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Background: Regional metastases are considered the most important prognostic factor in OSCC patients. We aimed to investigate the impact of regional disease among different age groups with OSCC., Methods: A retrospective comparison between patients 40 years old or younger, 41-69 years old, and 70 years or older treated for OSCC between 2000 and 2020 in a tertiary-care center., Results: 279 patients were included. The mean age was 65 ± 17.7 and 133 were male (47.7%). Thirty-six (12.9%) were 40 years old or younger, 101 (36.2%) were 41-69 years and 142 (50.9%) were 70 years or older. Five-year overall survival and disease-specific survival (DSS) were significantly better among patients younger than 40 compared to the mid-age group and patients 70 years or older (76.7% vs. 69.4% vs.48.2%, Log-rank p < 0.001, and 76.7% vs. 75.3% vs. 46.5%, Log-rank p < 0.001, respectively). While an association between regional spread and overall survival and DSS was demonstrated among all age groups, the odds ratio (OR) for death of any cause and death of disease regarding cervical metastasis was much higher among patients younger than 40 compared with the 41-69 and 70+ age groups (death of any cause-OR = 23, p-value = 0.008, OR = 2.6, p-value = 0.026, OR = 2.4, p-value = 0.13, respectively. Death of disease-OR = 23, p-value = 0.008, OR = 2.3, p-value = 0.082, OR = 4.1, p-value = 0.001, respectively). In univariate  analysis, regional metastasis was associated with disease-free survival only among patients younger than 40 (p-value = 0.04)., Conclusions: Regional metastases correspond with worse prognosis in young patients compared to older patients. These patients may benefit from a comprehensive treatment approach with close post-treatment follow-up., Level of Evidence: 3 Laryngoscope, 134:2212-2220, 2024., (© 2023 The Authors. The Laryngoscope published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of The American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society, Inc.)

Objectives: Postoperative antibiotic therapy is a common practice following septoplasty with intra-septal splints placement (ISS), even though there is a lack of evidence to support it. We sought to investigate the role of antibiotic therapy in septal surgeries with the placement of ISS., Design: A retrospective comparative study was conducted using the electronic charts of adult patients who underwent septoplasty with the placement of ISS with or without turbinate reduction. Nasal cultures were taken routinely during surgery as part of the department's protocol for monitoring infectious diseases. The ISS were also routinely examined for the presence of bacteria after their removal on the eighth day following surgery., Setting: A large otolaryngology department in a tertiary medical center., Participants: Adult patients who underwent septoplasty in our institution., Main Outcome Measures: We analyzed all post-operative infections to search for risk factors in the cohort., Results: Post-operative infection rates following septoplasty with ISS were low at 6%, which is consistent with previously published rates. Infection rates were significantly higher in patients who were not treated with antibiotics (OR = 8.2, 95%CI: 1.63-41.1; p = .01, φ = 0.04). Diabetes was associated with an increased risk of postoperative infection regardless of prophylactic antibiotic therapy (OR = 5.2, 95%CI: 1.15-23.5; p = .032, φ = .04). The detection of Klebsiella pneumonia before surgery was associated with an increased rate of postoperative infection (OR = 16.6, 95%CI: 3.02-91.54; p = .001, φ = 0.12)., Conclusions: Patients undergoing septoplasty with the placement of ISS are at increased risk of gram-negative bacterial colonisation, and development of postoperative nasal infection. A single preoperative dose of IV antibiotic therapy should be considered a potential prophylactic option for septoplasty with ISS., (© 2023 The Authors. Clinical Otolaryngology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Introduction: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is strongly associated with significant impairment of quality of life (QoL) in children. The SN-5 questionnaire is an important assessment tool for pediatric CRS. This study aimed to evaluate potential prognostic factors for treatment of pediatric CRS within the Hebrew version of the SN-5 questionnaire., Methods: A prospective study in pediatric otolaryngology unit. Patients were treated either surgically or pharmacologically. Following informed consent, parents of pediatric CRS patients completed the translated and validated Hebrew version (SN-5H) prior to treatment and after three months. We analyzed the results of both treatment arms according to success (achieving minimal clinically important difference; MCID)., Results: 102 children aged 5-12 years and their caregivers participated (74 CRS patients and 28 controls without CRS). SN-5H items scores were significantly higher in CRS patients compared to controls (p < 0.001). Baseline activity scores were higher, while baseline emotional scores were lower in MCID( +) CRS patients, compared to MCID(-) CRS patients (p < 0.05). High emotional stress and low activity scores at baseline were associated with poorer odds to achieve MCID., Conclusions: The SN-5H questionnaire is invaluable tool for assessing pediatric CRS patients. Psychosocial aspects of CRS significantly affect QoL and should be addressed in the office pre-treatment. The SN-5H can aid in highlighting patients in need for further reassurance and psychosocial support to manage expectations, and to improve QoL., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

Background: Immunosuppression is strongly associated with an increased risk of developing cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). Studies on solid organ transplant recipients (SOTR) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients have already demonstrated higher rates of aggressive cSCC tumors in these populations compared to immunocompetent controls. Studies on other immunosuppressed patient groups are scarce. This study was aimed at assessing the effects of different immunomodulating conditions on patients diagnosed with cSCC. We sought to compare the clinical features, treatments, and survival rates among the different study groups, as well as outcomes to those of immunocompetent controls with cSCC., Methods: A retrospective analysis of 465 cSCC patients, both immunosuppressed (IS) and immunocompetent controls. Etiologies for immunosuppression included SOTR, CLL, chronic kidney disease (CKD), psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematous (SLE)., Results: Compared to the control group, IS patients demonstrated several significant differences. These include higher rates of positive resection margins, higher recurrence rates, and multiple SCC tumors. Patients in the IS group, who were also given immunomodulating agents, demonstrated even lower survival rates. Cox regression analysis demonstrated statistically significant decreased overall survival (OS) rates for IS patients compared to the controls (OR = 1.9, p = 0.031). SOTR patients tend to have multiple cSCC tumors (35%), with the highest number of primary tumors compared to controls (2.54 tumors per patient on average, p < 0.001), but also compared to all other IS groups. The average SCC lesion size in the SOTR group was the smallest, measuring at 13.5 mm, compared to the control group and all other IS groups. Decreased survival rates were seen on Cox regression analysis compared to controls (HR = 2.4, p = 0.001), but also to all other IS groups. CLL patients also had the highest rates of positive margins compared to controls (36% vs. 9%, p < 0.01) and to all other IS groups. They were also most likely to get adjuvant or definitive oncological treatments, either radiotherapy or chemotherapy, compared to controls (36% vs. 15%, p = 0.02) and to other IS groups. Patients in the CKD group demonstrated the highest rates for multiple cSCC (OR = 4.7, p = 0.001) and the worst rates of survival on Cox regression analysis (HR = 3.2, p = 0.001). Both rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis patients demonstrated the shortest disease-free survival rates (2.9y ± 1.1, 2.3y ± 0.7, respectively), compared to controls (4.1y ± 2.8) and to all other IS groups., Conclusions: Among cSCC patients, immunosuppression due to SOTR, CLL, CKD, RA, and psoriasis is associated with worse outcomes compared to controls and other IS groups. These patients should be regarded as high-risk for developing aggressive cSCC tumors. This study is the first to assess and compare cSCC outcomes among multiple IS patient groups.

Background:  Binaural hearing is of utmost importance for communicating in noisy surroundings and localizing the direction of sound. Unilateral hearing loss (UHL) affects the quality of life in both childhood and adulthood, speech development, and academic achievements. Sound amplification using air-conducting hearing aids (HAs) is a common option for hearing rehabilitation of UHL. The processing time of digital HAs can significantly delay the acoustic stimulation in 3 to 10 milliseconds, which is far longer than the maximal natural interaural time difference (ITD) of 750 microseconds. This can further impair spatial localization in these patients., Purpose:  We sought to assess whether HA effects on ITD and interaural level difference (ILD) impair localization among subjects with unilateral conductive hearing loss (UCHL)., Research Design:  "Normal"-hearing participants underwent localization testing in different free field settings., Study Sample:  Ten volunteers with "normal"-hearing thresholds participated., Intervention:  Repeated assessments were compared between "normal" (binaural) hearing, UCHL induced by insertion of an inactivated HA to the ear canal (conductive HL), and amplification with a HA., Results:  In UCHL mode, with HA switched-off, localization was significantly impaired compared to "normal" hearing (NH; η 2  = 0.151). Localization error was more pronounced when sound was presented from the front and from the side of the occluded ear. When switched-on, amplification with HAs significantly improved localization for all participants compared to UCHL. Better localization with HAs was seen in high frequencies compared to low frequencies (η 2  = 0.08, 0.03). Even with HAs, localization did not reach that of NH (η 2  = 0.034)., Conclusion:  Mild UCHL caused localization to deteriorate. HAs significantly improved sound localization, albeit the delay caused by the device processing time. Most of the improvements were seen in high-frequency sounds, representing a beneficial effect of amplification on ILD. Our results have potential clinical value in situations of mild CHL, for instance, otitis media with effusion., Competing Interests: None declared., (American Academy of Audiology. This article is published by Thieme.)

Background: Nasal foreign bodies (NFB) are commonly seen in pediatric patients seeking medical attention in the emergency department (ED). We aim to describe the occurrence, clinical presentation and management, of these cases, and to assess various risk factors for complications., Methods: A retrospective analysis of a computerized patient directory of 562 children admitted to the emergency department during a 10-year period, with NFB, in a tertiary pediatric hospital., Results: Upon admittance, most of the children (82%) were asymptomatic. Among the symptomatic children (18%), the primary symptoms were nasal discharge (10%), epistaxis (8%) and pain (4%). Younger children (under 4 years) were more likely to insert organic materials, compared to older children. Younger children were also admitted sooner to the emergency department and were more likely to present with nasal discharge. The overall complication rate was 5%. None of the children had aspirated the foreign body. Complications included infection (2%), necrosis (0.7%), septal perforation (0.5%), deep mucosal laceration (1.5%) and loss of foreign body (1.9%). Significantly higher rates of symptoms and complications were associated with button batteries. Increased risk for complications were observed according to type of foreign body, multiple attempts to remove it, posterior insertion and left-side insertion., Conclusions: Nasal foreign bodies in children are common. Mostly, patients are asymptomatic, therefore a high index of suspicion is required, for quick diagnosis and safe removal, without complications., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors have no funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Unilateral vocal cord paralysis (UVCP) is a known complication of thyroid surgery, due to iatrogenic recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, with reported rates of 2%-5% in children. The gold standard for assessing vocal cord function in flexible nasendoscopy (FNE) examination, which is considered high-risk for contraction of the COVID-19 virus. Intraoperative ultrasonographic assessment (IUA) of vocal cord function is a non-invasive and relatively simple procedure performed in a supine position, performed during spontaneous breathing, following reversed anaesthesia, while the patient is still sedated., Objectives: To evaluate the validity of IUA modality in children undergoing thyroidectomy and to compare it to the standard FNE., Design: A prospective double-blind study covering 24 months (March 2019-March 2021). Twenty thyroid lobectomies were performed, during 15 surgeries. Vocal cord function was assessed three times: Pre-operatively by FNE, intraoperative (IUA) following extubation, and a second FNE on the first post-operative day., Settings: A tertiary paediatric hospital., Results: The overall accuracy of IUA results in our study was 92%. IUA sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were 100%, 89%, 33% and 100%, respectively. Patient's age demonstrated borderline significance (p = .08). The resident's experience was associated with a better correlation between IUA and FNE results (p < .05)., Conclusions: IUA of vocal cord motion has a high accuracy rate for detection of iatrogenic vocal cord paralysis, similar to FNE. It is easily learned by residents, well-tolerated by children, and it provides a safe and valid alternative modality while ensuring the safety of the medical staff in treating patients, especially in times of COVID-19 pandemic., (© 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objective/hypothesis: Anticoagulant and antiplatelet medications (ACAP) are known to be associated with an increased risk for epistaxis. There are conflicting results regarding the impact of Novel Oral Anticoagulants (NOAC) on epistaxis and its severity., Study Design: Retrospective chart review of patients who were admitted to the ED in our tertiary level hospital with a diagnosis of epistaxis during the years 2012 to 2018., Methods: Retrospective analysis of patients presenting to tertiary level emergency otolaryngological care during the years 2012 to 2018. The impact of various ACAP medications on epistaxis severity, hospital admission, and recurrence was analyzed., Results: A total of 470 patients were identified. Two hundred and twenty-nine patients (49%), were not on any anticoagulant/antiplatelet (ACAP) medications (controls) and 241 patients (51%) were taking at least one ACAP medication (ACAP group). Patients in the ACAP group were at a higher risk for severe epistaxis (OR = 1.8, P < .05) and were more likely to be hospitalized (OR = 2.17, P < .05). Surprisingly, the risk for recurrence was similar in the ACAP and control groups (15%, P > .05). Compared to controls, Warfarin and Enoxaparin increased the overall risk for severe epistaxis (OR = 4.4, P < .05) and for hospital admission (OR = 2.1, P < .05). Specifically, an increased risk for posterior tamponade (OR = 19, P < .001), significant blood loss (OR = 4.4, P = .032), and blood transfusion (OR = 4.7, P = .007) were identified as well. Interestingly, NOACs were not associated with increased risk for severe epistaxis, hospital admission, tamponade, and significant blood loss or blood transfusion compared to controls., Conclusions: Compared to older generation anticoagulants and antiplatelet medications, NOACs demonstrated an improved safety profile, in terms of epistaxis severity, need for hospital admission and outcomes. These results may suggest a more conservative approach and less hospitalization when treating epistaxis in patients receiving NOACs., Level of Evidence: 4 Laryngoscope, 131:1946-1951, 2021., (© 2021 The American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society, Inc.)

Objective: To evaluate in cochlear implant patients, the feasibility and reliability of angular depth of insertion (aDOI) measurements using plain x-ray scans., Study Design: Retrospective study where three observers independently evaluated and compared intraoperative anterior-posterior and oblique x-ray scans., Setting: A tertiary pediatric medical center., Patients: Included were 50 children (100 ears) who underwent bilateral simultaneous cochlear implantation during 2008 to 2015., Main Outcome Measures: Inter-rater agreement of aDOI measured in plain x-ray scans; effect of head position on measured aDOI; and symmetry of aDOI between patients' ears in bilateral simultaneous cochlear implantations., Results: Differences in the average aDOI measurements among the three observers ranged between 2 and 7 degrees. There was high inter-rater agreement (R = 0.99, p < 0.01) among all observers, and strong correlations between each pair of observers (0.92-0.99). Head rotation of 45 degrees (between the two views) resulted in a median difference in aDOI of 14 degrees, with excellent correlation among the observers. The rate of asymmetry was high, with a median difference of 39 degrees and up to 220 degrees between ears., Conclusions: Assessment of aDOI using intraoperative plain x-rays is efficient and reliable. The effect of head positioning on measurement is small. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effect of aDOI and insertion symmetry on functional outcomes.

Objective: The role of bilateral bone conduction amplification in patients with bilateral conductive hearing loss is unclear because cranial attenuation is usually considered negligible, and both cochleae can be stimulated with similar efficacy by each device. The aim of the study was to determine if bilateral bone-conduction hearing aids can improve hearing in noise in a homogeneous group of normal-hearing subjects with bilateral pseudo-conductive hearing loss., Study Design: Prospective, comparative., Setting: Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders in University of Haifa, Israel., Subjects: Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders in University of Haifa, Israel., Interventions: Induction of bilateral pseudo-conductive hearing loss of more than 35 dB using earplugs and earmuffs., Main Outcome Measures: Hearing quality on blinded comparison of unilateral versus bilateral amplification with bone-conduction hearing aids under different locations of noise., Results: Unilateral and bilateral amplification had similar efficacy when both signal and noise were presented from the front. However, bilateral amplification was significantly better when signals were presented from the front and noise was presented from both sides (SNR -10: 92% vs. 84%, p = 0.001; SNR -15: 84% vs. 78%, p = 0.005). Analysis of subject responses on blinded questionnaires revealed that 81% found hearing easier with bilateral amplification. Noise was reported to be more disturbing with unilateral amplification by 55% of the subjects and with bilateral amplification, by 9%., Conclusions: Bilateral amplification with bone conduction devices can improve understanding in noise in the binaural squelch setting. Subjective improvements with bilateral bone-conduction aids included better sound quality and reduced noise disturbance. These findings are consistent with the binaural mechanism of spectral release from masking.

High intensity physical exercise has previously been found to lead to a decline in cognitive performance of adults. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of maximal intensity exercise on cognitive performance of children. Using a repeated-measures design, 20 children and adolescents aged 8-17 years completed a battery of tests measuring memory and attention. Forward and Backward Digit Span tests, the Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) were performed at baseline, immediately after, and one hour after a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test. Forward and Backward Digit Span scores significantly improved post-recovery compared with baseline measurements. There was a significant decrease in RAVLT scores post-exercise, which returned to baseline values after recovery. The DSST test scores were mildly elevated from post-exercise to after recovery. Maximal intensity exercise in children and adolescents may result in both beneficial and detrimental cognitive effects, including transient impairment in verbal learning. Cognitive functions applying short term memory improve following a recovery period. Parents, educators and coaches should consider these changes in memory and attention following high-intensity exercise activities in children.

Testicular cancer incidence is highest among men of northern European ancestry and lowest among men of Asian/African descent. We conducted a large-scale migrant cohort study to assess origin and migrant generation as predictors of testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs), controlling for possible confounders. Data on 1,092,373 Jewish Israeli males, who underwent a general health examination prior to compulsory military service at ages 16-19 between the years 1967-2005, were linked to Israel National Cancer Registry to obtain incident TGCTs up to 2006. Cox proportional hazards was used to model time to event. Overall, 1,001 incident cases (534 seminoma and 467 nonseminoma) were detected during 19.2 million person-years of follow-up. Origin was a strong independent predictor of TGCTs with remarkably low incidence for North African-born (HR = 0.10, 95% CI: 0.04-0.21) and Asian-born (HR = 0.35, 0.20-0.62), while intermediate for Israeli-born of North African origin (HR = 0.48, 0.40-0.58) and Asian origin (HR = 0.56, 0.47-0.66), compared to European origin. A comparison of Israeli born of North African and Asian origin with North African and Asian-born yielded a HR of 2.31 (1.36-3.93). Significant risk factors controlled for were year of birth, years of education and height. Findings persisted when analyses were stratified by histologic subtypes of TGCTs. The findings of lower rates of TGCTs among men born in North Africa and Asia compared to European ancestry, but a steep increase in next generation migrants, particularly among the Israeli-born migrants from North Africa, provide clues to direct further research on the role of modern lifestyle and environment in the etiology of TGCTs., (Copyright © 2012 UICC.)

Background and Aims: The increasing prevalence of adolescent obesity affects adult health. We investigated the association of adolescent overweight with colorectal cancer incidence in a large cohort of males., Methods: Body mass index (BMI) was measured in 1.1 million Jewish Israeli males who underwent a general health examination at ages 16 to 19 between 1967 and 2005. Overweight was defined as BMI ≥ 85th percentile of the standard U.S. distribution in adolescence. Colorectal cancer was identified by linkage with the Israel National Cancer Registry up to 2006. The mean follow-up period was 17.6 ± 10.9 years, reflecting 19.5 million person-years. Cox proportional hazards modeling was used., Results: The prevalence of adolescent overweight increased from 9.9% to 16.8% in the first 10 and last 10 annual examination cohorts. Colon (n = 445) and rectal cancer (n = 193) cases were detected. Overweight predicted an increased risk of colon cancer [HR = 1.53; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.17-2.02, P = 0.002] but not of rectal cancer (HR = 1.09; 95% CI, 0.38-1.73, P = 0.72). The risk was greatest for nonmucinous adenocarcinoma of the colon (HR = 1.68, 95% CI, 1.26-2.23, P = 0.001). The association of BMI ≥ 85th percentile with colon cancer was even more pronounced in analyses that were restricted to men followed until at least 40 years of age [N = 367,478; HR = 1.75 (95% CI, 1.33-2.3, P < 0.001)]., Conclusions: Adolescent overweight is substantially associated with colon cancer incidence in young to middle-aged adults., Impact: These long-term sequelae add to the urgency to seriously address increasing childhood and adolescent obesity with its attendant increasing population impact.