzivne analize preverjal, kako rimskokatoliški mediji v Sloveniji pišejo o evtanaziji, kako so v medijih prikazani evtanazija ter njeni zagovorniki in nasprotniki. V svoji nalogi tako želim prikazati, kako diskurz rimskokatoliških medijev oblikuje odnos javnosti do evtanazije. The greatest freedom of a person is to live and die by his beliefs. Thus, the most common wish of those with an incurable disease is to die with a certain degree of dignity. This is precisely what the debate surrounding euthanasia is about. The Slovenian Medical Ethics Commission insists on the euthanasia ban. Those who oppose euthanasia are in the majority Christian and refer to holiness and inviolability of life. In Europe, euthanasia is permitted in Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Switzerland. Same as in Slovenia as in around the world, there is a large number of patients who do not want to prolong their agony but simply die in peace. Despite such examples, euthanasia is still opposed by experts from different religious backgrounds, such as Anton Mlinar, who argues that "there is no need to enact euthanasia, since no society benefits from this right, but at the very least loses it" (Mlinar, 12.4. 2018). In my thesis, I will therefor first describe the process of euthanasia and its genre, the arguments for and against euthanasia, and the theory of critical discursive analysis. In the second part, I will use the method of discursive analysis to show how the Roman Catholic media in Slovenia write about euthanasia. My main goal is therefor to research how advocates and opponents of euthanasia and euthanasia itself is displayed in the media. In my work, I want to show how the discourse of the Roman Catholic media shapes the public's attitude towards euthanasia.