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Since the International Maritime Organization has paved the way towards zero emissions, more frequent applications of transition fuels in newly constructed ships have been observed. Fuels such as LNG or methanol are characterised by lower emissions when burned in engines. In order to diminish fuel consumption, and hence the rate of emission, support for the performance of a ship's engines with energy from renewable sources such as photovoltaic (PV) installations is increasingly common. The efficiency of PV panels decreases with an increase in temperature, and it is therefore important to cool them. However, the cooling systems for PV panels impose additional financial outlays as well as a higher demand for electric power, which is needed to run the circulating pumps. A natural cooling process can occur in some vessels via high sea waves, when the ship's decks are flooded by outboard water, although such cooling has an accidental and periodic character, as it results from weather conditions. Despite this, its potential demands a closer examination. This paper presents experimental research carried out with an experimental setup that allowed us to simulate the process of flooding of a PV panel with water waves of various frequencies, resulting from choppy periods at sea. Depending on the weather conditions and the character of flooding, our results indicate that an increase in the power of the PV module of about 18% is obtainable. Our research shows that when the intervals between flooding are longer, the periodic character of the temperature changes obtained by flooding the front surface of a PV panel with water is more distinctive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to reduce by half the amount of greenhouse gases emitted by marine ships by 2050, and its vision of the fastest total decarbonisation in the maritime shipping industry within the present century, calls for implementation with various means of decarbonisation. The IMO approaches the process of decarbonisation in two phases. Firstly, short-term, compact projects are to be considered, next, more complex, medium- and long-term solutions should be aimed at. The preferred arrangements to be applied are photovoltaic systems. Their performance depends to a high degree on the solar incidence angle. In the case of a ship swinging as a result of its course in relation to the wave and incidence direction, the incidence angle undergoes significant periodic changes with a significant effect on the power generated by the PV panels. As a result, the total amount of energy produced by the PV panels diminishes. The paper presents experimental research results obtained on the stand that allowed the investigation of PV panels in simulated marine conditions. Two characteristic positions of a PV panel's rotation axis in relation to the solar rays' incidence direction were investigated. It was proved for both variants that the rolling period and solar incidence angle affected the power generated by the PV panel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of applying ennobled solid biomass via mechanical compaction or torrefaction as fuel for ships, in terms of fire safety, environmental protection, the increase in liquid fuel prices and the dwindling resources of crude oil. The object of investigation is a ship of the ro-pax ferry type, with low cruising range, which is intended for service on the Baltic Sea. The ship's power system is discussed and the results of calculations of the thermal cycle for a steam turbine power plant are presented. We present a simplified comparative analysis of a fuel bunker for a ship with a power plant including biomass fired boilers, and for a ship with a conventional solution of a motor power plant supplied by ultra-low sulphur fuel originating from crude oil. The advantages of applying a fluidised bed biomass fired boiler are highlighted, and selected results from tests of this boiler are presented. In addition, we assess potential fire hazards on the ship resulting from the storage and transport of pellets, and from pellets after torrefaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The statistics invariably show that most onboard fires originate in the engine room. In hazardous conditions, fires can spread to other rooms of the ship and cause the loss of human life, and can cause the ship to be out of service or lost completely. To prevent these serious consequences, the engine room crew should be aware of hazards and ways to prevent them. It is also advisable to support their routine activities and actions in critical situations with an appropriate management system. For this reason, a survey was conducted at the beginning of 2019 of engine room crew members employed by a European shipowner, as a contribution to an analysis of fire safety management. Based on the results of the survey, some of the elements of the fire safety management system of the ship engine room are described. A properly constructed system that is understandable and accepted by the crew is one of the most important factors in increasing fire safety on a ship. Familiarisation with adequate procedures can significantly contribute to the successful prevention of accidents. This paper also proposes a checklist based on suggestions by the crew, which may be helpful in onboard fire prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of waste heat from exhaust gas of ship's main engines has become widely practiced as early as in the 1930s. Thus the increase of ship's overall efficiency was improved. Nowadays all newly built ships of the 400 gross tonnage and above must have specified energy efficiency design index, which is a measure for CO2 emissions of the ship and its impact on the environment. Therefore, the design of waste heat recovery systems requires special attention. The use of these systems is one of the basic ways to reduce CO2 emissions and to improve the ship's energy efficiency. The paper describes the ship's heating systems designed for the use of waste heat contained in the exhaust gas of self-ignition engines, in which the heat carriers are respectively water vapor, water or thermal oil. Selected results of comparative exergy analysis of simplified steam, water and oil heating systems have been presented. The results indicate that the oil heating system is comparable to the water system in terms of internal exergy losses. However, larger losses of exergy occur in the case of a steam system. In the steam system, a significant loss is caused by the need to cool the condensate to avoid cavitation in boiler feed pumps. This loss can in many cases cause the negative heat balance of ship during sea voyage while using only the exhaust gas boilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an overview of the mathematical models applied for the description of the pneumatic transportation of grain materials. Thus the model that has been selected is best suited for the description of the pressure drop in the pneumatic transport installation of solid fuel for a ship boiler. The research conducted allows for verification of the hypothesis that the ship's motion is of minor importance and therefore it is possible at the design stage to apply the simplified model to determine the pressure losses in the installation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluidized bed boilers have been widely used for many years in energetics but their application in shipbuilding has been incidental. The hydrodynamics of a fluidized bed is a complicated issue. If the swaying of a ship on a sea wave is taken into account, this issue will be further complicated. The choice of an appropriate mathematical model is important from the viewpoint of building computer models for the simulation of a fluidized bed during disruptions that result from the ship swaying on sea waves. Fluidization is a two-phase flow process, which is described by many models such as the homogeneous-slip model or heterogeneous-slide model. The most popular models that show two-phase gas-solid or fluid-solid flow are the Euler-Euler and Euler-Lagrange models. The paper presents models that describe a ship's fluidized bed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During their stay in harbours the ships generate the electric energy and heat for their needs most frequently by use of their own power and boiler plants through Diesel generating sets and oil fired boiler. The operation of this machinery causes the toxic compound emission to the atmosphere. In this article the possibilities are presented of limiting this emission through such activities as supplying the ship with the energy from the shore power network, from barge-situated power plant provided with the Diesel generating sets supplied with LNG, and in case of the boiler plant through the application of the liquid or solid biofuel. There are also presented some selected results of the simplified comparative analysis of the emission levels with the various methods of generating the electric energy and heat during ship's stay in harbour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sea environment protection requirements getting stricter with time have caused nowadays growing interest in the application of the renewable energy sources in the marine power systems. This allows to reduce the CO 2 emission and therefore to achieve more advantageous value of ship's energy efficiency index. One of the more preferably applied arrangements, regardless of the ship's size, are the photovoltaic systems (PV systems). Their contribution to the electricity production on ships can be increased through the application of PV panels water cooling which results in the increase of their efficiency. This article presents the calculation methods allowing to determine the energy profits obtainable owing to the application of the PV modules cooling system using the water taken from the ship's power plant cooling system. The results of calculations for PV installation of a selected ro-pax vessel planned for the operation on the Świnoujście –Ystad line have been used and presented in this article. • Application of PV systems with cooling modules on ships. • Cooling of PV modules by means of overboard water. • Improving the efficiency of ship's power system using PV systems. • The calculation method to determine the energy profits of the PV modules with water sea cooling system is elaborated. • The case study is the newbuilding designed for the Świnoujście –Ystad line, passenger – car ferry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]