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1. Whole-genome sequencing identifies EN1 as a determinant of bone density and fracture

Author

Zheng, H.-F. (Hou-Feng), Forgetta, V. (Vincenzo), Hsu, Y.-H. (Yi-Hsiang), Estrada Gil, K. (Karol), Rosello-Diez, A. (Alberto), Leo, P.J. (Paul), Dahia, C.L. (Chitra L.), Park-Min, K.H. (Kyung Hyun), Tobias, J.H. (Jon), Kooperberg, C. (Charles), Kleinman, A. (Aaron), Styrkarsdottir, U. (Unnur), Liu, C.-T. (Ching-Ti), Uggla, C. (Charlotta), Evans, D.S. (Daniel), Nielson, C. (Carrie), Walter, K. (Klaudia), Pettersson-Kymmer, U. (Ulrika), McCarthy, S. (Shane), Eriksson, J. (Joel), Kwan, T. (Tony), Jhamai, M. (Mila), Trajanoska, K. (Katerina), Memari, Y. (Yasin), Min, J.L. (Josine L.), Huang, J. (Jie), Danecek, P. (Petr), Wilmot, B. (Beth), Li, R. (Rui), Chou, W.-C. (Wen-Chi), Mokry, L.E. (Lauren E.), Moayyeri, A. (Alireza), Claussnitzer, M. (Melina), Cheng, C.-H. (Chia-Ho), Cheung, W. (Warren), Medina-Gomez, M.C. (Carolina), Ge, B. (Bing), Chen, S.-H. (Shu-Huang), Choi, K. (Kunho), Oei, L. (Ling), Fraser, J. (James), Kraaij, R. (Robert), Hibbs, M.A. (Matthew A.), Gregson, C.L. (Celia L.), Paquette, D. (Denis), Hofman, A. (Albert), Wibom, C. (Carl), Tranah, G.J. (Gregory), Marshall, M. (Mhairi), Gardiner, B.B. (Brooke B.), Cremin, K. (Katie), Auer, P. (Paul), Hsu, L. (Li), Ring, S. (Susan), Tung, J.Y. (Joyce Y.), Thorleifsson, G. (Gudmar), Enneman, A.W. (Anke), Schoor, N.M. (Natasja) van, Groot, L.C.P.G.M. (Lisette) de, Velde, N. (Nathalie) van der, Melin, B. (Beatrice), Kemp, J.P. (John), Christiansen, C., Sayers, I. (Ian), Zhou, Y. (Yanhua), Calderari, S. (Sophie), Rooij, J.G.J. (Jeroen) van, Carlson, C. (Chris), Peters, U. (Ulrike), Berlivet, S. (Soizik), Dostie, J. (Josée), Uitterlinden, A.G. (André), Williams, S.R. (Stephen R.), Farber, C. (Charles), Grinberg, D. (Daniel), LaCroix, A.Z. (Andrea), Haessler, J. (Jeff), Chasman, D.I. (Daniel), Giulianini, F. (Franco), Rose, L.M. (Lynda M.), Ridker, P.M. (Paul), Eisman, J.A. (John), Nguyen, T.V. (Tuan), Center, J.R. (Jacqueline), Nogues, X. (Xavier), Garcia-Giralt, N. (Natàlia), Launer, L.J. (Lenore), Gudnason, V. (Vilmunder), Mellström, D. (Dan), Vandenput, L. (Liesbeth), Amin, N. (Najaf), Duijn, C.M. (Cornelia) van, Karlsson, M. (Magnus), Ljunggren, O. (Östen), Svensson, O. (Olle), Hallmans, G. (Göran), Rousseau, M.F. (Francois), Giroux, S. (Sylvie), Bussière, J. (Johanne), Arp, P.P. (Pascal), Koromani, F. (Fjorda), Prince, R.L. (Richard L.), Lewis, J.R. (Joshua), Langdahl, B.L. (Bente), Hermann, A.P. (A. Pernille), Jensen, J.-E.B. (Jens-Erik B.), Kaptoge, S. (Stephen), Khaw, K.T., Reeve, J. (Jonathan), Formosa, M.M. (Melissa M.), Xuereb-Anastasi, A. (Angela), Åkesson, K. (Kristina), McGuigan, F.E., Garg, G. (Gaurav), Olmos, D. (David), Zarrabeitia, M.T. (María), Riancho, J.A. (José), Ralston, S.H. (Stuart), Alonso, N. (Nerea), Jiang, X. (Xi), Goltzman, D. (David), Pastinen, T. (Tomi), Grundberg, E. (Elin), Gauguier, D. (Dominique), Orwoll, E.S. (Eric), Karasik, D. (David), Smith, A.V. (Davey), Siggeirsdottir, K. (Kristin), Harris, T.B. (Tamara), Zillikens, M.C. (Carola), Meurs, J.B.J. (Joyce) van, Thorsteinsdottir, U. (Unnur), Maurano, M.T. (Matthew T.), Timpson, N.J. (Nicholas), Soranzo, N. (Nicole), Durbin, R. (Richard), Wilson, S.G. (Scott), Ntzani, E.E. (Evangelia), Brown, M.A. (Matthew), Zwart, J-A. (John-Anker), Hinds, D.A. (David A.), Spector, T.D. (Timothy), Cupples, L.A. (Adrienne), Ohlsson, C. (Claes), Greenwood, C.M.T. (Celia), Jackson, R.D. (Rebecca), Rowe, D.W. (David W.), Loomis, C.A. (Cynthia A.), Evans, D.M. (David M.), Ackert-Bicknell, C.L. (Cheryl), Joyner, A.L. (Alexandra L.), Duncan, E.L. (Emma), Kiel, D.P. (Douglas P.), Rivadeneira Ramirez, F. (Fernando), Richards, J.B. (Brent), Zheng, H.-F. (Hou-Feng), Forgetta, V. (Vincenzo), Hsu, Y.-H. (Yi-Hsiang), Estrada Gil, K. (Karol), Rosello-Diez, A. (Alberto), Leo, P.J. (Paul), Dahia, C.L. (Chitra L.), Park-Min, K.H. (Kyung Hyun), Tobias, J.H. (Jon), Kooperberg, C. (Charles), Kleinman, A. (Aaron), Styrkarsdottir, U. (Unnur), Liu, C.-T. (Ching-Ti), Uggla, C. (Charlotta), Evans, D.S. (Daniel), Nielson, C. (Carrie), Walter, K. (Klaudia), Pettersson-Kymmer, U. (Ulrika), McCarthy, S. (Shane), Eriksson, J. (Joel), Kwan, T. (Tony), Jhamai, M. (Mila), Trajanoska, K. (Katerina), Memari, Y. (Yasin), Min, J.L. (Josine L.), Huang, J. (Jie), Danecek, P. (Petr), Wilmot, B. (Beth), Li, R. (Rui), Chou, W.-C. (Wen-Chi), Mokry, L.E. (Lauren E.), Moayyeri, A. (Alireza), Claussnitzer, M. (Melina), Cheng, C.-H. (Chia-Ho), Cheung, W. (Warren), Medina-Gomez, M.C. (Carolina), Ge, B. (Bing), Chen, S.-H. (Shu-Huang), Choi, K. (Kunho), Oei, L. (Ling), Fraser, J. (James), Kraaij, R. (Robert), Hibbs, M.A. (Matthew A.), Gregson, C.L. (Celia L.), Paquette, D. (Denis), Hofman, A. (Albert), Wibom, C. (Carl), Tranah, G.J. (Gregory), Marshall, M. (Mhairi), Gardiner, B.B. (Brooke B.), Cremin, K. (Katie), Auer, P. (Paul), Hsu, L. (Li), Ring, S. (Susan), Tung, J.Y. (Joyce Y.), Thorleifsson, G. (Gudmar), Enneman, A.W. (Anke), Schoor, N.M. (Natasja) van, Groot, L.C.P.G.M. (Lisette) de, Velde, N. (Nathalie) van der, Melin, B. (Beatrice), Kemp, J.P. (John), Christiansen, C., Sayers, I. (Ian), Zhou, Y. (Yanhua), Calderari, S. (Sophie), Rooij, J.G.J. (Jeroen) van, Carlson, C. (Chris), Peters, U. (Ulrike), Berlivet, S. (Soizik), Dostie, J. (Josée), Uitterlinden, A.G. (André), Williams, S.R. (Stephen R.), Farber, C. (Charles), Grinberg, D. (Daniel), LaCroix, A.Z. (Andrea), Haessler, J. (Jeff), Chasman, D.I. (Daniel), Giulianini, F. (Franco), Rose, L.M. (Lynda M.), Ridker, P.M. (Paul), Eisman, J.A. (John), Nguyen, T.V. (Tuan), Center, J.R. (Jacqueline), Nogues, X. (Xavier), Garcia-Giralt, N. (Natàlia), Launer, L.J. (Lenore), Gudnason, V. (Vilmunder), Mellström, D. (Dan), Vandenput, L. (Liesbeth), Amin, N. (Najaf), Duijn, C.M. (Cornelia) van, Karlsson, M. (Magnus), Ljunggren, O. (Östen), Svensson, O. (Olle), Hallmans, G. (Göran), Rousseau, M.F. (Francois), Giroux, S. (Sylvie), Bussière, J. (Johanne), Arp, P.P. (Pascal), Koromani, F. (Fjorda), Prince, R.L. (Richard L.), Lewis, J.R. (Joshua), Langdahl, B.L. (Bente), Hermann, A.P. (A. Pernille), Jensen, J.-E.B. (Jens-Erik B.), Kaptoge, S. (Stephen), Khaw, K.T., Reeve, J. (Jonathan), Formosa, M.M. (Melissa M.), Xuereb-Anastasi, A. (Angela), Åkesson, K. (Kristina), McGuigan, F.E., Garg, G. (Gaurav), Olmos, D. (David), Zarrabeitia, M.T. (María), Riancho, J.A. (José), Ralston, S.H. (Stuart), Alonso, N. (Nerea), Jiang, X. (Xi), Goltzman, D. (David), Pastinen, T. (Tomi), Grundberg, E. (Elin), Gauguier, D. (Dominique), Orwoll, E.S. (Eric), Karasik, D. (David), Smith, A.V. (Davey), Siggeirsdottir, K. (Kristin), Harris, T.B. (Tamara), Zillikens, M.C. (Carola), Meurs, J.B.J. (Joyce) van, Thorsteinsdottir, U. (Unnur), Maurano, M.T. (Matthew T.), Timpson, N.J. (Nicholas), Soranzo, N. (Nicole), Durbin, R. (Richard), Wilson, S.G. (Scott), Ntzani, E.E. (Evangelia), Brown, M.A. (Matthew), Zwart, J-A. (John-Anker), Hinds, D.A. (David A.), Spector, T.D. (Timothy), Cupples, L.A. (Adrienne), Ohlsson, C. (Claes), Greenwood, C.M.T. (Celia), Jackson, R.D. (Rebecca), Rowe, D.W. (David W.), Loomis, C.A. (Cynthia A.), Evans, D.M. (David M.), Ackert-Bicknell, C.L. (Cheryl), Joyner, A.L. (Alexandra L.), Duncan, E.L. (Emma), Kiel, D.P. (Douglas P.), Rivadeneira Ramirez, F. (Fernando), and Richards, J.B. (Brent)

Abstract

The extent to which low-frequency (minor allele frequency (MAF) between 1-5%) and rare (MAF ≤ 1%) variants contribute to complex traits and disease in the general population is mainly unknown. Bone mineral density (BMD) is highly heritable, a major predictor of osteoporotic fractures, and has been previously associated with common genetic variants, as well as rare, population-specific, coding variants. Here we identify novel non-coding genetic variants with large effects on BMD (ntotal = 53,236) and fracture (ntotal = 508,253) in individuals of European ancestry from the general population. Associations for BMD were derived from whole-genome sequencing (n = 2,882 from UK10K (ref. 10); a population-based genome sequencing consortium), whole-exome sequencing (n = 3,549), deep imputation of genotyped samples using a combined UK10K/1000 Genomes reference panel (n = 26,534), and de novo replication genotyping (n = 20,271). We identified a low-frequency non-coding variant near a novel locus, EN1, with an effect size fourfold larger than the mean of previously reported common variants for lumbar spine BMD (rs11692564(T), MAF = 1.6%, replication effect size = +0.20 s.d., Pmeta = 2 × 10-14), which was also associated with a decreased risk of fracture (odds ratio = 0.85; P = 2 × 10-11; ncases = 98,742 and n controls = 409,511). Using an En1 cre/flox mouse model, we observed that conditional loss of En1 results in low bone mass, probably as a consequence of high bone turnover. We also identified a novel low-frequency non-coding variant with large effects on BMD near WNT16 (rs148771817(T), MAF = 1.2%, replication effect size = +0.41 s.d., Pmeta = 1 × 10-11). In general, there was an excess of association signals arising from deleterious coding and conserved non-coding variants. These findings provide evidence that low-frequency non-coding variants have large effects on BMD and fracture, thereby providing rationale for whole-genome sequencing and improved imputation

Published
2015
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2. Genetic sharing with cardiovascular disease risk factors and diabetes reveals novel bone mineral density loci

Author

Reppe, S. (Sjur), Wang, Y. (Yunpeng), Thompson, W.K. (Wesley K.), McEvoy, L.K. (Linda K.), Schork, N.J. (Nicholas), Zuber, V. (Verena), Leblanc, M. (Marissa), Bettella, F. (Francesco), Mills, I.G. (Ian G.), Desikan, R.S. (Rahul S.), Djurovic, S. (Srdjan), Gautvik, K.M. (Kaare), Dale, A.M. (Anders), Andreassen, O.A. (Ole), Estrada Gil, K. (Karol), Styrkarsdottir, U. (Unnur), Evangelou, E. (Evangelos), Hsu, Y.-H. (Yi-Hsiang), Duncan, E.L. (Emma), Ntzani, E.E. (Evangelia), Oei, L. (Ling), Albagha, O.M.E. (Omar M.), Amin, N. (Najaf), Kemp, J.P. (John), Koller, D.L. (Daniel), Li, G. (Guo), Liu, C.-T. (Ching-Ti), Minster, R.L. (Ryan), Moayyeri, A. (Alireza), Vandenput, L. (Liesbeth), Willner, D. (Dana), Xiao, S.-M. (Su-Mei), Yerges-Armstrong, L.M. (Laura), Zheng, H.-F. (Hou-Feng), Alonso, N. (Nerea), Eriksson, J. (Joel), Kammerer, C.M. (Candace), Kaptoge, S. (Stephen), Leo, P.J. (Paul), Thorleifsson, G. (Gudmar), Wilson, S.G. (Scott), Wilson, J.F. (James F), Aalto, V. (Ville), Alen, M. (Markku), Aragaki, A.K. (Aaron), Aspelund, T. (Thor), Center, J.R. (Jacqueline), Dailiana, Z. (Zoe), Duggan, C., Garcia, M. (Melissa), Garcia-Giralt, N. (Natàlia), Giroux, S. (Sylvie), Hallmans, G. (Göran), Hocking, L.J. (Lynne), Husted, L.B. (Lise Bjerre), Jameson, K. (Karen), Khusainova, R. (Rita), Kim, G.S. (Ghi Su), Kooperberg, C. (Charles), Koromila, T. (Theodora), Kruk, M. (Marcin), Laaksonen, M. (Marika), Lacroix, A.Z. (Andrea Z.), Lee, S.H. (Seung Hun), Leung, P.C. (Ping C.), Lewis, J.R. (Joshua), Masi, L. (Laura), Mencej-Bedrac, S. (Simona), Nguyen, T.V. (Tuan), Nogues, X. (Xavier), Patel, M.S. (Millan), Prezelj, J. (Janez), Rose, L.M. (Lynda), Scollen, S. (Serena), Siggeirsdottir, K. (Kristin), Smith, A.V. (Davey), Svensson, O. (Olle), Trompet, S. (Stella), Trummer, O. (Olivia), Schoor, N.M. (Natasja) van, Woo, J. (Jean), Zhu, K. (Kun), Balcells, S. (Susana), Brandi, M.L., Buckley, B.M. (Brendan M.), Cheng, S. (Sulin), Christiansen, C., Cooper, C. (Charles), Dedoussis, G.V. (George), Ford, I. (Ian), Frost, M. (Morten), Goltzman, D. (David), González-Macías, J. (Jesús), Kähönen, M. (Mika), Karlsson, M. (Magnus), Khusnutdinova, E.K. (Elza), Koh, J.-M. (Jung-Min), Kollia, P. (Panagoula), Langdahl, B.L. (Bente), Leslie, W.D. (William D.), Lips, P. (Paul), Ljunggren, O. (Östen), Lorenc, R. (Roman), Marc, J. (Janja), Mellström, D. (Dan), Obermayer-Pietsch, B. (Barbara), Olmos, D. (David), Pettersson-Kymmer, U. (Ulrika), Reid, D.M. (David), Riancho, J.A. (José), Ridker, P.M. (Paul), Rousseau, M.F. (Francois), Slagboom, P.E. (Eline), Tang, N.L.S. (Nelson L.S.), Urreizti, R. (Roser), Van Hul, W. (Wim), Viikari, J. (Jorma), Zarrabeitia, M.T. (María), Aulchenko, Y.S. (Yurii), Castaño Betancourt, M.C. (Martha), Grundberg, E. (Elin), Herrera, L. (Lizbeth), Ingvarsson, T. (Torvaldur), Johannsdottir, H. (Hrefna), Kwan, T. (Tony), Li, R. (Rui), Luben, R.N. (Robert), Medina-Gomez, M.C. (Carolina), Palsson, S.T. (Stefan Th), Rotter, J.I. (Jerome I.), Sigurdsson, G. (Gunnar), Meurs, J.B.J. (Joyce) van, Verlaan, D.J. (Dominique), Williams, F.M. (Frances), Wood, A.R. (Andrew), Zhou, Y. (Yanhua), Pastinen, T. (Tomi), Raychaudhuri, S. (Soumya), Cauley, J.A. (Jane), Chasman, D.I. (Daniel), Clark, G.R. (Graeme), Cummings, S.R. (Steven R.), Danoy, P. (Patrick), Dennison, E.M. (Elaine), Eastell, R. (Richard), Eisman, J.A. (John), Gudnason, V. (Vilmundur), Hofman, A. (Albert), Jackson, R.D. (Rebecca), Jones, G. (Graeme), Jukema, J.W. (Jan Wouter), Khaw, K.T., Lehtimäki, T. (Terho), Liu, Y. (YongMei), Lorentzon, M. (Mattias), McCloskey, E.V. (Eugene), Mitchell, B.D. (Braxton), Nandakumar, K. (Kannabiran), Nicholson, G.C. (Geoffrey), Oostra, B.A. (Ben), Peacock, M. (Munro), Pols, H.A.P. (Huib), Prince, R.L. (Richard), Raitakari, O. (Olli), Reid, I.R. (Ian), Robbins, J. (John), Sambrook, P.N. (Philip), Sham, P.C. (Pak Chung), Shuldiner, A.R. (Alan), Tylavsky, F.A. (Frances), Duijn, C.M. (Cornelia) van, Wareham, N.J. (Nicholas J.), Cupples, L.A. (Adrienne), Econs, M.J. (Michael), Evans, D.M. (David), Harris, T.B. (Tamara B.), Kung, A.W.C. (Annie Wai Chee), Psaty, B.M. (Bruce), Reeve, J. (Jonathan), Spector, T.D. (Timothy), Streeten, E.A. (Elizabeth), Zillikens, M.C. (Carola), Thorsteinsdottir, U. (Unnur), Ohlsson, C. (Claes), Karasik, D. (David), Richards, J.B. (Brent), Brown, M.A. (Matthew), Zwart, J-A. (John-Anker), Uitterlinden, A.G. (André), Ralston, S.H. (Stuart), Ioannidis, J.P.A. (John P.A.), Kiel, D.P. (Douglas P.), Rivadeneira Ramirez, F. (Fernando), Reppe, S. (Sjur), Wang, Y. (Yunpeng), Thompson, W.K. (Wesley K.), McEvoy, L.K. (Linda K.), Schork, N.J. (Nicholas), Zuber, V. (Verena), Leblanc, M. (Marissa), Bettella, F. (Francesco), Mills, I.G. (Ian G.), Desikan, R.S. (Rahul S.), Djurovic, S. (Srdjan), Gautvik, K.M. (Kaare), Dale, A.M. (Anders), Andreassen, O.A. (Ole), Estrada Gil, K. (Karol), Styrkarsdottir, U. (Unnur), Evangelou, E. (Evangelos), Hsu, Y.-H. (Yi-Hsiang), Duncan, E.L. (Emma), Ntzani, E.E. (Evangelia), Oei, L. (Ling), Albagha, O.M.E. (Omar M.), Amin, N. (Najaf), Kemp, J.P. (John), Koller, D.L. (Daniel), Li, G. (Guo), Liu, C.-T. (Ching-Ti), Minster, R.L. (Ryan), Moayyeri, A. (Alireza), Vandenput, L. (Liesbeth), Willner, D. (Dana), Xiao, S.-M. (Su-Mei), Yerges-Armstrong, L.M. (Laura), Zheng, H.-F. (Hou-Feng), Alonso, N. (Nerea), Eriksson, J. (Joel), Kammerer, C.M. (Candace), Kaptoge, S. (Stephen), Leo, P.J. (Paul), Thorleifsson, G. (Gudmar), Wilson, S.G. (Scott), Wilson, J.F. (James F), Aalto, V. (Ville), Alen, M. (Markku), Aragaki, A.K. (Aaron), Aspelund, T. (Thor), Center, J.R. (Jacqueline), Dailiana, Z. (Zoe), Duggan, C., Garcia, M. (Melissa), Garcia-Giralt, N. (Natàlia), Giroux, S. (Sylvie), Hallmans, G. (Göran), Hocking, L.J. (Lynne), Husted, L.B. (Lise Bjerre), Jameson, K. (Karen), Khusainova, R. (Rita), Kim, G.S. (Ghi Su), Kooperberg, C. (Charles), Koromila, T. (Theodora), Kruk, M. (Marcin), Laaksonen, M. (Marika), Lacroix, A.Z. (Andrea Z.), Lee, S.H. (Seung Hun), Leung, P.C. (Ping C.), Lewis, J.R. (Joshua), Masi, L. (Laura), Mencej-Bedrac, S. (Simona), Nguyen, T.V. (Tuan), Nogues, X. (Xavier), Patel, M.S. (Millan), Prezelj, J. (Janez), Rose, L.M. (Lynda), Scollen, S. (Serena), Siggeirsdottir, K. (Kristin), Smith, A.V. (Davey), Svensson, O. (Olle), Trompet, S. (Stella), Trummer, O. (Olivia), Schoor, N.M. (Natasja) van, Woo, J. (Jean), Zhu, K. (Kun), Balcells, S. (Susana), Brandi, M.L., Buckley, B.M. (Brendan M.), Cheng, S. (Sulin), Christiansen, C., Cooper, C. (Charles), Dedoussis, G.V. (George), Ford, I. (Ian), Frost, M. (Morten), Goltzman, D. (David), González-Macías, J. (Jesús), Kähönen, M. (Mika), Karlsson, M. (Magnus), Khusnutdinova, E.K. (Elza), Koh, J.-M. (Jung-Min), Kollia, P. (Panagoula), Langdahl, B.L. (Bente), Leslie, W.D. (William D.), Lips, P. (Paul), Ljunggren, O. (Östen), Lorenc, R. (Roman), Marc, J. (Janja), Mellström, D. (Dan), Obermayer-Pietsch, B. (Barbara), Olmos, D. (David), Pettersson-Kymmer, U. (Ulrika), Reid, D.M. (David), Riancho, J.A. (José), Ridker, P.M. (Paul), Rousseau, M.F. (Francois), Slagboom, P.E. (Eline), Tang, N.L.S. (Nelson L.S.), Urreizti, R. (Roser), Van Hul, W. (Wim), Viikari, J. (Jorma), Zarrabeitia, M.T. (María), Aulchenko, Y.S. (Yurii), Castaño Betancourt, M.C. (Martha), Grundberg, E. (Elin), Herrera, L. (Lizbeth), Ingvarsson, T. (Torvaldur), Johannsdottir, H. (Hrefna), Kwan, T. (Tony), Li, R. (Rui), Luben, R.N. (Robert), Medina-Gomez, M.C. (Carolina), Palsson, S.T. (Stefan Th), Rotter, J.I. (Jerome I.), Sigurdsson, G. (Gunnar), Meurs, J.B.J. (Joyce) van, Verlaan, D.J. (Dominique), Williams, F.M. (Frances), Wood, A.R. (Andrew), Zhou, Y. (Yanhua), Pastinen, T. (Tomi), Raychaudhuri, S. (Soumya), Cauley, J.A. (Jane), Chasman, D.I. (Daniel), Clark, G.R. (Graeme), Cummings, S.R. (Steven R.), Danoy, P. (Patrick), Dennison, E.M. (Elaine), Eastell, R. (Richard), Eisman, J.A. (John), Gudnason, V. (Vilmundur), Hofman, A. (Albert), Jackson, R.D. (Rebecca), Jones, G. (Graeme), Jukema, J.W. (Jan Wouter), Khaw, K.T., Lehtimäki, T. (Terho), Liu, Y. (YongMei), Lorentzon, M. (Mattias), McCloskey, E.V. (Eugene), Mitchell, B.D. (Braxton), Nandakumar, K. (Kannabiran), Nicholson, G.C. (Geoffrey), Oostra, B.A. (Ben), Peacock, M. (Munro), Pols, H.A.P. (Huib), Prince, R.L. (Richard), Raitakari, O. (Olli), Reid, I.R. (Ian), Robbins, J. (John), Sambrook, P.N. (Philip), Sham, P.C. (Pak Chung), Shuldiner, A.R. (Alan), Tylavsky, F.A. (Frances), Duijn, C.M. (Cornelia) van, Wareham, N.J. (Nicholas J.), Cupples, L.A. (Adrienne), Econs, M.J. (Michael), Evans, D.M. (David), Harris, T.B. (Tamara B.), Kung, A.W.C. (Annie Wai Chee), Psaty, B.M. (Bruce), Reeve, J. (Jonathan), Spector, T.D. (Timothy), Streeten, E.A. (Elizabeth), Zillikens, M.C. (Carola), Thorsteinsdottir, U. (Unnur), Ohlsson, C. (Claes), Karasik, D. (David), Richards, J.B. (Brent), Brown, M.A. (Matthew), Zwart, J-A. (John-Anker), Uitterlinden, A.G. (André), Ralston, S.H. (Stuart), Ioannidis, J.P.A. (John P.A.), Kiel, D.P. (Douglas P.), and Rivadeneira Ramirez, F. (Fernando)

Abstract

Bone Mineral Density (BMD) is a highly heritable trait, but genome-wide association studies have identified few genetic risk factors. Epidemiological studies suggest associations between BMD and several traits and diseases, but the nature of the suggestive comorbidity is still unknown. We used a novel genetic pleiotropy-informed conditional False Discovery Rate (FDR) method to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with BMD by leveraging cardiovascular disease (CVD) associated disorders and metabolic traits. By conditioning on SNPs associated with the CVD-related phenotypes, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, triglycerides and waist hip ratio, we identified 65 novel independent BMD loci (26 with femoral neck BMD and 47 with lumbar spine BMD) at conditional FDR < 0.01. Many of the loci were confirmed in genetic expression studies. Genes validated at the mRNA levels were characteristic for the osteoblast/osteocyte lineage, Wnt signaling pathway and bone metabolism. The results provide new insight into genetic mechanisms of variability in BMD, and a better understanding of the genetic underpinnings of clinical comorbidity.

Published
2015
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3. Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies 56 bone mineral density loci and reveals 14 loci associated with risk of fracture

Author

Estrada Gil, K. (Karol), Styrkarsdottir, U. (Unnur), Evangelou, E. (Evangelos), Hsu, Y.-H. (Yi-Hsiang), Duncan, E.L. (Emma), Ntzani, E.E. (Evangelia), Oei, L. (Ling), Albagha, O.M.E. (Omar M.), Amin, N. (Najaf), Kemp, J.P. (John), Koller, D.L. (Daniel), Li, G. (Guo), Liu, C.-T. (Ching-Ti), Minster, R.L. (Ryan), Moayyeri, A. (Alireza), Vandenput, L. (Liesbeth), Willner, D. (Dana), Xiao, S.-M. (Su-Mei), Yerges-Armstrong, L.M. (Laura), Zheng, H.-F. (Hou-Feng), Alonso, N. (Nerea), Eriksson, J. (Joel), Kammerer, C.M. (Candace), Kaptoge, S. (Stephen), Leo, P.J. (Paul), Thorleifsson, G. (Gudmar), Wilson, S.G. (Scott), Wilson, J.F. (James), Aalto, V. (Ville), Alen, T.A. (Theo) van, Aragaki, A.K. (Aaron), Aspelund, T. (Thor), Center, J.R. (Jacqueline), Dailiana, Z. (Zoe), Duggan, C., Garcia, M. (Melissa), Garcia-Giralt, N. (Natàlia), Giroux, S. (Sylvie), Hallmans, G. (Göran), Hocking, L.J. (Lynne), Husted, L.B. (Lise Bjerre), Jameson, K. (Karen), Khusainova, R. (Rita), Kim, G.S. (Ghi Su), Kooperberg, C. (Charles), Koromila, T. (Theodora), Kruk, M. (Marcin), Laaksonen, M. (Marika), LaCroix, A.Z. (Andrea), Lee, S.U. (Seung), Leung, P.C. (Ping), Lewis, J.R. (Joshua), Masi, L. (Laura), Mencej-Bedrac, S. (Simona), Nguyen, T.V. (Tuan), Nogues, X. (Xavier), Patel, M.S. (Millan), Prezelj, J. (Janez), Rose, L.M. (Lynda), Scollen, S. (Serena), Siggeirsdottir, K. (Kristin), Smith, A.V. (Davey), Svensson, O. (Olle), Trompet, S. (Stella), Trummer, O. (Olivia), Schoor, N.M. (Natasja) van, Woo, M.M. (Margaret M.), Zhu, K. (Kun), Balcells, S. (Susana), Brandi, M.L., Buckley, B.M. (Brendan M.), Cheng, S. (Sulin), Christiansen, C., Cooper, C. (Charles), Dedoussis, G.V. (George), Ford, I. (Ian), Frost, M. (Morten), Goltzman, D. (David), González-Macías, J. (Jesús), Kähönen, M. (Mika), Karlsson, M. (Magnus), Khusnutdinova, E.K. (Elza), Koh, J.-M. (Jung-Min), Kollia, P. (Panagoula), Langdahl, B.L. (Bente), Leslie, W.D. (William), Lips, P. (Paul), Ljunggren, O. (Östen), Lorenc, R. (Roman), Marc, J. (Janja), Mellström, D. (Dan), Obermayer-Pietsch, B. (Barbara), Olmos, D. (David), Pettersson-Kymmer, U. (Ulrika), Reid, D.M. (David), Riancho, J.A. (José), Ridker, P.M. (Paul), Rousseau, M.F. (Francois), Slagboom, P.E. (Eline), Tang, N.L.S. (Nelson L.), Urreizti, R. (Roser), Van Hul, W. (Wim), Viikari, J. (Jorma), Zarrabeitia, M.T. (María), Aulchenko, Y.S. (Yurii), Castaño Betancourt, M.C. (Martha), Grundberg, E. (Elin), Herrera, L. (Lizbeth), Ingvarsson, T. (Torvaldur), Johannsdottir, H. (Hrefna), Kwan, T. (Tony), Li, R. (Rui), Luben, R.N. (Robert), Medina-Gomez, M.C. (Carolina), Palsson, S.T. (Stefan), Reppe, S. (Sjur), Rotter, J.I. (Jerome), Sigurdsson, G. (Gunnar), Meurs, J.B.J. (Joyce) van, Verlaan, D.J. (Dominique), Williams, F.M. (Frances), Wood, A.R. (Andrew), Zhou, Y. (Yanhua), Gautvik, K.M. (Kaare), Pastinen, T. (Tomi), Raychaudhuri, S. (Soumya), Cauley, J.A. (Jane), Chasman, D.I. (Daniel), Clark, G.R. (Graeme), Cummings, S., Danoy, P. (Patrick), Dennison, E.M. (Elaine), Eastell, R. (Richard), Eisman, J.A. (John), Gudnason, V. (Vilmundur), Hofman, A. (Albert), Jackson, R.D. (Rebecca), Jones, G. (Graeme), Jukema, J.W. (Jan Wouter), Khaw, K-T. (Kay-Tee), Lehtimäki, T. (Terho), Liu, Y. (YongMei), Lorentzon, M. (Mattias), McCloskey, E.V. (Eugene), Mitchell, B.D. (Braxton), Nandakumar, K. (Kannabiran), Nicholson, G.C. (Geoffrey), Oostra, B.A. (Ben), Peacock, M. (Munro), Pols, H.A.P. (Huib), Prince, R.L. (Richard), Raitakari, O. (Olli), Reid, I.R. (Ian), Robbins, J. (John), Sambrook, P.N. (Philip), Sham, P.C. (Pak), Shuldiner, A.R. (Alan), Tylavsky, F.A. (Frances), Duijn, C.M. (Cornelia) van, Wareham, N.J. (Nick), Cupples, L.A. (Adrienne), Econs, M.J. (Michael), Evans, D.M. (David), Harris, T.B. (Tamara), Kung, A.W.C. (Annie), Psaty, B.M. (Bruce), Reeve, J. (Jonathan), Spector, T.D. (Timothy), Streeten, E.A. (Elizabeth), Zillikens, M.C. (Carola), Thorsteinsdottir, U. (Unnur), Ohlsson, C. (Claes), Karasik, D. (David), Richards, J.B. (Brent), Brown, M.A. (Matthew), Zwart, J-A. (John-Anker), Uitterlinden, A.G. (André), Ralston, S.H. (Stuart), Ioannidis, J.P.A. (John), Kiel, D.P. (Douglas), Rivadeneira Ramirez, F. (Fernando), Estrada Gil, K. (Karol), Styrkarsdottir, U. (Unnur), Evangelou, E. (Evangelos), Hsu, Y.-H. (Yi-Hsiang), Duncan, E.L. (Emma), Ntzani, E.E. (Evangelia), Oei, L. (Ling), Albagha, O.M.E. (Omar M.), Amin, N. (Najaf), Kemp, J.P. (John), Koller, D.L. (Daniel), Li, G. (Guo), Liu, C.-T. (Ching-Ti), Minster, R.L. (Ryan), Moayyeri, A. (Alireza), Vandenput, L. (Liesbeth), Willner, D. (Dana), Xiao, S.-M. (Su-Mei), Yerges-Armstrong, L.M. (Laura), Zheng, H.-F. (Hou-Feng), Alonso, N. (Nerea), Eriksson, J. (Joel), Kammerer, C.M. (Candace), Kaptoge, S. (Stephen), Leo, P.J. (Paul), Thorleifsson, G. (Gudmar), Wilson, S.G. (Scott), Wilson, J.F. (James), Aalto, V. (Ville), Alen, T.A. (Theo) van, Aragaki, A.K. (Aaron), Aspelund, T. (Thor), Center, J.R. (Jacqueline), Dailiana, Z. (Zoe), Duggan, C., Garcia, M. (Melissa), Garcia-Giralt, N. (Natàlia), Giroux, S. (Sylvie), Hallmans, G. (Göran), Hocking, L.J. (Lynne), Husted, L.B. (Lise Bjerre), Jameson, K. (Karen), Khusainova, R. (Rita), Kim, G.S. (Ghi Su), Kooperberg, C. (Charles), Koromila, T. (Theodora), Kruk, M. (Marcin), Laaksonen, M. (Marika), LaCroix, A.Z. (Andrea), Lee, S.U. (Seung), Leung, P.C. (Ping), Lewis, J.R. (Joshua), Masi, L. (Laura), Mencej-Bedrac, S. (Simona), Nguyen, T.V. (Tuan), Nogues, X. (Xavier), Patel, M.S. (Millan), Prezelj, J. (Janez), Rose, L.M. (Lynda), Scollen, S. (Serena), Siggeirsdottir, K. (Kristin), Smith, A.V. (Davey), Svensson, O. (Olle), Trompet, S. (Stella), Trummer, O. (Olivia), Schoor, N.M. (Natasja) van, Woo, M.M. (Margaret M.), Zhu, K. (Kun), Balcells, S. (Susana), Brandi, M.L., Buckley, B.M. (Brendan M.), Cheng, S. (Sulin), Christiansen, C., Cooper, C. (Charles), Dedoussis, G.V. (George), Ford, I. (Ian), Frost, M. (Morten), Goltzman, D. (David), González-Macías, J. (Jesús), Kähönen, M. (Mika), Karlsson, M. (Magnus), Khusnutdinova, E.K. (Elza), Koh, J.-M. (Jung-Min), Kollia, P. (Panagoula), Langdahl, B.L. (Bente), Leslie, W.D. (William), Lips, P. (Paul), Ljunggren, O. (Östen), Lorenc, R. (Roman), Marc, J. (Janja), Mellström, D. (Dan), Obermayer-Pietsch, B. (Barbara), Olmos, D. (David), Pettersson-Kymmer, U. (Ulrika), Reid, D.M. (David), Riancho, J.A. (José), Ridker, P.M. (Paul), Rousseau, M.F. (Francois), Slagboom, P.E. (Eline), Tang, N.L.S. (Nelson L.), Urreizti, R. (Roser), Van Hul, W. (Wim), Viikari, J. (Jorma), Zarrabeitia, M.T. (María), Aulchenko, Y.S. (Yurii), Castaño Betancourt, M.C. (Martha), Grundberg, E. (Elin), Herrera, L. (Lizbeth), Ingvarsson, T. (Torvaldur), Johannsdottir, H. (Hrefna), Kwan, T. (Tony), Li, R. (Rui), Luben, R.N. (Robert), Medina-Gomez, M.C. (Carolina), Palsson, S.T. (Stefan), Reppe, S. (Sjur), Rotter, J.I. (Jerome), Sigurdsson, G. (Gunnar), Meurs, J.B.J. (Joyce) van, Verlaan, D.J. (Dominique), Williams, F.M. (Frances), Wood, A.R. (Andrew), Zhou, Y. (Yanhua), Gautvik, K.M. (Kaare), Pastinen, T. (Tomi), Raychaudhuri, S. (Soumya), Cauley, J.A. (Jane), Chasman, D.I. (Daniel), Clark, G.R. (Graeme), Cummings, S., Danoy, P. (Patrick), Dennison, E.M. (Elaine), Eastell, R. (Richard), Eisman, J.A. (John), Gudnason, V. (Vilmundur), Hofman, A. (Albert), Jackson, R.D. (Rebecca), Jones, G. (Graeme), Jukema, J.W. (Jan Wouter), Khaw, K-T. (Kay-Tee), Lehtimäki, T. (Terho), Liu, Y. (YongMei), Lorentzon, M. (Mattias), McCloskey, E.V. (Eugene), Mitchell, B.D. (Braxton), Nandakumar, K. (Kannabiran), Nicholson, G.C. (Geoffrey), Oostra, B.A. (Ben), Peacock, M. (Munro), Pols, H.A.P. (Huib), Prince, R.L. (Richard), Raitakari, O. (Olli), Reid, I.R. (Ian), Robbins, J. (John), Sambrook, P.N. (Philip), Sham, P.C. (Pak), Shuldiner, A.R. (Alan), Tylavsky, F.A. (Frances), Duijn, C.M. (Cornelia) van, Wareham, N.J. (Nick), Cupples, L.A. (Adrienne), Econs, M.J. (Michael), Evans, D.M. (David), Harris, T.B. (Tamara), Kung, A.W.C. (Annie), Psaty, B.M. (Bruce), Reeve, J. (Jonathan), Spector, T.D. (Timothy), Streeten, E.A. (Elizabeth), Zillikens, M.C. (Carola), Thorsteinsdottir, U. (Unnur), Ohlsson, C. (Claes), Karasik, D. (David), Richards, J.B. (Brent), Brown, M.A. (Matthew), Zwart, J-A. (John-Anker), Uitterlinden, A.G. (André), Ralston, S.H. (Stuart), Ioannidis, J.P.A. (John), Kiel, D.P. (Douglas), and Rivadeneira Ramirez, F. (Fernando)

Abstract

Bone mineral density (BMD) is the most widely used predictor of fracture risk. We performed the largest meta-analysis to date on lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD, including 17 genome-wide association studies and 32,961 individuals of European and east Asian ancestry. We tested the top BMD-associated markers for replication in 50,933 independent subjects and for association with risk of low-trauma fracture in 31,016 individuals with a history of fracture (cases) and 102,444 controls. We identified 56 loci (32 new) associated with BMD at genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10 -8). Several of these factors cluster within the RANK-RANKL-OPG, mesenchymal stem cell differentiation, endochondral ossification and Wnt signaling pathways. However, we also discovered loci that were localized to genes not known to have a role in bone biology. Fourteen BMD-associated loci were also associated with fracture risk (P < 5 × 10 -4, Bonferroni corrected), of which six reached P < 5 × 10 -8, including at 18p11.21 (FAM210A), 7q21.3 (SLC25A13), 11q13.2 (LRP5), 4q22.1 (MEPE), 2p16.2 (SPTBN1) and 10q21.1 (DKK1). These findings shed light on the genetic architecture and pathophysiological mechanisms underlying BMD variation and fracture susceptibility.

Published
2012
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