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This study aimed to develop a method of naringinase biosynthesis by

A method of evaluation of spatial dispersion of structures is presented. A quantitative parameter measuring spatial dispersion is introduced. It is shown that this parameter indeed measures spatial dispersion. A classification of bubble flow structures based on values of this parameter is proposed. An example of application of the method to real flow structures is presented.

A study has been made of thermophilic aerobic biodegradation of the liquid fraction of potato slops (distillation residue) from a rural distillery. The COD of this fraction ranged from 49 to 104 g O2/l, the main contributions to the COD coming from organic acids, reducing substances, and glycerol. It was found that biodegradation could be divided into the following stages: organic acids were removed first, followed by reducing substances and glycerol. The extent of removal varied according to the process temperature. At 50 degrees C, acetic and malic acids were removed completely, but the amount of isobutyric acid increased. At 60 degrees C, organic acid removal ranged from 51.2% (isobutyric acid) to 99.6% (lactic acid). Removals of glycerol and reducing substances were 86.2% and 87.4%, respectively. COD reduction was also temperature dependent, the highest removal efficiency (76.7%) being achieved at 60 degrees C. Dissolved oxygen may have limited the biodegradation process, as indicated by the DOT-versus-time profile.

A linear transformation f(S) of configurational entropy with length scale dependent coefficients as a measure of spatial inhomogeneity is considered. When a final pattern is formed with periodically repeated initial arrangement of point objects the value of the measure is conserved. This property allows for computation of the measure at every length scale. Its remarkable sensitivity to the deviation (per cell) from a possible maximally uniform object distribution for the length scale considered is comparable to behaviour of strictly mathematical measure h introduced by Garncarek et al. in [2]. Computer generated object distributions reveal a correlation between the two measures at a given length scale for all configurations as well as at all length scales for a given configuration. Some examples of complementary behaviour of the two measures are indicated., Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures

The relationship between effective conductivity and cell structure of polyethylene/carbon composites as well as between effective conductivity and spatial distribution of carbon black are discussed. Following Yoshida's model both structures can, in a way, be said to be intermediate between the well known Maxwell-Garnett (MG) and Bruggeman (BR) limiting structures. Using TEM photographs on composites with various carbon blacks we have observed that the larger is Garncarek's inhomogeneity measure H of two-dimensional (2D) representative distribution of the carbon black, the smaller is the effective conductivity of the composite., Comment: 7 pages, 9 figures

A new way of assessment of the state of a granular mixture is presented in this paper. It is based on the method of statistical reduction and it enables a more precise assessment to be made of the state of a grain mixture as compared with other methods, especially when the mixture represents a large population. The new method is illustrated by a computational example.

A quantitative method to evaluate variational processes such as particle circulation in a fluidized bed is presented. It involves the calculation of H , an index of the degree of inhomogeneity in the tracer circulation in standard measure. The position of a given particle in a rectangular fluidized bed was followed using Positron Emission Particle Tracking. This technique is able to locate a labelled solid and construct a three-dimensional trajectory of its movement. The degree of inhomogeneity in the tracer distribution was then calculated from the observations. The values of H for the tracer movement when the bed is operated with a differential air supply across the distributor to stimulate gross solids circulation, suggest that there are relatively large regions of the bed in which the presence of the tracer is much less frequent than elsewhere. This lack of homogeneity in the tracer particle circulation is consistent with visual observation of particle circulation in the investigated bed. Increase in H with increasing length of the duration of the test is consistent with a stable circulation pattern. H affords a quantitative measure of how the fluidized bed parameters influence the particles movement.

In this paper the authors tried to use the probabilistic method to investigate a thermal field with so-called homogeneity index H. It enables global evaluation of a degree of heterogeneity of thermal field. The paper presents a structure of H and exemplary calculation results for a model simulating unsteady thermal field in a perpendicular connection of two thick-walled plates, infinitely extensive.

We present an attempt of formulating a quantitative criterion for division into homogeneous and heterogeneous flow patterns basing on the probabilistic analysis of gas bubble distribution in the liquid