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This paper provides a deeper understanding to the development and implementation of a Sustainability Balanced Scorecard in the Port Authority of Cartagena, under exploratory research. Open-access documents available on different websites were used as data sources combined with semi-structured personal interviews, which took place at the highest level of the organisation from September 2021 to December 2022. The strategy developed by this government unit has changed over the years, until 2018 when a new review, led by the Planning and Management manager, established a turning point in its sustainable strategy with the introduction of the Balanced Scorecard, resulting in a major internal change for the organisation. The creation of the Strategy Planning Office, external advice from strategy-expertise consultants, IT solutions acquisition adapted to the new scenario, and several internal organisational changes, have been vital in this successful process. The Balanced Scorecard has been shown to be helpful in disseminating the sustainable strategy at all levels of the company: environmental and social actions were confined for years to the Sustainability Department, functioning as isolated actions, but now, they have reached the strategic level involving the whole organisation as part of the company's strategy. This successful process has put this organisation at the forefront of other Spanish ports, providing other port authority managers with a useful framework that can help them in their attempt to implement sustainable strategies by using the Balanced Scorecard—a framework not only valid for ports but which can also be extended to other government units.

The present research analyses how Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) practices affect Green Innovation Performance (GIP) in the Spanish wine industry. To this end, a conceptual model is proposed and contrasted through a quantitative approach based on structural equation modeling with data collected from 202 Spanish wineries between September 2021 and January 2022. The results of the research indicate that there is a positive and significant relationship between CSR and GIP. In addition, Green Intellectual Capital (GIC) and Knowledge Management (KM) partially mediate the relationship between these two variables, playing a key role in the environmental management of wineries. The present research therefore contributes to the literature in several ways. First, the study advances the understanding of CSR in the Spanish wine industry, as well as its relationship with GIP. Second, the research aims to fill a gap in the literature by studying GIC and KM as mediating variables in this link, given that, to our knowledge, there are no previous studies that have analyzed mediating variables in the CSR–GIP relationship. Third, to the best of our knowledge, the proposed model has not been previously addressed in the academic literature, which represents an advance in scientific knowledge. [EconLit citations: L66, 03, M1].

Tourism plays a fundamental role in the economy of many countries and its growth is driven by the capacity of the tourism industry to offer new products and experiences. To compete efficiently, tourism firms need to be innovative, either through increasing their efficiency or by offering new high-quality products capable of satisfying customer demands. The complexity of the tourism environment highlights the need to understand innovation patterns that contribute to improving competitiveness in tourism firms, especially in the hotel industry. Therefore, the objective of this study is twofold. First, analyze the relationship between innovation processes and competitiveness in the hotel industry. Second, study whether digitalization in the hotel industry influences the innovation-competitiveness relationship. Following an exhaustive literature review, we develop a research model with four hypotheses, which are tested through PLS on a population of 322 Spanish hotels with at least 3 stars. The results show that innovation activities alone do not increase hotel competitiveness and that hotels should digitalize their activities in order to capitalize on innovation efforts towards efficient processes and differentiated services.

Este trabajo pretende resaltar la utilidad de las metodologías activas y, en concreto, las actividades de gamificación basadas en las TICs como herramientas clave en la Educación para el Desarrollo Sostenible (EDS). En el presente estudio se ha analizado el conocimiento e implicación del estudiantado de Administración y Dirección de Empresas de la Universidad de Alicante sobre los conceptos relacionados con el Desarrollo Sostenible (DS), la Agenda 2030 y los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS). Tomando como referencia el estudiantado matriculado en la asignatura de Dirección Estratégica de la Empresa en la Universidad de Alicante, se ha llevado a cabo un análisis cuantitativo de los datos recogidos en los dos cuestionarios online autoadministrados y se ha comprobado la significatividad de la utilidad de una dinámica de innovación docente realizada en el curso 2022-2023. A raíz de los resultados y conclusiones obtenidas, destacamos la utilización de un Pasapalabra online como instrumento digital útil para promover y fomentar estas competencias en el alumnado que en el futuro ocupará puestos de responsabilidad empresarial, dado el papel clave que ocupa el sector privado en este ámbito.

Under the theoretical approaches of the resource-based view of the firm, the dynamic capabilities and the knowledge-based view of the firm, the purpose of this paper is to analyze the influence that the knowledge management infrastructure has on knowledge creation processes in primary sector companies, specifically, the aquaculture sector. For the empirical analysis, the SEM-PLS approach was used on a sample of 186 shrimp farms in Ecuador. Results confirm that the environment and organizational structure, and culture influence knowledge creation, while technological resources are not significant. This can be explained by the characteristics of the central activities of the shrimp companies and the assignment of functions. From a theoretical point of view, this paper links the knowledge-based view of the firm with the activities of the primary sector. Specifically, a theoretical model is developed in which the variables that can influence the knowledge creation processes of shrimp farms are studied. Existing works in the scientific literature that analyze both perspectives are practically nil. From a managerial perspective, given the importance of the creation and renewal of knowledge to develop organizational capabilities in the face of the dynamism of the market, the findings of this study can guide managers to understand how the combination of resources can help increase stocks of knowledge useful to business objectives.

This research analyzes how organizational ambidexterity (OA) affects sustainable performance in the Spanish wine industry, as well as the catalytic role of corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices and knowledge management infrastructure (KMI) on these variables. For this purpose, a theoretical model is elaborated based on the literature review carried out, which is contrasted following a quantitative approach by means of structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) with primary data collected from 202 Spanish wineries between September 2021 and January 2022. The research results show that there is a positive and significant relationship between OA and sustainable performance. Likewise, OA partially mediates the CSR-sustainable performance and KMI-sustainable performance relationship. Thus, the present research contributes to the literature in several ways. First, to the best of our knowledge, there are no previous studies that have analyzed the effect of OA on sustainable performance in the wine context, which represents an opportunity to advance scientific knowledge. Second, to our knowledge, there is no previous scientific production that has analyzed what may be the triggers of OA. Third, the proposed theoretical model has not been addressed previously, so that, through the research, a new way of understanding the improvement in the economic, social and environmental performance of wineries is formulated [EconLit Citations: L66, 03, M1].

Business leaders play a key role in the implementation of actions leading to the achievement of the 17 SDGs. Likewise, higher education is emerging as the principal factor in developing a sense of moral responsibility amongst university business students, who will eventually become company managers and decision makers. The aim of this research is, thus, twofold. First, to analyse university business students’ perceptions of the role of business in achieving the SDGs; and second, to examine university business students’ perceptions of the relationship between greater commitment to achieving the SDGs and business benefits. The analysis was performed with a sample of 178 business-related university students. Amongst the potential contributions made by this study we can highlight the possibility of understanding future managers’ perceptions of the role of business in achieving the SDGs, as well as the benefits that companies could derive from greater commitment to achieving these SDGs and identifying areas for improvement in university education regarding sustainable development.

El enoturismo se ha erigido en los últimos años como una de las ofertas turísticas más importantes y prósperas en España. Entre sus regiones, la provincia de Alicante, a través de la Ruta del Vino de Alicante, presenta un gran potencial de desarrollo económico y sostenible a través de dicha actividad. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo analizar en qué medida las bodegas adheridas a la Ruta del Vino de Alicante desarrollan sus actividades de enoturismo respetando las condiciones sociales, medioambientales y económicas. A través del método del caso y empleando la triangulación para incrementar la validez del estudio, la investigación pretende alcanzar dicho objetivo. Los resultados de la investigación revelan que el enoturismo representa una fuente de riqueza para las bodegas objeto de estudio, así como una herramienta efectiva para transmitir la historia local, la gastronomía y la cultura local a los turistas que llegan a sus instalaciones. Desde el plano medioambiental, destaca el compromiso de las bodegas analizadas con la adopción de acciones respetuosas con el medio que las rodea., Wine tourism has emerged in recent years as one of the most important and prosperous tourism products on offer in Spain. Among its regions, the province of Alicante and the Alicante Wine Route present great potential for economic and sustainable development. The aim of this research is to analyse the extent to which the wineries belonging to the Alicante Wine Route develop their wine tourism activities responsibly, respecting social, environmental and economic conditions. To do so, the case method has been deployed using triangulation to increase the validity of the study. The results of the research reveal that wine tourism represents a source of wealth for the wineries under study, as well as an effective tool for transmitting local history, gastronomy and local culture to the tourists who come to their facilities. From an environmental point of view, the commitment of the wineries analysed to the adoption of actions that respect the surrounding environment merits highlighting.

This research provides a deeper knowledge in the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) insight by using the bibliometric technique. The existing gap between the traditional literatura reviews and previous bibliometric studies, is covered as it is the first comprehensive analysis carried out in applying quantity, quality, and structural indicators. Web of Science Core Collection was used as the source of information, considering it the most accurate and suitable data base for these studies. This research covers the wider period-of-time possible, from 1992 to 2020, with a final sample of 771 articles in 466 reviews. Quantity indicators show the high interest that the BSC still has in the scholar’s community, pointing out Kaplan and Norton as the most productive authors,and confirming that ‘management’, ‘business’ and ‘accountability’ are its most common field of activity, although others as ‘systems’ and sustainability’ are coming to prominence; ‘Balanced Scorecard’ appears as the most remarkable keyword. Quality indicators found 32,706 citations, with Kaplan and Norton occupying again top positions as well as ‘Harvard Business Review’ as the most impacting review both in cited articles and in average. Co-citation analysis reveals the existence of a triple corecluster for articles, based on the theory, literature reviews, and case-studies.

Wine and tourism represent a perfect symbiosis, as they offer a different experience to tourists and also promote the economic, social, and environmental development of wine regions. In Spain, wine tourism is an increasingly important research field and several studies have been conducted on the role of wine routes in boosting the competitiveness of a territory, increasing wine production, improving the quality of life of citizens, and respecting the environment. However, to the best of our knowledge, the economic impact generated by these routes in Spain has not been addressed in the academic literature. To overcome this research gap, this paper aims to analyze the supply and demand of tourism activities by examining the evolution of the institutions involved in the Spanish wine routes, on the one hand, and the economic impact of these routes, on the other. The results show a sharp drop in the supply of institutions and the demand for tourist routes in 2020 as a result of COVID-19, with a decrease of 2.58% in the total number of institutions adhered to the wine routes, a decrease of 73.53% in the total number of visitors to the different Wine Routes of Spain and a decrease of 74.7% in the economic impact compared to the previous year. Likewise, the research shows the existence of differences between the Wine Routes of Spain in terms of the number of visitors and their economic impact, which could serve as a guide for managers to make investments through acquisitions and/or their own investments in wineries located on the routes with the greatest economic impact., El vino y el turismo representan una simbiosis perfecta, ya que ofrecen una experiencia diferente a los turistas, además de promover el desarrollo económico, social y medioambiental de las regiones vinícolas. En España, el enoturismo es un campo de estudio cada vez más destacado, existiendo varios estudios sobre el papel de las rutas del vino en el impulso de la competitividad de un territorio, el aumento de la producción de vino, la mejora de la calidad de vida de los ciudadanos y el respeto al medio ambiente. Sin embargo, hasta donde sabemos, el impacto económico generado por estas rutas en el país ibérico no ha sido abordado en la literatura académica. Para superar este gap de investigación, este trabajo pretende analizar la oferta y la demanda de actividades turísticas mediante el análisis de la evolución de las instituciones implicadas en las rutas del vino españolas, por un lado, y el impacto económico de estas rutas, por otro. Los resultados muestran un fuerte descenso de la oferta de instituciones y de la demanda de las rutas turísticas en 2020 como consecuencia de la COVID-19, con una disminución del 2,58% en el número total de instituciones adheridas a las rutas del vino, un descenso del 73,53% en el número total de visitantes a las diferentes Rutas del Vino de España y un descenso del 74,7% en el impacto económico respecto al año anterior. Asimismo, la investigación pone de manifiesto la existencia de diferencias entre las Rutas del Vino de España en cuanto al número de visitantes y su impacto económico, lo que podría servir de guía a los directivos para realizar inversiones mediante adquisiciones y/o inversiones propias en las bodegas ubicadas en las rutas con mayor impacto económico.

Diversas investigaciones han abordado el papel jugado por las Rutas del Vino de España para dinamizar la competitividad de un territorio, incrementar la producción vinícola, mejorar la calidad de vida de los ciudadanos y respetar el medioambiente. Sin embargo, hasta donde sabemos, el impacto de la COVID‑19 sobre dichas rutas enológicas no ha sido abordado en la literatura académica. Para superar este gap de investigación, el trabajo pretende analizar el impacto del patógeno sobre la oferta y la demanda de las actividades turísticas a través de, por un lado, el análisis de la evolución de las instituciones adheridas a las rutas del vino españolas y, por otro lado, el estudio del impacto económico de las 32 rutas que conforman dicho producto turístico., Several studies have addressed the role played by the Spanish Wine Routes in boosting the competitiveness of a territory, increasing wine production, improving the quality of life of citizens and respecting the environment. However, to our knowledge, the impact of COVID‑19 on these wine routes has not been addressed in the academic literature. In order to overcome this research gap, this paper aims to analyse the impact of the pathogen on the supply and demand of tourist activities by analysing the evolution of the institution members of the Spanish wine routes and the economic impact of the 32 routes that make up this tourist product.

La presente investigación analiza los diferentes factores que influyen en la formación del Capital Intelectual Verde (CIV) en las empresas vinícolas, contribuyendo a la literatura académica de forma notable, puesto que no se ha identificado ninguna investigación que aborde las tres dimensiones del CIV en la industria vinícola. A través del estudio del caso de una bodega, la investigación indica que, desde el punto de vista del Capital Humano Verde (CHV), elementos como los códigos de buenas prácticas ambientales, la organización de sesiones de concienciación ambiental o la asistencia a seminarios son claves para potenciar este conjunto de intangibles. En cuanto al Capital Estructural Verde (CEV), los programas de economía circular, los sistemas informáticos de medición huella de carbono e hídrica y las instalaciones ecoeficientes son claros ejemplos que permiten la formación de esta dimensión del CIV. Por último, el análisis del Capital Relacional Verde (CRV) pone de manifiesto la importancia del vínculo empresa-grupos de interés para la correcta gestión ambiental de las bodegas., The present research analyzes the different factors that influence the formation of Green Intellectual Capital (GIC) in wine companies, contributing to the academic literature in a remarkable way, since no research has been identified that addresses the three dimensions of GIC in the wine industry. Through the case study of a winery, the research indicates that, from the point of view of Green Human Capital (GHC), elements such as codes of good environmental practices, the organization of environmental awareness sessions or the attendance to seminars are key to enhance this set of intangibles. As for Green Structural Capital (GSC), circular economy programs, computer systems for measuring carbon and water footprint and eco-efficient facilities are clear examples that allow the formation of this dimension of the GIC. Finally, the analysis of Green Relational Capital (GRC) highlights the importance of the company-stakeholder link for the proper environmental management of wineries., Esta investigação analisa os diferentes factores que influenciam a formação do Capital Intelectual Verde (CIV) nas empresas vinícolas, contribuindo de forma notável para a literatura académica, uma vez que não foi identificada qualquer investigação que aborde as três dimensões do CIV na indústria vinícola. Através do estudo de caso de uma adega, a investigação indica que, do ponto de vista do Capital Humano Verde (CHC), elementos como os códigos de boas práticas ambientais, a organização de sessões de sensibilização ambiental ou a participação em seminários são fundamentais para melhorar este conjunto de intangíveis. Quanto ao Capital Estrutural Verde (CEV), programas de economia circular, sistemas informáticos de medição de pegadas de carbono e água e instalações eco-eficientes são exemplos claros que permitem a formação desta dimensão do CIV. Finalmente, a análise do Capital Relacional Verde (CRC) destaca a importância da ligação empresa-stakeholder para a correcta gestão ambiental das adegas.

The present research analyzes the different factors that influence the formation of Green Intellectual Capital (GIC) in wine companies, contributing to the academic literature in a remarkable way, since no research has been identified that addresses the three dimensions of GIC in the wine industry. Through the case study of a winery, the research indicates that, from the point of view of Green Human Capital (GHC), elements such as codes of good environmental practices, the organization of environmental awareness sessions or the attendance to seminars are key to enhance this set of intangibles. As for Green Structural Capital (GSC), circular economy programs, computer systems for measuring carbon and water footprint and eco-efficient facilities are clear examples that allow the formation of this dimension of the GIC. Finally, the analysis of Green Relational Capital (GRC) highlights the importance of the company-stakeholder link for the proper environmental management of wineries., Esta investigação analisa os diferentes factores que influenciam a formação do Capital Intelectual Verde (CIV) nas empresas vinícolas, contribuindo de forma notável para a literatura académica, uma vez que não foi identificada qualquer investigação que aborde as três dimensões do CIV na indústria vinícola. Através do estudo de caso de uma adega, a investigação indica que, do ponto de vista do Capital Humano Verde (CHC), elementos como os códigos de boas práticas ambientais, a organização de sessões de sensibilização ambiental ou a participação em seminários são fundamentais para melhorar este conjunto de intangíveis. Quanto ao Capital Estrutural Verde (CEV), programas de economia circular, sistemas informáticos de medição de pegadas de carbono e água e instalações eco-eficientes são exemplos claros que permitem a formação desta dimensão do CIV. Finalmente, a análise do Capital Relacional Verde (CRC) destaca a importância da ligação empresa-stakeholder para a correcta gestão ambiental das adegas, La presente investigación analiza los diferentes factores que influyen en la formación del Capital Intelectual Verde (CIV) en las empresas vinícolas, contribuyendo a la literatura académica de forma notable, puesto que no se ha identificado ninguna investigación que aborde las tres dimensiones del CIV en la industria vinícola. A través del estudio del caso de una bodega, la investigación indica que, desde el punto de vista del Capital Humano Verde (CHV), elementos como los códigos de buenas prácticas ambientales, la organización de sesiones de concienciación ambiental o la asistencia a seminarios son claves para potenciar este conjunto de intangibles. En cuanto al Capital Estructural Verde (CEV), los programas de economía circular, los sistemas informáticos de medición huella de carbono e hídrica y las instalaciones ecoeficientes son claros ejemplos que permiten la formación de esta dimensión del CIV. Por último, el análisis del Capital Relacional Verde (CRV) pone de manifiesto la importancia del vínculo empresa-grupos de interés para la correcta gestión ambiental de las bodegas.

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to focus on analyzing how the set of green intangibles held by wineries and their members, i.e. green intellectual capital (GIC), affects green innovation performance (GIP). Specifically, the study aims to investigate how GIP is influenced by GIC through the mediating role of the variable knowledge management (KM) and corporate social responsibility (CSR). Design/methodology/approach – The study proposes a conceptual model, based on previous studies, which is tested through structural equations (PLS-SEM) with data collected from 202 Spanish wineries. Findings – The results of the research indicate that there is a positive and significant relationship between GIC and GIP. Furthermore, CSR and KM partially mediate the relationship between these two variables, playing a key role in the environmental management of wineries. Originality/value – The present research, therefore, contributes to the literature in several ways. First, the study advances the understanding of GIC as well as its link with GIP. Second, the research aims to fill the gap in the literature through the study of CSR and KM as mediating variables in such a link. Third, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, the model proposed has not been previously addressed in the academic literature, thus representing an advance in scientific knowledge. Fourthly, no research has addressed the study of environmental intangibles in the wine industry, with this research, therefore, being a pioneer in contextualizing the study of GIC in this increasingly knowledge-intensive industry.

La actividad emprendedora tiene un gran impacto económico y social, ya que genera oportunidades y promueve la reducción de las desigualdades, contribuyendo a alcanzar algunos de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible recogidos en la Agenda 2030 como, por ejemplo, la reducción de la pobreza y de la desigualdad de oportunidades o el impulso al crecimiento económico. En este contexto la Universidad juega un papel muy relevante en la sociedad, siendo una parte esencial del sistema económico de cualquier territorio. En este sentido, la Universidad puede ser concebida como un agente de suma relevancia para facilitar la creación de una cultura basada en la innovación, mejorar la sociedad y el medioambiente en el que se localiza su actividad, así como incrementar el pensamiento creativo y trasformador en los individuos. Por tanto, dicha Institución puede actuar como catalizadora del crecimiento económico a través del emprendimiento sostenible, entendiéndose como aquella actividad emprendedora que contribuye al desarrollo sostenible. Esta actividad emprendedora trata de dar respuesta a las necesidades de desarrollo con dosis de innovación y aprovechando una oportunidad de negocio rentable (descartando la caridad o el altruismo). Desde el Sistema Universitario son cada día más importantes los esfuerzos realizados para promover un emprendimiento responsable y sostenible, tratando de desarrollar competencias y habilidades entre los estudiantes universitarios desde un enfoque transversal. En este sentido, como muchas otras, la Universidad de Alicante intenta desarrollar todo un catálogo de actividades (formación académica, programas de prácticas, programas impulso y acompañamiento, premios y reconocimientos…). Hay que tener en cuenta que las competencias describen la capacidad o disposición de actuar, aunque no permitan indicar si un individuo actuará de determinada manera en una situación específica necesariamente, debiendo entenderse como conjuntos complejos de conocimientos

This study analyses the impact of international experience on firm economic performance from the organisational learning approach. Moreover, the study explores the double mediating effect of green knowledge and eco-innovation in the relationship between international experience and economic performance. Using data from 120 Spanish internationalised agri-food companies, a structural equation model is proposed. Findings reveal that international experience does not have a direct and immediate effect on global economic performance. However, international experience positively influences eco-innovation in internationalised firms, which are exposed to more demanding environmental pressures and are able to assume this risker type of innovation with greater guarantees. Eco-innovation is more likely when the company increases its green knowledge stock, considering that the acquisition of green knowledge is also favoured by international experience. According to these results, it can be concluded that companies which do not use their international experience to acquire new knowledge and to introduce innovations, have more difficulty in improving their overall performance.

Este trabajo se centra en analizar en qué medida la Universidad de Alicante, a través de las diferentes actividades formativas que pone a disposición de su alumnado, motiva el desarrollo de competencias para el emprendimiento sostenible. Para influir en este tipo de competencias, que son fruto de un conjunto complejo de conocimientos, habilidades y actitudes, se hace necesario identificar si factores como el género, la orientación hacia el emprendimiento y/o la orientación hacia la sostenibilidad influyen en su configuración. Con este objetivo se ha llevado a cabo un estudio empírico en el que se han recogido, a través de una encuesta online, las percepciones de 101 estudiantes de grados universitarios afines a la dirección de empresas. La estimación del modelo de ecuaciones estructurales planteado nos permite concluir que el soporte que ofrece la Universidad de Alicante a través de las diferentes actividades formativas influye indirectamente en el desarrollo de competencias para el emprendimiento sostenible, influyendo sobre la orientación emprendedora y la orientación hacia la sostenibilidad de los estudiantes de dirección de empresas. Sin embargo, no se han podido constatar diferencias en ninguna de las variables estudiadas en función del género de los encuestados.

Nowadays, wineries have to cope with the many challenges that threaten their survival. In this context, environmental management and the development of intangible assets are two decisive elements for their survival. The following three research questions can be answered through this study: (1) does Green Intellectual Capital (GIC) influence Green Performance (GP)? (2) does Green Innovation (GI) influence the GIC-GP relationship? and (3) what measures can companies take to improve their GI? The results of the study show that there is a positive and significant relationship between GIC and GP, with this relationship being partially measured by the GI variable.

Global environmental problems, such as global warming, pollution, or deforestation, are critical issues that require a rapid and common response. In this context, companies play a decisive role in achieving environmental objectives through the ecological knowledge they can store and manage. In this context, the present research focuses its interest on analyzing how the set of green intangibles possessed by organizations, i.e., Green Intellectual Capital (GIC), affects their Green Performance (GP). Specifically, the study shows how GP is influenced by GIC through the mediating role of the Green Innovation (GI) variable. Therefore, the research questions to be answered by this study are as follows: Does GIC influence environmental performance? Does GI mediate the GIC-GP relationship? What actions can companies take to improve their GP? There are several reasons that have led us to carry out this research. First, there is little empirical evidence of the relationships proposed in this study. Second, to the best of our knowledge, there is no previous research that has contextualized the relationships raised in the wine industry, thus representing an advance in the comprehension of the constructs studied. Third, GIC represents an incipient field of study that needs to be developed and established within the literature linked to Intellectual Capital (IC). In order to achieve the proposed objectives, data from a survey of 202 wineries in Spain were used and a quantitative approach was followed using Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results of the research indicate that there is a positive and significant relationship between GIC and GP. In addition, GI partially mediates the relationship between these two variables, playing a key role in the environmental management of wineries. The theoretical and practical contributions of the study improve the understanding of the relationships raised, being a pioneering study due to its contextualization in the wine industry

Purpose – This paper aims to identify the gap existing between the current and future needs regarding digital skills, as well as the training needs for the 2030 horizon in Spanish tourism organisations belonging to five subsectors (accommodation, food and beverage, destination management, visitor attractions and travel agents and tour operators). Design/methodology/approach – A mixed research methodology, which combined qualitative and quantitative approaches, served as the basis for this research work. Qualitative research took place between April 2018 and March 2019 and went through three stages: desk research, focus groups and interviews. Quantitative research developed from January to June 2019 by means of an online administered survey (Qualtrics). In total, 139 Spanish tourism organisations participated. Findings – Tourism organisations analysed consider that digital skills are still an unresolved issue. Employees are willing to operate in environments where technology has an increasingly leading role. However, organisations believe that there remains a lot to be done until employees have, both at present and by the year 2030, a suitable level of digital skills enabling them to operate in the tourism subsectors analysed. Originality/value – This study is framed within the European project called Next Tourism Generation (NTG), which involves 14 partners from eight countries. The findings obtained will help to develop a Europe Blueprint Strategy for digital skills within the tourism and hospitality sector, to provide employees, employers, entrepreneurs, teachers, trainers and students with a set of core digital skills represented in a skills matrix.

Durante el presente curso, el séptimo en funcionamiento de la red de Dirección Estratégica y Diseño Organizativo, se ha continuado con el trabajo iniciado en los cursos anteriores: la revisión y actualización del material docente −teórico y práctico− empleado en las asignaturas “Dirección Estratégica de la Empresa I” y “Dirección Estratégica de la Empresa II”, impartidas ambas en el tercer curso del grado en ADE y en el cuarto de DADE, TADE e I2ADE. Otras asignaturas vinculadas a la red son la de “Diseño de la Organización”, también de ADE y sus dobles grados, y diversas materias de management cursadas en el Máster de Administración y Dirección de Empresas. Por otro lado, se ha realizado una investigación acerca de la percepción los alumnos de ADE de la Universidad de Alicante sobre los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS). Este estudio nos ha permitido conocer la necesidad de incorporar este contenido al plan de estudios de años posteriores en las asignaturas de Dirección Estratégica. Los resultados se presentaron en dos comunicaciones en las XIX Jornadas de Investigación en Docencia Universitaria, celebradas en la Universidad de Alicante a mediados del mes de junio. Finalmente, se ha enviado un trabajo para su publicación como capítulo de libro por la Editorial Octaedro.

Knowledge is a basic factor of competitiveness with a firm’s exploration and exploitation capabilities acting as the main antecedents of innovation. However, a firm has two main options to obtain new knowledge: internal generation and external acquisition. This paper analyzes how tourism firms located in tourist districts develop ambidexterity through the combination of co-exploration and co-exploitation. Specifically, we study how the features that characterize a tourist district, such as the level of firm and institutional agglomeration, affect the development of co-exploration and co-exploitation capabilities, taking into account the mediation effect of social capital. The population under study includes all the Spanish hotels located in Spanish coastal towns, making a total sample of 210 establishments. The results confirm that agglomeration has a positive impact on the ambidexterity of Spanish hotels. Moreover, the results show that agglomeration causes an increase of social capital in hotels, and that social capital has a positive impact on ambidexterity. We find that social capital partially mediates the effect of agglomeration on ambidexterity. Some implications for managers and policymakers are presented.

El horizonte marcado en el año 2030 para la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS), pone de manifiesto la necesidad de acelerar las acciones para alcanzarlos. En este contexto, se promueve la Educación para el Desarrollo Sostenible (EDS) como un instrumento para el logro de estos objetivos estimulando el pensamiento crítico de los alumnos, el sentido de responsabilidad ética y el desarrollo de competencias relacionadas con la sostenibilidad de las sociedades. La EDS cobra mayor importancia, si cabe, entre los estudiantes universitarios de titulaciones que en el futuro ocuparán puestos de responsabilidad empresarial. Por este motivo, los objetivos de este trabajo han sido analizar el nivel de conocimiento sobre los ODS de los alumnos de distintas asignaturas del ámbito empresarial, su percepción sobre la importancia y sobre la necesidad de incorporarlos en las competencias de las titulaciones universitarias. Tras realizar un cuestionario a 178 estudiantes del Grado y Máster en Administración y Dirección de Empresas, los resultados muestran que, en términos generales, los alumnos tienen cierto grado de conocimiento de los ODS y reconocen su importancia, aunque existen diferencias significativas en función del sexo y la titulación. A partir de aquí, el propósito es avanzar en los próximos cursos incorporando los distintos ODS en los contenidos de nuestras asignaturas, contribuyendo así a alcanzar las metas fijadas.

This paper provides a deeper knowledge of the implementation of the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) in the Spanish footwear industry, under an exploratory research which has been conducted with a final sample of seven firms. An online questionnaire was developed, supported by phone calls and a personal interview. An 18–24-month-period has been found to be enough to develop solid foundations for a BSC. Financial and non-financial measures are presented in the whole firms and in the majority of the four perspectives, linked by cause-and-effect relationships, showing a high development in the BSC implementation. BSCs with a high grade of development are more likely to identify their intangibles as well as include them in the firm’s strategy. A personal BSC has been identified as a limitation. Although the strategy is spread out with meetings in the whole firms, it is not known at all levels, showing a gap to be fulfilled. Strategy maps are key in BCS implementation: they are present in the majority of the firms and show that the performance drivers reach the strategy. Firms with a high grade of development and expectation, using both financial and non-financial measures linked by cause-and-effect relationships, are more likely to define sustainable measures, integrating them in their own BSC.

Recent literature in the domain of environmental management suggests that employees' behavior is vital to enhance environmental performance. Despite this, little effort has been made to study how human resource management is linked with the environmental performance. Even less attention has been given to a joint consideration of green innovation and green human resources management and their contribution to environmental performance. The purpose of the current study is to investigate the interrelationship between green high performance work system (GPWS) and environmental performance through the mediation of green ambidexterity. A variance-based structural equation modeling (partial least squares) was applied to a sample of Spanish hotel firms. The results indicate that GHPWS facilitate the development of green ambidexterity, and that this variable contributes to improved environmental performance. The results of this study make several contributions to the GHRM and green ambidexterity literature, as well as practical contributions for managers.

Purpose – This study aims to analyze the relationships between knowledge management, internationalization and ambidexterity, also exploring the influence of these variables on Spanish hotel chain performance. Hypotheses are proposed from the dynamic capabilities and knowledge-management views of the firm. Design/methodology/approach – The research model was tested on a sample of 70 Spanish hotel chains applying variance-based structural equation modeling (partial least squares). Findings – The results show that Spanish hotel chains that use knowledge management processes achieve a greater degree of internationalization and this increases their organizational ambidexterity. This study can also confirm a direct, positive and significant relationship between organizational ambidexterity and performance. Research limitations/implications – This research shows that knowledge may be considered an essential resource to improve hotel firms’ results. Spanish hotel firms should manage their knowledge to stimulate international activity because this could enhance learning capabilities related to organizational ambidexterity and positively influence performance. Originality/value – The present paper analyzes relationships between variables that had not previously been analyzed in a single model, including knowledge management, the degree of internationalization of hotel chains, ambidexterity and performance.

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo contrastar si los distritos industriales zapateros de las comarcas españolas del Vinalopó siguen teniendo vigencia en la actualidad, o si, por el contrario, la actividad zapatera desarrollada en dichas aglomeraciones empresariales ha perdido relevancia en favor de otras actividades económicas. Además, se analiza cómo dichos distritos actúan como polo de atracción de la inversión extranjera., In this research, it is contrasted whether the footwear industrial districts of the Spanish regions of Vinalopo are still valid today, or if, on the contrary, the shoemaking activity carried out in these business agglomerations has lost relevance in favor of other economic activities. In addition, it is analyzed how these districts act as a pole of attraction for foreign investment.

Although in recent years intangible assets are considered a basic factor of production, it is necessary to show that their mere possession will not always guarantee superior performance. Accordingly, based on the resource-based view of the firm and the intellectual capital-based view, this paper has a twofold purpose. First, it analyses the existing relationship between sustainable intangible capital and performance. Second, it analyses the role played by corporate social responsibility and strategic knowledge management as mediator capabilities in the relationship between sustainable intangible capital and performance. Three hypotheses are proposed and a quantitative methodology based on PLS on 120 Spanish hotels with three or more stars is used. The findings do not support the hypothesis that sustainable intangible capital directly influences hotel performance. However, the two mediating hypotheses are supported, showing that corporate social responsibility and strategic knowledge management act as mediators by creating the values, philosophy and necessary foundations for sustainable intangible capital to have a significant influence on hotel performance.

In the knowledge society, multinationals and, more specifically, their subsidiaries acquire great importance as a source of competitiveness for the multinational as a whole. From this perspective, this article has a double objective: (1) to define ambidextrous subsidiary, and (2) to explore if subsidiaries are ambidextrous. A quantitative methodology is used on a sample of 102 Spanish subsidiaries of foreign multinationals from knowledge-intensive sectors. Findings show that the subsidiaries analyzed are highly explorers of knowledge. However, despite the coherence between the roles played and their international competitive strategies, not all subsidiaries turned out to be ambidextrous. Only those with an integrated player role and transnational strategies can be considered as such., En la sociedad del conocimiento, las multinacionales y, más específicamente, sus filiales adquieren gran protagonismo como fuente de competitividad para el conjunto de la multinacional. Bajo esta perspectiva, este artículo tiene un doble objetivo: (1) ofrecer una definición de filial ambidiestra y (2) explorar si las filiales son ambidiestras. Para ello se emplea una metodología cuantitativa sobre una muestra de 102 filiales españolas de multinacionales extranjeras de sectores intensivos en conocimiento. Los resultados muestran que las filiales analizadas son altamente exploradoras de conocimiento. Sin embargo, a pesar de la coherencia que existe entre los roles desempeñados y sus estrategias competitivas internacionales, no todas las filiales resultaron ser ambidiestras. Solo aquellas con roles de jugador integrado y estrategias “transnacionales” pueden considerarse como tales., Na sociedade do conhecimento, as multinacionais e, mais especificamente, suas subsidiárias adquirem grande destaque como fonte de competitividade para a multinacional como um todo. Nessa perspectiva, este artigo tem um duplo objetivo: oferecer uma definição de subsidiária ambidestra; e explorar se as subsidiarias são ambidestras. Para tanto, foi utilizada uma metodologia quantitativa em uma amostra de 102 subsidiárias espanholas de multinacionais estrangeiras de setores intensivos em conhecimento. Os resultados mostram que as subsidiárias analisadas são altamente exploradoras de conhecimento. No entanto, apesar da consistência que existe entre os papéis desempenhados e suas estratégias competitivas internacionais, nem todas as subsidiárias se revelaram ambidestras. Apenas aquelas com papéis de jogador integrado e estratégias "transnacionais" podem considerar-se como tais.