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While local unitary transformations are used for identifying quantum states which are in the same topological class, non-local unitary transformations are also important for studying the transition between different topological classes. In particular, it is an important task to find suitable non-local transformations that systematically sweep different topological classes. Here, regarding the role of dimension in the topological classes, we introduce partially local unitary transformations namely Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) disentanglers which reduce the dimension of the initial topological model by a layer-by-layer disentangling mechanism. We apply such disentanglers to two-dimensional (2D) topological quantum codes and show that they are converted to many copies of Kitaev's ladders. It implies that the GHZ disentangler causes a transition from an intrinsic topological phase to a symmetry-protected topological phase. Then, we show that while Kitaev's ladders are building blocks of both color code and toric code, there are different patterns of entangling ladders in 2D color code and toric code. It shows that different topological features of these topological codes are reflected in different patterns of entangling ladders. In this regard, we propose that the layer-by-layer disentangling mechanism can be used as a systematic method for classification of topological orders based on finding different patterns of the long-range entanglement in topological lattice models., Comment: 9 pages, 9 figures, submitted to PRB

Vaccine hesitancy continues to be a main challenge for public health officials during the COVID-19 pandemic. As this hesitancy undermines vaccine campaigns, many researchers have sought to identify its root causes, finding that the increasing volume of anti-vaccine misinformation on social media platforms is a key element of this problem. We explored Twitter as a source of misleading content with the goal of extracting overlapping cultural and political beliefs that motivate the spread of vaccine misinformation. To do this, we have collected a data set of vaccine-related Tweets and annotated them with the help of a team of annotators with a background in communications and journalism. Ultimately we hope this can lead to effective and targeted public health communication strategies for reaching individuals with anti-vaccine beliefs. Moreover, this information helps with developing Machine Learning models to automatically detect vaccine misinformation posts and combat their negative impacts. In this paper, we present Vax-Culture, a novel Twitter COVID-19 dataset consisting of 6373 vaccine-related tweets accompanied by an extensive set of human-provided annotations including vaccine-hesitancy stance, indication of any misinformation in tweets, the entities criticized and supported in each tweet and the communicated message of each tweet. Moreover, we define five baseline tasks including four classification and one sequence generation tasks, and report the results of a set of recent transformer-based models for them. The dataset and code are publicly available at https://github.com/mrzarei5/Vax-Culture.

Entanglement is known as an important indicator for characterizing different types of quantum phase transitions (QPTs), however it faces some challenges in the Kosterlitz-Thouless (KT) phase transitions due to an essential singularity which cannot be identified in finite derivatives of the ground state energy. In this paper, we consider global entanglement (GE) in a KT phase transition and show that while it does not indicate any clear signature of the phase transition, the conditional version of GE is a good indicator with strong signatures of the KT transition. In particular, we study a deformed version of the $Z_d$ Kitaev model which has an intermediate KT phase which separates a $Z_d$ topological phase from a magnetized phase at two different KT transition points. Using a mapping to the classical $d$-state clock model, we consider GE and the generalized GE and show that they do not provide a reliable indicator of transition points. However, their difference called conditional global entanglement (Q) shows a peak at the first KT transition point. Additionally, we show that it can characterize various phases of the model as it behaves substantially different in each phase. We therefore conclude that Q is a useful measure that can characterize various phases of KT QPTs as well as their related critical points., Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures

Few-shot learning (FSL) is a challenging learning problem in which only a few samples are available for each class. Decision interpretation is more important in few-shot classification since there is a greater chance of error than in traditional classification. However, most of the previous FSL methods are black-box models. In this paper, we propose an inherently interpretable model for FSL based on human-friendly attributes. Moreover, we propose an online attribute selection mechanism that can effectively filter out irrelevant attributes in each episode. The attribute selection mechanism improves the accuracy and helps with interpretability by reducing the number of participated attributes in each episode. We propose a mechanism that automatically detects the episodes where the pool of human-friendly attributes are not adequate, and compensates by engaging learned unknown attributes. We demonstrate that the proposed method achieves results on par with black-box few-shot-learning models on four widely used datasets.

Finding suitable indicators for characterizing quantum phase transitions plays an important role in understanding different phases of matter. It is especially important for fracton phases where a combination of topology and fractionalization leads to exotic features not seen in other known quantum phases. In this paper, we consider the above problem by studying phase transition in the X-cube model in the presence of a non-linear perturbation. Using an analysis of the ground state fidelity and identifying a discontinuity in the global entanglement, we show there is a first order quantum phase transition from a type I fracton phase with a highly entangled nature to a magnetized phase. Accordingly, we conclude that the global entanglement, as a measure of the total quantum correlations in the ground state, can well capture certain features of fracton phase transitions. Then, we introduce a non-local order parameter in the form of a foliated operator which can characterize the above phase transition. We particularly show that such an order parameter has a geometric nature which captures specific differences of fracton phases with topological phases. Our study is specifically based on a well-known dual mapping to the classical plaquette Ising model where it shows the importance of such dualities in studying different quantum phases of matter., Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures, Accepted for publication in PRB

A useful approach to characterize and identify quantum phase transitions lies in the concept of multipartite entanglement. In this paper, we consider well-known measures of multipartite (global) entanglement, i.e., average linear entropy of one-qubit and two-qubit reduced density matrices, in order to study topological quantum phase transition (TQPT) in the Kitaev Toric code Hamiltonian with a nonlinear perturbation. We provide an $exact$ mapping from aforementioned measures in the above model to internal energy and energy-energy correlations in the classical Ising model. Accordingly, we find that the global entanglement shows a continuous and sharp transition from a maximum value in the topological phase to zero in the magnetized phase in a sense that its first-order derivative diverges at the transition point. In this regard, we conclude that not only can the global entanglement serve as a reasonable tool to probe quantum criticality at TQPTs, but it also can reveal the highly entangled nature of topological phases. Furthermore, we also introduce a conditional version of global entanglement which becomes maximum at the critical point. Therefore, regarding a general expectation that multipartite entanglement reaches maximum value at the critical point of quantum many-body systems, our result proposes that the conditional global entanglement can be a good measure of multipartite entanglement in TQPTs., Comment: 9 pages, 4 figures

Few-shot learning aims at recognizing new instances from classes with limited samples. This challenging task is usually alleviated by performing meta-learning on similar tasks. However, the resulting models are black-boxes. There has been growing concerns about deploying black-box machine learning models and FSL is not an exception in this regard. In this paper, we propose a method for FSL based on a set of human-interpretable concepts. It constructs a set of metric spaces associated with the concepts and classifies samples of novel classes by aggregating concept-specific decisions. The proposed method does not require concept annotations for query samples. This interpretable method achieved results on a par with six previously state-of-the-art black-box FSL methods on the CUB fine-grained bird classification dataset.

In this paper, we present a crash frequency data augmentation method based on Conditional Generative Adversarial Networks to improve crash frequency models. The proposed method is evaluated by comparing the performance of Base SPFs (developed using original data) and Augmented SPFs (developed using original data plus synthesised data) in terms of hotspot identification performance, model prediction accuracy, and dispersion parameter estimation accuracy. The experiments are conducted using simulated and real-world crash data sets. The results indicate that the synthesised crash data by CGAN have the same distribution as the original data and the Augmented SPFs outperforms Base SPFs in almost all aspects especially when the dispersion parameter is low.

The empirical Bayes (EB) method based on parametric statistical models such as the negative binomial (NB) has been widely used for ranking sites in road network safety screening process. This paper is the continuation of the authors previous research, where a novel non-parametric EB method for modelling crash frequency data data based on Conditional Generative Adversarial Networks (CGAN) was proposed and evaluated over several simulated crash data sets. Unlike parametric approaches, there is no need for a pre-specified underlying relationship between dependent and independent variables in the proposed CGAN-EB and they are able to model any types of distributions. The proposed methodology is now applied to a real-world data set collected for road segments from 2012 to 2017 in Washington State. The performance of CGAN-EB in terms of model fit, predictive performance and network screening outcomes is compared with the conventional approach (NB-EB) as a benchmark. The results indicate that the proposed CGAN-EB approach outperforms NB-EB in terms of prediction power and hotspot identification tests., Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2112.06925

In this paper, a new non-parametric empirical Bayes approach called CGAN-EB is proposed for approximating empirical Bayes (EB) estimates in traffic locations (e.g., road segments) which benefits from the modeling advantages of deep neural networks, and its performance is compared in a simulation study with the traditional approach based on negative binomial model (NB-EB). The NB-EB uses negative binomial model in order to model the crash data and is the most common approach in practice. To model the crash data in the proposed CGAN-EB, conditional generative adversarial network is used, which is a powerful deep neural network based method that can model any types of distributions. A number of simulation experiments are designed and conducted to evaluate the CGAN-EB performance in different conditions and compare it with the NB-EB. The results show that CGAN-EB performs as well as NB-EB when conditions favor the NB-EB model (i.e. data conform to the assumptions of the NB model) and outperforms NB-EB in experiments reflecting conditions frequently encountered in practice, specifically low sample means, and when crash frequency does not follow a log-linear relationship with covariates., Comment: 17 pages, 8 figures

According to research, reducing consumer energy demand through behavioural interventions is an important factor of efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and climate change.On this basis, feedback interventions that make energy consumption and conservation efforts apparent are seen as a feasible method for increasing energy-saving habits. Simulation techniques provide a convenient and cost-effective tool for examining the parameters that may affect the amount of energy saved as a result of such interventions. However, constructing a reliable model that accurately represents real-world processes is a significant issue. Five Opinion Dynamic (OD) models that depict how opinion change occurs among individuals interactions are investigated in this paper, and a Revised OD (ROD) model is suggested to develop more efficient eco-feedback simulation models. The results show that the influence condition and the weight-factor of connected opinions have a substantial impact on the accuracy of simulation outputs when compared to field experiment reports. As a result, ROD has been proposed for eco-feedback program simulations, as it provides the nearest approximation to the field data.

It has been known that encoding Boltzmann weights of a classical spin model in amplitudes of a many-body wave function can provide quantum models whose phase structure is characterized by using classical phase transitions. In particular, such correspondence can lead to find new quantum phases corresponding to well-known classical phases. Here, we investigate this problem for Kosterlitz-Thouless (KT) phase in the d-state clock model where we find a corresponding quantum model constructed by applying a local invertible transformation on a d-level version of Kitaev's Toric code. In particular, we show the ground state fidelity in such quantum model is mapped to the heat capacity of the clock model. Accordingly, we identify an extended topological phase transition in our model in a sense that, for $d \geq 5$, a KT-like quantum phase emerges between a $Z_d$ topological phase and a trivial phase. Then, using a mapping to the correlation function in the clock model, we introduce a non-local (string) observable for the quantum model which exponentially decays in terms of distance between two endpoints of the corresponding string in the $Z_d$ topological phase while it shows a power law behavior in the KT-like phase. Finally, using well-known transition temperatures for d-state clock model we give evidences to show that while stability of both $Z_d$ topological phase and the KT-like phase increases by increasing d, the KT-like phase is even more stable than the $Z_d$ topological phase for large d., Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in Physical Review B