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In northern Tamaulipas, México, the contamination of corn by toxigenic fungi reduces grain production and quality. Corn contaminated by mycotoxins puts humans and livestock at risk. Continuous monitoring of the sanitary quality of grain at harvest and in storage will define preventive and corrective strategies for contamination by mycotoxigenic fungi. In this work, we identified toxigenic fungi associated with corn grown and stored in northern Tamaulipas, identified and quantified aflatoxins and their relationships with the physicochemical characteristics of the grain, and identified the main genes responsible for aflatoxin production in A. flavus. Fungal incidence was evaluated in vitro, aflatoxin production was evaluated via HPLC, and physicochemical traits were evaluated via spectrophotometry. Three genera were identified: Fusarium, Aspergillus, and Penicillium; the latter had the highest incidence in both 2011 and 2012. The incidence was higher in 2012 (82.3%) than in 2011 (4.5%), and storage did not affect the incidence. Associations among fungal incidences and physicochemical traits were significant and intermediate in both years. AFB1 production was negatively associated with hectoliter weight, and total fungal incidence was positively related to the incidence of Penicillium, Fusarium, and Aspergillus and negatively related to the flotation index. AFB1 was detected in 13.18% of the samples, with values ranging from 3.4881.33 ppb upon receipt and from 4.3245.92 ppb after storage. Two samples exceeded the allowed limits for Mexico (20 ppb). The aflD and aflQ genes were detected in 52.1 and 56.3%, respectively, of the A. flavus isolates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Substances produced by plants have huge importance regulating multiple functions as germination, development promoter/ enhancer, yield increaser and activator of plant defense system against diseases and pests. Due to diversity, each plant species produces different compounds and in different concentrations. This research evaluated the role of 20 plants extracts obtained from different plant species or plant tissues on seed germination and seedlings establishment of maize and lettuce, in concentration of 5%, 10% or 20%. For this, two experiments were carried out, the first analyzing 20 plant extracts and the effects on germination percentage and root and shoot length based on the germination test for the two species. The second was carried out in a greenhouse, in a completely randomized design with three and ten repetitions for maize and lettuce, respectively, using only the three extracts with the best results from the first experiment. Seedling height and seedling dry matter were evaluated. To germination test most of extracts showed negative or no effects in both species. Only Conyza bonariensis at 5% and Richardia brasiliensis at 5% and 20% had positive effects on early seedling growth, increasing the seedlings length for maize seedlings. To seedlings establishment, Conyza bonariensis, Leucaena leucocephala and Richardia brasiliensis extracts did not show statistical difference to shoots height but increased the dry mass of shoots and roots. The results demonstrated that these plants extract have potential as growth promoters and can be a good option to a better seedling growth and establishment, collaborating to a more effective agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY Plant height can be an indicator of plant health across environments and used to identify superior genotypes. Typically plant height is measured at a single timepoint when plants reach terminal height. Evaluating plant height using unoccupied aerial vehicles allows for measurements throughout the growing season, facilitating a better understanding of plant‐environment interactions and the genetic basis of this complex trait. To assess variation throughout development, plant height data was collected from planting until terminal height at anthesis (14 flights 2018, 27 in 2019, 12 in 2020, and 11 in 2021) for a panel of ~500 diverse maize inbred lines. The percent variance explained in plant height throughout the season was significantly explained by genotype (9–48%), year (4–52%), and genotype‐by‐year interactions (14–36%) to varying extents throughout development. Genome‐wide association studies revealed 717 significant single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with plant height and growth rate at different parts of the growing season specific to certain phases of vegetative growth. When plant height growth curves were compared to growth curves estimated from canopy cover, greater Fréchet distance stability was observed in plant height growth curves than for canopy cover. This indicated canopy cover may be more useful for understanding environmental modulation of overall plant growth and plant height better for understanding genotypic modulation of overall plant growth. This study demonstrated that substantial information can be gained from high temporal resolution data to understand how plants differentially interact with the environment and can enhance our understanding of the genetic basis of complex polygenic traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of various molecular weights (MWs) of fulvic acid (FA) on maize growth, grain yield, and nutrient uptake under different nitrogen levels (NLs). A 2 × 3 balanced design was employed, with high (0.2 g N/kg) and low (0.05 g N/kg) NLs, and three FA MW ranges (W1 = 3 000 D, 3 000 < W2 = 10 000 D, W3 > 10 000 D) were applied at 25 mg/kg in soil. Significant interactions between NLs and FA MWs were observed in chlorophyll a/b ratio, nitrate reductase and glutamate dehydrogenase activities, nitrogen content, and nitrogen uptake efficiency. Overall, under different NLs, FA application reduced chlorophyll a/b ratio, increased nitrogen metabolism enzyme activities, promoted maize growth, and thereby improved grain yield and nitrogen fertiliser uptake efficiency. Additionally, the promotion effect of low MW FA on these indicators outweighed that of high MW FA, yet the latter exhibited a more pronounced effect on increasing grain nitrogen concentration. Structural equation model analysis revealed direct effects of chlorophyll content, nitrogen accumulation, nitrogen uptake efficiency, NLs and FA MWs on maize grain yield, with FA MWs negatively impacting yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutritional diagnosis, a technique used to maximize the economic yield of agricultural holdings and to protect the environment, is the focus of this study. Nutrient availability is one of the critical limiting factors in maize grain yield. The study, which aimed to establish and compare the nutritional standards obtained by the Compositional Nutrient Diagnosis (CND) method in maize grown in tropical soils in a semi-arid region, is based on a thorough examination of a database containing information from 198 experimental plots collected between 2011 and 2019 in the semi-arid region of Ceará, Brazil. The evaluation methodology was the multivariate CND calculation method. The mathematical models used to analyze the relationship between the nutrient’s CND-r2 index and leaf concentrations revealed coefficients of determination (R2) for nitrogen (N) and magnesium (Mg) of 0.36 and 0.66, respectively. The other values exceeded 70% (R2 ≥ 0.70), while phosphurus (P), calcium (Ca), cupper (Cu), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) showed values above 90% (R2 ≥ 0.90). These results not only highlight the high accuracy of these models in studying the interactions between nutrient coefficients and their leaf concentrations but also reassure the reader about the reliability of the research. The study’s thoroughness instills confidence in the research’s validity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• 1063 differentially expressed genes mainly annotated by photosynthesis, DNA replication and carbon metabolism. • 45 phytohormones, including ABA, auxin, CK, ETH, GA, JA, and SA were effective expression. • IAA-Glc, IAA-Glu, TRP, mT9G, and GA53 show the strongest correlation with ssu1, ssu2, pep1, me3 , and hsp90. • The putatively Ribosomal L 18p/L5e gene was identified. Blue and red light play a significant role in regulating transcriptional expression, phytohormone levels, and gene signal network reconstruction in the shoot apical meristem. To further elucidate the effects of red and blue light on transcriptional characteristics and phytohormone expression, and to explore signaling pathways and novel genes, we conducted comparative experiments under different light quality treatments. The results are as follows: a total of 22,327 genes were found to be effectively expressed, with a considerable number of alternative splicing events occurring concurrently. Furthermore, 1063 differentially expressed genes were identified, primarily associated with transcriptional variations resulting from the transition from blue light to red light. These differentially expressed genes are predominantly involved in KEGG annotations related to photosynthesis, DNA replication and carbon metabolism. The findings from targeted metabolism analysis reveal significant variations in 45 phytohormones, including ABA, auxin, CK, ETH, GA, JA, and SA. Correlation analysis between transcription and metabolism further indicates that IAA.Glc, IAA.Glu, TRP, mT9G, and GA53 show the strongest correlation with differentially expressed genes, with genes ssu1, ssu2, pep1, me3 , and hsp90 displaying a significant relationship. Additionally, in the protein–protein interaction network, three novel genes (LOC100286132, LOC100510780 , and LOC103653934) were identified as significant responding to the regulation of blue and red light. Following protein function analysis, the proteins were provisionally identified as ubiquitin conjugating enzyme-like, OXIDATIVE STRESS 3LIKE 2-like, and Ribosomal L 18p/L5e, respectively. Conclusively, it is depicted that the most significant impact of transitions between red light, blue light, and two light qualities lies in the transcriptional process of shot apical meristem of the C4 plant maize. This process is intricately linked to nitrogen availability, carbon dioxide assimilation capacity, and the stimulatory effects of auxin, cytokinin, and gibberellin. The expression of the putative L 18/L5e in blue and BTR light conditions may enhance transcript and synthesis capabilities of ribosome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In favor of better cultures development and productivity, new studies are seeking different alternatives, efficient technologies, and lower environmental impact to achieve such purposes, thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the application effect of a chitosan-based product in the germination and vigor of corn. The study was carried out at the Ceará State University, Campus Itaperi. A completely randomized design was adopted with four replications of 50 seeds, except for the mass, length tests and image analysis carried out in five replications of 20 seeds. Seeds of the cultivar SM 996 were used and submitted to six concentrations of chitosan-based product: 0.0% (control); 0.5%; 1%; 2.5%; 5%; and 10%. It evaluated the following parameters: first count, germination test, radicle, shoot and seedling length and fresh mass, chlorophyll and carotenoid content, electrolyte extravasation, image computerized analysis by Vigor-S®, emergence, and length, fresh and dry mass of the seedlings in a bed. The use of coating with the bioproduct in corn seeds significantly increased the germination test results, the shoots’ first count emerged in a bed, as well as, root and seedlings fresh mass, fresh and dry mass in the field, length of the seedlings in the field, seedlings total length and growth index obtained by the Vigor-S®. It is concluded that the bioproduct presents as an essential bio-stimulant for corn seeds favoring germination parameters, vigor, and development of the seedlings.

ABSTRACTFarmers in North America face significant pressure from insects in their maize fields, particularly from corn rootworm (Diabrotica spp.). Research into proteins capable of insecticidal activity has found several produced by ferns. One protein, IPD079Ea, was derived from Ophioglossum pendulum and has shown activity against corn rootworm. An environmental risk assessment was conducted for maize event DP-915635-4, which provides control of corn rootworms via expression of the IPD079Ea protein. This assessment focused on IPD079Ea and characterized potential exposure and hazard to non-target organisms (NTOs). For exposure, estimated environmental concentrations (EECs) were calculated. For hazard, laboratory dietary toxicity studies were conducted with IPD079Ea and surrogate non-target organisms. Environmental risk was characterized by comparing hazard and exposure to calculate the margin of exposure (MOE). Based on the MOE values for DP-915635-4 maize, the IPD079Ea protein is not expected to result in unreasonable adverse effects on beneficial NTO populations at environmentally relevant concentrations.

In the Amazonian region of Brazil, the combination of different inoculation forms of Azospirillum brasilense and N rates has not been studied for its effect on photosynthetic N use efficiency and yield in maize plants. The effects of inoculation forms of A. brasilense and N rates on photosynthetic N use efficiency and maize yield were evaluated. Two field trials were conducted, combining four N rates (0 to 180 kg ha−1) with different inoculation forms of A. brasilense (seed, leaf, or control). Photosynthetic N use efficiency (photosynthesis per unit leaf N) was taken at the beginning of tasseling stage, while yield and N use efficiency components were evaluated at physiological maturity. Photosynthesis and specific leaf N increased with increasing N rates, regardless of inoculation forms. Azospirillum-inoculated seeds, along with 114 kg ha−1 of N provided the maximum yield (6.0 Mg ha−1). Without N, seed inoculation increased yield by 33% and photosynthesis by 31% compared to the control. Averaged across N rates, seed inoculation increased photosynthetic N use efficiency by 17%–24% compared to the control. Azospirillum-inoculated seeds improved N use efficiency compared to the control under low N available. The results show that the Azospirillum-inoculated seeds could potentially decrease N rates from 180 to 114 kg ha−1 of N, while increasing yield by 9%. Besides, Azospirillum-inoculated seeds could enhance photosynthetic N use efficiency in a sustainable manner on low-fertility soils. Therefore, the benefits of the A. Brasiliense drive a sustainable agriculture by improving yield and reducing the need for N inputs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated, under field conditions and during four years (2018-2021) the effects of five irrigation levels (T1: 100% of crop water requirement; T2: 80% of T1; T3: 60% of T1; T4: 40% of T1, and T5: 0% of T1 - rainfed) in interaction with three planting densities (PD1: 54 900, PD2: 64 900, and PD3 75 200 plants/ha) on the yield, yield components and water use efficiency (WUE) of maize in Srem, Serbia. The results indicate a large year-to-year variability, mainly due to the total amount and distribution of rainfall. Water regime and PD interacted significantly. Irrigation increased grain yield 28, 34, 30 and 18% for treatments T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively, compared to the T5; and significantly influenced the yield components. Planting density had significantly lower effects on grain yield compared to irrigation (+1.4-1.8%). WUE is maximised (3.436 kg/m3) at T4 under 75 200 plants/ha. Grain yield and WUE increased significantly with increasing PD, while the number of grains per ear and the weight of 1 000 grains decreased with increasing PD. In conclusion, limited irrigation at T2 under PD2 may be a viable method to maximise production efficiency and maize yield under the environmental conditions of this study and at sites with similar soil and climatic conditions.

Abstract Arsenic (As) contamination is a major environmental pollutant that adversely affects plant physiological processes and can hinder nutrients and water availability. Such conditions ultimately resulted in stunted growth, low yield, and poor plant health. Using rhizobacteria and composted biochar (ECB) can effectively overcome this problem. Rhizobacteria have the potential to enhance plant growth by promoting nutrient uptake, producing growth hormones, and suppressing diseases. Composted biochar can enhance plant growth by improving aeration, water retention, and nutrient cycling. Its porous structure supports beneficial microorganisms, increasing nutrient uptake and resilience to stressors, ultimately boosting yields while sequestering carbon. Therefore, the current study was conducted to investigate the combined effect of previously isolated Bacillus faecalis (B. faecalis) and ECB as amendments on maize cultivated under different As levels (0, 300, 600 mg As/kg soil). Four treatments (control, 0.5% composted biochar (0.5ECB), B. faecalis, and 0.5ECB + B. faecalis) were applied in four replications following a completely randomized design. Results showed that the 0.5ECB + B. faecalis treatment led to a significant rise in maize plant height (~ 99%), shoot length (~ 55%), root length (~ 82%), shoot fresh (~ 87%), and shoot dry weight (~ 96%), root fresh (~ 97%), and dry weight (~ 91%) over the control under 600As stress. There was a notable increase in maize chlorophyll a (~ 99%), chlorophyll b (~ 81%), total chlorophyll (~ 94%), and shoot N, P, and K concentration compared to control under As stress, also showing the potential of 0.5ECB + B. faecalis treatment. Consequently, the findings suggest that applying 0.5ECB + B. faecalis is a strategy for alleviating As stress in maize plants.

A field experiment was carried out during the spring season of 2022 with the aim of determining the effects of spraying four concentrations of pyridoxine (0, 1500, 3000, 4500) mg/L on some growth characteristics and yield of three maize varieties (Al-Rabi’, Sarah, Baghdad3). The experiment was conducted at the research station of the College of Agriculture - University of Anbar using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The results of the study indicated a significant effect of pyridoxine on plant growth characteristics, and yield and its components. The concentration 4500 mg/L gave the highest average for leaf area, number of grains per ear, weight of 300 grains, and grains yield. The varieties differed significantly in most of the studied traits, as variety (Baghdad3) was distinguished by the shortest period of male and female flowering, the number of grains per ear, and the grain yield; while variety (Al-Rabi’) exceeded in the traits of leaf area and weight of 300 grains. The interaction between the varieties and the concentrations of pyridoxine also had a significant effect on most of the studied traits, as variety (Al-Rabi’) was superior in grain yield at concentration (4500 mg/L).

We investigated, under field conditions and during four years (2018–2021) the effects of five irrigation levels (T1: 100% of crop water requirement; T2: 80% of T1; T3: 60% of T1; T4: 40% of T1, and T5: 0% of T1 – rainfed) in interaction with three planting densities (PD1: 54 900, PD2: 64 900, and PD3 75 200 plants/ha) on the yield, yield components and water use efficiency (WUE) of maize in Srem, Serbia. The results indicate a large year-to-year variability, mainly due to the total amount and distribution of rainfall. Water regime and PD interacted significantly. Irrigation increased grain yield 28, 34, 30 and 18% for treatments T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively, compared to the T5; and significantly influenced the yield components. Planting density had significantly lower effects on grain yield compared to irrigation (+1.4–1.8%). WUE is maximised (3.436 kg/m3) at T4 under 75 200 plants/ha. Grain yield and WUE increased significantly with increasing PD, while the number of grains per ear and the weight of 1 000 grains decreased with increasing PD. In conclusion, limited irrigation at T2 under PD2 may be a viable method to maximise production efficiency and maize yield under the environmental conditions of this study and at sites with similar soil and climatic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arsenic (As) contamination is a major environmental pollutant that adversely affects plant physiological processes and can hinder nutrients and water availability. Such conditions ultimately resulted in stunted growth, low yield, and poor plant health. Using rhizobacteria and composted biochar (ECB) can effectively overcome this problem. Rhizobacteria have the potential to enhance plant growth by promoting nutrient uptake, producing growth hormones, and suppressing diseases. Composted biochar can enhance plant growth by improving aeration, water retention, and nutrient cycling. Its porous structure supports beneficial microorganisms, increasing nutrient uptake and resilience to stressors, ultimately boosting yields while sequestering carbon. Therefore, the current study was conducted to investigate the combined effect of previously isolated Bacillus faecalis (B. faecalis) and ECB as amendments on maize cultivated under different As levels (0, 300, 600 mg As/kg soil). Four treatments (control, 0.5% composted biochar (0.5ECB), B. faecalis, and 0.5ECB + B. faecalis) were applied in four replications following a completely randomized design. Results showed that the 0.5ECB + B. faecalis treatment led to a significant rise in maize plant height (~ 99%), shoot length (~ 55%), root length (~ 82%), shoot fresh (~ 87%), and shoot dry weight (~ 96%), root fresh (~ 97%), and dry weight (~ 91%) over the control under 600As stress. There was a notable increase in maize chlorophyll a (~ 99%), chlorophyll b (~ 81%), total chlorophyll (~ 94%), and shoot N, P, and K concentration compared to control under As stress, also showing the potential of 0.5ECB + B. faecalis treatment. Consequently, the findings suggest that applying 0.5ECB + B. faecalis is a strategy for alleviating As stress in maize plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen (N) is a crucial nutrient for the growth and activity of rhizosphere microorganisms, particularly during drought conditions. Plant root-secreted mucilage contains N that could potentially nourish rhizosphere microbial communities. However, there remains a significant gap in understanding mucilage N content, its source, and its utilization by microorganisms under drought stress. In this study, we investigated the impact of four maize varieties (DH02 and DH04 from Kenya, and Kentos and Keops from Germany) on the secretion rates of mucilage from aerial roots and explored the origin of mucilage N supporting microbial life in the rhizosphere. We found that DH02 exhibited a 96% higher mucilage secretion rate compared to Kentos, while Keops showed 114% and 89% higher secretion rates compared to Kentos and DH04, respectively. On average, the four maize varieties released 4 μg N per root tip per day, representing 2% of total mucilage secretion. Notably, the natural abundance of 15N isotopes increased (higher δ15N signature) with mucilage N release. This indicates a potential dilution of the isotopic signal from biological fixation of atmospheric N by mucilage-inhabiting bacteria as mucilage secretion rates increase. We proposed a model linking mucilage secretion to a mixture of isotopic signatures and estimated that biological N fixation may contribute to 45 - 75% of mucilage N per root tip. The N content of mucilage from a single maize root tip can support a bacterial population ranging from 107 to 1010 cells per day. In conclusion, mucilage serves as a significant N-rich resource for microbial communities in the rhizosphere during drought conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Tillering is generally considered counterproductive for grain yield in maize (Zea mays). However, recent research defies that idea and suggests that the effects of tillering on grain yield depend on the yield-environment. Aims: To synthesise the impact of tillering on maize grain yield across a wide range of environments. Methods: Literature regarding tillering in maize was assessed to create a multi-environment database of grain yield per unit area and per plant of side-by-side comparisons of grain yield of tillered versus de-tillered treatments. Regression analyses and mean comparisons were used to compare the performance of tillered and de-tillered crops. Key results: The maximum plant density in the database was 7 plants m−2. Tillered crops out-yielded de-tillered crops irrespective of the de-tillered grain yield (y -intercept = 841 kg ha−1, P < 0.01 and slope = 1, P = 0.91). For the lower tercile of yield-environments (i.e. lower than 5269 kg ha−1), the frequency of lower yields on tillered crops was higher (all database = 0.21, Pampas = 0.5) than in the mid or high terciles (all database < 0.13, Pampas < 0.18). Across environments, individual plant yield was higher for tillered crops (42 g plant−1 or 16% difference), but that difference decreased as the de-tillered individual plant yield decreased turning into zero below 136 g plant−1. Conclusions: Within the limitations of the data set, tillering was generally beneficial or indifferent for grain yield, but detrimental effects may be recorded in very low yield-environments. Implications: Tillering does not condition maize yield across most environments. Tillering (equivalent to branching in broad leaf species) is promoted by management practices adopted in marginal environments for maize production. Farmers generally consider tillering to be counterproductive for grain yield in maize (Zea mays), but we found that across a wide range of environments, tillering is generally positive or indifferent for grain yield determination. Therefore, farmers should not consider tillering as a conditioning trait when selecting maize hybrids for cultivating this crop in different environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DNA methylation is an important epigenetic regulatory mechanism, it regulates gene expression by recruiting proteins involved in gene repression or by inhibiting the binding of transcription factor(s) to DNA. In this study, a novel methyltransferase 2a gene (Zmet2a) was cloned in maize and identified by polymerase chain reaction-base (PCR-base) using a bioinformatics strategy. The Zmet2a cDNA sequence is 2739 bp long and translates to 912 amino acid peptides. The Zmet2a protein revealed that it contains BAH and CHROMO structural domains, is a non-transmembrane protein that is hydrophilically unstable, and has no signal peptide structure. Meanwhile, we verified the biological roles of Zmet2a using transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing Zmet2a and Zmet2a -knockout maize. Transgenic Zmet2a Arabidopsis thaliana showed highly significant advancement in flowering time, and Zmet2a -knockout maize showed advancement in flowering time, with significant changes in several traits. Altogether, these report the role of Zmet2a in the regulation of flowering time, which will lay a foundation for revealing the biological function and epigenetic regulation mechanism of Zmet2a in the growth, development and flowering of maize. Supplementary Material Supplementary Material File [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies have reported improvements in soil quality in integrated crop‐livestock systems (ICLS) when compared to conventional systems. The hypothesis of this study was that ICLS improve Oxisol quality due to the use of intercropping, adding pasture and cattle to the systems. The aim of the study was to evaluate the chemical and physical characteristics of an Oxisol and pasture production in the integrated system versus conventional system. We compared two conventional systems: crop system (maize grain production) and livestock system (beef cattle on single pasture) and, four ICLS: maize plus Marandu palisade grass sown simultaneously without herbicide (ICLS‐1); maize plus Marandu palisade grass sown simultaneously with herbicide (ICLS‐2); maize plus Marandu palisade grass in lagged sowing (ICLS‐3); and maize plus Marandu palisade grass sown simultaneously in maize rows and inter‐rows with herbicide (ICLS‐4). A randomized block design with six treatments and three replicates was used. The results suggest improvements in soil quality, including soil organic carbon (ICLS‐4), total nitrogen, and nitrogen stocks (ICLS‐1, ICLS‐2, and ICLS‐4). The intercropping technique influenced pasture production and soil quality during the implementation of integrated systems. The lowest soil strength was obtained for the crop system compared to systems with grazing animals but there were no changes in the soil physical characteristics that could compromise the production system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work aimed to evaluate the effect of re-treated urban wastewater using wood biochar on the development of maize (Zea mays L.) plants. Maize seeds were sown in plastic pots, containing agronomic soil, and watered with treated wastewater (TWW) before and after re-treatment with wood waste biochar. Before re-treatment, results indicated that the application of TWW at 75% significantly enhanced the maize growth, in terms of plant height, shoot fresh (SFW) and dry (SDW) weight compared to control (natural water). In turn, the application of TWW at 100% showed the opposite effects. In fact, the total chlorophyll content and relative water content (RWC) were significantly decreased by 20% and 4%, respectively, compared to control plants. Furthermore, TWW at 100% significantly (p < 0.05) induced an accumulation of oxidative stress markers (MDA, H2O2). The non-enzymatic antioxidant process (total polyphenols and flavonoids) and the enzymatic antioxidant activity (CAT and APX) were also interestingly increased. The obtained negative correlation between maize growth and the accumulation of oxidative stress markers could explain the showed reduction in maize growth under 100% TWW. However, this effect seems to be alleviated in maize plants when they were watered with TWW re-treated with biochar, indeed, a significant improvement was marked in plant height, SFW, SDW, total chlorophyll content and RWC by 44%, 106%, 176%, 38% and 12%, respectively, compared to maize under 100% TWW. The finding suggests that the use of TWW diluted or re-treated by wood biochar could be a relevant approach to valorize TWW in agricultural purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep placement of controlled-release urea is an effective fertiliser management strategy for improving the maize productivity, but it is not clear whether and how controlled-release urea depth affects the stem and root lodging of spring maize. Two consecutive years of field experiments were conducted to elucidate stem and root lodging properties and their relationship between grain yield and lodging behaviours under various controlled-release urea placement depths. Results depicted that compared to broadcast nitrogen treatment (D0), deep controlled-release urea significantly decreased the stem lodging rate by 34.7-80.4%, which contributed to improving the mechanical characteristics of the internode by optimising the internode diameter and dry matter in the third basal internode as well as higher lignin content. In addition, due to a greater and deeper root system (root dry weight, root surface area, root length and root width) as well as larger angle, diameter, and tension of aerial root that significantly decreased root lodging rate (37.0-88.4%). Furthermore, deep placement of controlled-release urea significantly increased the 100-grain weight, grain number and harvested index by constructing a deeper and larger root system, which significantly improved maize grain yield by 14.2-38.5%, and the nitrogen use efficiency increased by 4.8-10.7%. The highest grain yield, nitrogen use efficiency and lowest lodging rate occurred in controlled-release urea placement depths of 15 cm. Hence, our study suggests that controlled-release urea placement depths of 15 cm were an efficient nitrogen fertiliser management strategy to improve crop productivity as well as lodging resistance in spring maize. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The concentration of copper in the soil increased with the intensification of agricultural activities, mainly in grape production areas and orchards as a result of the application of pesticides. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi make up the microbial biomass of the soil and appear as an alternative to be researched for the development of plants in an environment contaminated with copper. The purpose of this pot study was to analyze the influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the development and content of copper in corn and sorghum plants. Soil treatments were: without inoculum (control) and two arbuscular mycorrhizal (Acaulospora scrobiculata and Rhizoglomus clarum) and five doses of copper (0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 mg Cu kg-1 soil); with seven repetitions. Plant height, stem diameter, number of tillers, root volume, shoot and root dry weight yields, shoot, root and grain Cu concentrations, pseudo-total soil Cu, percentage of mycorrhizal colonization and relative mycorrhizal efficiency index in reducing Cu concentration in root and shoot of corn and sorgum were evaluated. Morphological parameters of sorghum and corn were reduced with at high Cu doses in the soil, and the inoculation with Acaulospora scrobiculata and Rhizoglomus clarum resulted in greater development and lower Cu concentration in the dry mass of the shoot and root parts sorghum and corn plants.

The replacement of Caatinga by extensive agriculture has led to soil degradation in maize (Zea mays L.) growing areas. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of soil correction in association with Azospirillum brasiliense to replace nitrogen (N) fertilizer on the vegetative growth of two maize genotypes cultivated on degraded soil. The soil was collected in an area undergoing desertification in Irauçuba, Ceará state, Brazil. A 2x2x5 factorial experiment was carried out in blocks: two soil fertility levels (corrected and uncorrected soil in terms of fertility), two maize genotypes (BRS Caimbé and BRS Gorutuba), and five nitrogen sources (control, inoculation with A. brasilense, inoculation with A. brasilense + 50 kg ha-1 of N, 50 kg ha-1 of N, and 100 kg ha-1 of N). BRS Gorutuba genotype showed greater adaptability to the growing conditions evaluated. However, macronutrient concentration did not affect maize dry matter yield. The response of maize inoculated with A. brasiliense suggests the inoculation efficacy, supported by the N accumulation and the effect on plant growth. The dry matter yield in A. brasilense inoculated plants was equivalent to using N fertilizer. Therefore, the inoculation of BRS Gorutuba maize grown on degraded soil with A. brasilense is a promising alternative for farmers in semi-arid regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study is to establish the impact of tillage (reversible to a depth of 25-28 cm and irreversible to a depth of 25-28, 15-18 and 5-8 cm) and the fertilizing products such as LEANUM and VITAMIN O7 (liquid and powdered, respectively) for growing Hemingway and Harmonium hybrids with FAO 280 and 380 on the leaf area duration (LAD) and the concentration of chlorophyll a and b. The leaf area duration was measured by the method of M. I. Orlovskyi and calculated using the formula. The content of chlorophyll a and b in maize leaves was determined using the ULAB 102 Spectrophotometer. In general, the effect of biofertilizer treatment on the leaf can be noted by increasing the leaf area duration. Thus, for Harmonium, with any variant of tillage, the leaf area duration increased on the variants of foliar treatment. And on irreversible tillage for three years, an increase in the leaf area duration was noted with the use of pre-sowing inoculation with the studied fertilizing products, one treatment with LEANUM foliar, and a combined treatment with LEANUM + 1 LEANUM. It is worth noting that disking to a depth of 5-8 cm only led to a decrease in the leaf area duration during the cultivation of Harmonium. However, when growing Hemingway, almost all variants had a positive effect on the leaf area duration, with the exception of inoculation (when using both fertilizing products). An interesting fact is that in most cases, an increase in the leaf area duration led to a decrease in the concentration of chlorophyll a, but did not lead to a decrease in the total concentration of chlorophylls a and b, due to an increase in the concentration of chlorophyll b. It should be noted that biofertilizer treatment and tillage significantly affected the concentration of chlorophyll a and chlorophylls a and b, but chlorophyll b was not affected by tillage. When growing Hemingway, neither biologics nor tillage had any effect, while other pigments had a significant effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to ascertain the differences in the nutritional composition of maize grains by analysing their lipid, protein, fatty acid, triacylglycerol, and sugar content before and after undergoing an accelerated aging (AA) test. Additionally, phytochemicals (total pigments, phenolics and flavonoids), as well as antioxidant potential of maize grains were evaluated through ABTS•+ scavenging capacity and ferric reducing power (FRP) assays. Maize was cultivated in Serbia during the 2017 season, employing two growing systems (conventional and organic). Although minimal differences were observed in protein and lipid content, the grains proved to be an excellent source of polyunsaturated fatty acids and triacylglycerols with ECN44 fraction being predominant. The total soluble sugar content was low, while starch content was significantly higher. HPLC analysis confirmed a considerably higher prevalence of non-reducing disaccharides compared to reducing disaccharides. Maize grains emerged as a substantial source of chlorophyll a (0.53-4.38 µg/g DW), phenolics (1498.9-1931.3 mg FAE/kg DW), and flavonoids (85.7-381.9 mg QE/kg DW). All tested extracts exhibited satisfactory abilities to neutralize free ABTS•+. The FRP assay revealed a significantly higher ability to reduce Fe3+-ions in conventionally produced grains. According to the Blunt-Altman test, all analysed parameters showed considerable similarity, except for chlorophylls a and b. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that grains exposed to the AA test were mainly separated based on chlorophyll a, C20:0, C18:1n-9, MUFA, carotenoids, lipids content. Conversely, conventional untreated grains were primarily distinguished by their pentose, hexose and chlorophyll b content, while in the case of organic samples, disaccharides (both reducing and non-reducing) and soluble sugars were the main differentiating factors. The present preliminary study can serve as foundational research for future investigations aimed at comprehending alterations in nutrients and phytochemicals induced by accelerated aging tests. However, it should be supplemented and expanded upon by subsequent studies in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The amalgamation of nanotechnology and biotechnology holds immense potential for developing innovative and essential products beneficial to mankind. Nanoparticles, particularly iron nanoparticles, exhibit the capacity to enhance plant growth and yield in various crops. Rather than employing nanomaterials alone, combining them with beneficial microorganisms can offer a more effective approach to promoting plant growth and yield. Piriformospora indica, a versatile endophytic fungus serves as a biofertilizer, bioregulator, stimulant, and biocontrol agent upon colonizing plant roots. The present study focuses on the synthesis and characterization of iron-modified multiwalled carbon nanotubes, mesoporous carbon, and alumina materials and their impact on the growth and yield of Zea mays L. in conjunction with Piriformospora indica under greenhouse conditions. The nanomaterials were prepared using the impregnation method and were characterized to confirm their nano size. Under greenhouse conditions, plants treated with nanomaterials and colonized by Piriformospora indica exhibited improvements in root length (≌2.5 times), shoot length (≌1.8 times), root biomass (≌3.5 times), shoot biomass (≌ 2.3 times), chlorophyll content (≌ 3 times), proline accumulation (≌ 2.5 times), and a reduction in lipid peroxidation compared to untreated Zea mays L. plants. This suggests that the combined application of nanomaterials and the multifaceted fungus can positively influence plant growth and yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the yield, the morphometric characteristics, and the nutritional value of corn with use of foliar fungicide associated with inoculant on ensiling on the chemical-fermentative characteristics of silage. The applications of fungicide pyraclostrobin + fluxpyroxade were carried out in vegetative-eight and tasseling stage, and the evaluations of plants occurred simultaneously at harvest (dough grain stage), during which application was made with inoculant consisting of strains of Lactobacillus buchneri and L. casei for silage production. The use of fungicide decreased the percentage of leaf area affected by Diplodia macrospora Earle, Cercospora zeae-maydis and Phaeosphaeria maydis. At harvest, corn showed fewer dry leaves and higher yields of fresh (66,368vs. 62,015kg·ha-1) and dry biomass (20,964 vs. 19,485kg·ha-1) with fungicide. The fungicide also reduced the LDA content from 5.99% to 5.16%, which generated greater ISDMD for whole plant (43.14 and 62.57%, for 24 and 48 hours, respectively). The association of fungicide with inoculant promoted higher concentration of acetic acid than when each was used alone, and the dry matter losses of silage with inoculant were higher than control silage (8.88vs. 12.78%, respectively). Fungicide and inoculant used in combination provided silages with lower fibrous content.

Abstract The need to transition to more sustainable agriculture that is adaptable to environmental challenges, reducing dependence on chemical fertilizers and minimizing environmental impact, represents the new paradigm of the moment. In this scenario, studies with the adoption of bioinputs in corn cultivation emerge as a viable option for the sustainability of agricultural activity. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the effect of doses of neem vegetable cake on the yield components of corn crops. An experimental design was used of randomized blocks was used, consisting of four doses of neem vegetable rendering (3 kg ha-1, 6 kg ha-1, 9 kg ha-1 and 12 kg ha-1) and a treatment control without the presence of organic fertilizer. The result indicates the presence of a significant effect of treatments with the application of neem cake on the main components of corn yield, including grain productivity, suggesting that the high carbon content present in the organic product can induce phytochemical effects and biological changes. in the soil, making it more productive. It was found that, when administering the maximum experimental dose, compared to the control group, there was a significant effect (p≤0.01) of 21.3% on grain productivity, jumping from 2,140 kg ha -1, when did not apply organic fertilizer, to 2,596 kg ha-1 with the application of 12 kg of neem cake per hectare. It is noted that the increase in grain productivity was in the proportion of 38 kg ha-1 of corn for each kilo of neem cake applied. To facilitate interpretation and decision-making, an analysis of the economic viability of neem cake for rainfed corn was also determined, also identifying the maximum experimental dose of 12 kg ha-1, as the most economically viable, providing an increase in profit of around R$ 119.92 per hectare, in relation to the control.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento inicial de plantas de milho em solo adubado com diferentes concentrações de biofertilizante bovino. O experimento foi conduzido em ambiente telado do Centro Vocacional Tecnologia em produção Orgânica (CVT) localizado no Instituto Federal do Piauí-IFPI, Campus Campo Maior. O plantio das sementes deu-se em vasos com capacidade de 12 kg, contendo como substrato areia + esterco caprino na proporção 3:1. O experimento obedeceu a um delineamento em blocos casualizados com 5 tratamento, referentes a cinco concentrações de biofertilizante: C1 = 25% bio + 75% água, C2 = 50% bio + 50 água ), C3 = 75% bio + 25% água, C4 = 100% bio e C5 = 124% bio e quatro repetições. Foram analisadas o crescimento inicial das plantas utilizando-se as seguintes características: altura de plantas, diâmetro do colmo, área foliar, matéria seca da parte aérea, da raiz e matéria seca total. O incremento nas doses de fertilizante orgânico bovino proporcionou aumento da MSR, MSPA e MST. Para a variável área foliar a concentração que promoveu um maior desenvolvimento foi a dose de 73,7% de biofertilizante. Palavras-chave: Zea mays L. Desenvolvimento. Insumo orgânico. ABSTRACT: This work evaluates the initial growth of corn plants in soil treated with different dosages of bovine biofertilizer (in a substrate containing goat manure). The experiment was conducted in controlled environment on the grounds of the Centro Vocacional de Tecnologia em produção Orgânica (CVT) located at the Instituto Federal do Piauí-IFPI, Campus Campo Maior. The seeds were planted in pots with capacity for 12 kg, containing 3:1 sand+goat manure as substrate. The experiment was set up in randomized blocks with five treatments and four replications. The treatments corresponded to five biofertilizer dosages (taken relatively to 100% standard pure biofertilizer dosage). The treatments were: C1 = 25% standard dosage in biofertilizer + 75% standard dosage in water, C2 = 50% standard dosage in biofertilizer + 50 standard dosage in water), C3 = 75% standard dosage in biofertilizer + 25% standard dosage in water, C4 = 100% standard dosage in biofertilizer and C5 = 124% standard dosage in biofertilizer. The initial plant growth was analyzed through the following characteristics: plant height, stem diameter, leaf area (LA), dry mass of the aerial parts (DMAP), root dry mass (RDM) and total dry mass (TDM). The increment in organic bovine fertilizer dosage corresponded to an increment in RDM , DMAP and TDM. The Leaf Area was most enhanced by a biofertilizer dosage of 73.7% (of the standard biofertilizer dosage). Keywords: Zea mays L. Development. organic input.

The menace of low soil nitrogen poses a significant challenge to maize production in sub-Saharan Africa, necessitating the development of high-yielding hybrids with increased nitrogen (N) tolerance. Two hundred and forty (240) maize hybrids were evaluated across eight environments at Zaria and Mokwa in Nigeria during the 2020 and 2021 growing seasons, encompassing both low- and optimum-N conditions. The primary objective of the study was to identify high-yielding, stable, and low-N-tolerant hybrids for potential adoption in Nigeria. The study results underscored the significant impact of nitrogen availability on various agronomic traits, causing a substantial 53% reduction in grain yield. Significant genetic variation was observed among hybrids for most measured traits. SMLW146 × IITA1878, SMLW147 × SAM50M and SMLW147 × IITA1878 were the highest-yielding hybrids across the test environments with a yield advantage of 48.2%, 46.6% and 43.1%, respectively over the best check. GGE biplot analysis identified Mokwa Low-N 2021 (MLN21) and Mokwa optimum-N 2021 (MOP21) as discriminating and representative environments for selecting superior hybrids. SMLW147 × SAM50M emerged as the most stable low-N tolerant hybrid with the highest yield performance. Conversely, hybrid SMLW147 × IITA1878 produced a high yield across environments but was unstable. The study concludes by recommending SMLW147 × SAM50M for cultivation across both low- and optimum-N conditions, while SMLW147 × IITA1878 is specifically recommended for cultivation in optimum-N environments. Anthesis-silking interval, plant aspect, ear aspect, and ear height were identified as the most suitable secondary traits for selecting hybrids for high grain yield under low-N conditions.

Purpose Maize (Zea mays L.) is a major crop grown and consumed in Nigeria but poor soil quality has resulted in low yield. This study assessed the quality of compost produced from agricultural wastes and its impact on the yield of Zea mays L.Method The composting process was carried out on a windrow (2 m × 1 m × 1.5 m) in a portion of land beside the Department of Applied Microbiology and Brewing Laboratory, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. Microbial plate count and isolation were done and various physicochemical parameters were used to assess the quality of the compost. Different combinations of compost and soil were used to determine the growth parameters of Zea mays L. Data was analyzed using SPSS software.Results Microbiological analysis revealed the presence of several bacterial and fungal genera in the compost piles. Temperature increased at the initial phase of composting and decreased towards the end of the composting period. pH increased from 6.7±0.1 to 8.2±0.1 while C: N ratio decreased from 22.5±0.6 to 14.3±0.9. Similarly, there was a decrease in moisture content, organic carbon and total nitrogen from 57±1.0% to 36±1.0%, 45±1.0% to 24.3±0.6% and 2.0±0.1% to 1.7±0.1% respectively, during the composting period. The plant height, number of grains and weight of cob were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the 100% compost and 75/25% compost/soil treatment when compared to those of the control without compost.Conclusion Compost produced in this study contained microorganisms, nutrients and minerals, which improved the yield of Zea mays L.

There is a growing interest in developing agricultural practices that can improve crop performance while preserving natural resources. Plant biostimulants are thought to play a role in reaching this goal, in particular by increasing the nitrogen use efficiency. However, a notable research gap exists concerning the effects of foliar applications of natural zeolites as plant biostimulants on crop performance. To address this knowledge gap, a greenhouse experiment was set up in order to study the response of maize and wheat traits, specifically the biomass productivity and nitrogen uptake, as well as the response of soil extracellular enzymes to the foliar applications of a natural zeolite in combination with different levels of nitrogen fertilization, that is, 100%, 75%, and 50% of the optimal dose. Foliar application of zeolite in wheat and maize plants led to an increase in root nitrogen concentration of about 10%, particularly at the lowest nitrogen fertilization rate. This response was accompanied by an increase in aboveground to belowground uptake nitrogen ratio. Furthermore, there was a significant reduction of about 20% in root biomass in both crops with zeolite application across the entire nitrogen fertilization gradient. These plant-level responses were associated with a significant increase in the activity of carbon-degrading and nitrogen-degrading enzymes at the soil level in response to zeolite applications. Our findings provide a compelling proof-of-concept for the beneficial effects of foliar-applied zeolite as a biostimulant for crops, emphasizing the critical need for additional field research to validate our greenhouse results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In recent years, the research that look for biological technologies that guarantee sustainable agricultural production and application methods that maximize the benefits of adopting this practice has been increasing. This study aimed to assess, for the first time, the different application methods and agronomic efficiency of Azospirillum brasilense Az39 for corn cultivation in Brazil. Four trials were conducted under different soil and climate conditions in the 2017 - 2018 harvests (Santa Maria-RS and Ibirubá-RS, Brazil) and 2019 harvest (Londrina-PR and Primavera do Leste-MT, Brazil). The experimental design used was a randomized block, evaluating three inoculation treatments with 10 replicates each: control = non-inoculated ; TS = inoculation with A. brasilense Az39 via corn seed; and Foliar500 = foliar application of A. brasilense Az39 at the V4 stage of corn. The A. brasilense Az39 strain was effective in Brazilian soils and increased corn grain yield in all evaluated areas. Furthermore, foliar application of this strain at a dosage of 500 mL ha-1 resulted in greater increases compared to seed treatment. Thus, the A. brasilense Az39 strain is a promising bio-input technology for Brazilian agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Second-generation glyphosate-tolerant maize (Roundup Ready 2, RR2) is characterised by the expression of the cp4epsps gene. Despite some studies suggesting possible undesirable effects from the application of glyphosate in RR2 maize, other reports have demonstrated glyphosate selectivity for RR2 plants, with minor damage symptoms, if any, and with no negative effects on the chlorophyll indices. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different types of glyphosate management, formulations and rates of application on chlorophyll indices and the agronomic performance of an RR2 maize genotype expressing the cp4epsps gene. Five experiments were conducted in a full factorial design (2 x 5 x 5) to evaluate two types of management, two formulations and five rates of glyphosate. Damage symptoms, chlorophyll indices and variables related to agronomic performance (plant height, stem diameter, yield and 100-grain weight) were evaluated. Similar crop responses were found for each of the glyphosate formulations (potassium salt and isopropylamine salt) and types of management (single application and sequential application) under test, indicating that the use of glyphosate-based commercial products aff ords flexibility in terms of formulation and frequency of application. Glyphosate formulated as potassium salt or isopropylamine salt and applied to RR2 maize either in a single application (full rate) or in two sequential applications (each at half rate) has a similar effect and may therefore be used without distinction. However, it is important to consider the rate of application since high rates of glyphosate (especially greater than 1,440 g ae ha-1) may affect the development and production of RR2 maize. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ecosistemas y Recursos Agropecuarios is the property of Universidad Juarez Autonoma de Tabasco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Corn production for concentrated feed is increasing in Japan, and cultivation techniques are necessary to obtain higher yields. To expand the corn production for concentrated feed in the Kanto region of Japan, corn varieties based on their earliness was evaluated. Changes in ear yield and moisture content were compared among 12 commercial varieties, which were divided into three groups based on their relative maturity (RM): extremely early (RM 95–100), early (RM 113–115) and medium (RM 125). The varieties were sown at three different times (late April, middle May and late May) for three cultivation years. Our experiment found that the ear dry weights of both early and medium groups were higher than that of the extremely early group. Ear moisture of the extremely early group decreased rapidly and reached 35% as a standard for harvesting time we defined, at 60 days after silking, while that of the early group reached 35% at 70 days after silking, and that of the medium group did not reach 35% during the experimental period. Late sowing decreased ear dry weight and delayed ear moisture decreasing. The extremely early group had the advantage of early harvesting at 60 days after silking, and the early group obtained a higher yield than the extremely early group at the harvesting at 70 days after silking. These results suggest that extremely early and early groups are suitable for corn production for concentrated feed in the Kanto region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Seed number and harvesting ability in maize (Zea mays L.) are primarily determined by the architecture of female inflorescence, namely the ear. Therefore, ear morphogenesis contributes to grain yield and as such is one of the key target traits during maize breeding. However, the molecular networks of this highly dynamic and complex grain‐bearing inflorescence remain largely unclear. As a first step toward characterizing these networks, we performed a high‐spatio‐temporal‐resolution investigation of transcriptomes using 130 ear samples collected from developing ears with length from 0.1 mm to 19.0 cm. Comparisons of these mRNA populations indicated that these spatio‐temporal transcriptomes were clearly separated into four distinct stages stages I, II, III, and IV. A total of 23 793 genes including 1513 transcription factors (TFs) were identified in the investigated developing ears. During the stage I of ear morphogenesis, 425 genes were predicted to be involved in a co‐expression network established by eight hub TFs. Moreover, 9714 ear‐specific genes were identified in the seven kinds of meristems. Additionally, 527 genes including 59 TFs were identified as especially expressed in ear and displayed high temporal specificity. These results provide a high‐resolution atlas of gene activity during ear development and help to unravel the regulatory modules associated with the differentiation of the ear in maize. Significance Statement: This article will provide a full transcriptional landscape of maize ear during its whole development period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field experiment was conducted on one of the private farms located in Al- Musauib project area, 40 km north of Babylon Governorate, during the spring and autumn seasons of 2022. To know the effect ofspraying gibberellin and thiamine and spraying stages on the growth and yield of corn. The experiment wasimplemented according to the split plots arrangement, and the treatments were distributed using the Randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) with three replicates. The data were analyzed statistically according to the analysis of variance method, and the arithmetic means were compared using the least significant difference test (L.S.D) at a probability level of 0.05. Where the main plot included three stages of addition and they were (the stage of formation of 4 leaves, the stage of formation of 8 leaves, the stage of flowering) and symbolized by the symbols (A1, A2, A3). The subplot included spray concentrations and were as follows: spraying with distilled water only, gibberellin at a concentration of 100 mg.L-1 and thiamine (vitamin B1) at a concentration of 100 mg.L-1 and the interaction between gibberellin at a concentration of 100 mg.L-1 and thiamine 100 mg.L-1, and symbolized by (B0, B1, B2, B3) and the results were asfollows :The stage of formation of 8 leaves (A2) excelled significantly and gave the highest average for most of the studied traits and for both season, respectively. Total plant yield (181.07 and 175.01) kg.ha-1, biological yield (548.81 and 529.83). 3 treatments were significantly excelled on the rest of the other treatments and gave the highest mean of the two roots, respectively, for the traits of plant height (141.97 and 146.26) cm, leaf area (6778.96 and 6718.31) cm², stem diameter (2.55 and 2.41) cm, total plant yield (201.56 and 195.49) kg.ha-1, biological yield (625.71 and 605.90). The results also showed that the interaction between the study factors had a significant effect. The interaction treatments (A2 + B3) excelled and gave the highest values for most growth, yield and qualitative traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied the potentials of using a green approach for the synthesis of quaternary high compositional diversity NaCr0.1Co0.4Ni0.5O2 nanoparticles (NPs) as an electrode in a sodium-ion supercabattery tested in an aqueous environment. This entailed using aqueous extract from dried Zea mays lea (maize) silk in the synthesis protocol. Structural and morphological elucidation of the material was carried out using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), respectively. The results show that the structure is close to that of NaCrO2 (ICSD 182235) with space group R-3m (No 166) though peaks corresponding to NiO and Co3O4 were also identified in the diffractogram. The SEM analysis revealed that the material comprises hexagonal and triangular prism–shaped nanoparticles whose sizes range from 0.2 to 0.8 μm. The electrochemical energy storage potentials of the NPs were studied in both three- and two-electrode arrangements. In the three-electrode set-up, the counter-electrode used was Pt wire while Ag/AgCl served as the reference electrode, and an initial charge- and discharge-specific capacities of about 35.2 mAh g−1 and 26.7 mAh g−1 were obtained, respectively, at a current density of 0.1A g−1. A full device of AC//NaCr0.1Co0.4Ni0.5O2 which consists of the NaCr0.1Co0.4Ni0.5O2 and activated carbon (AC) as the positive and negative electrodes, respectively, gave a discharge capacity of 10.1 mA h g−1 at a current density of 10 mA g−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In maize, blue and red light are key environmental factors regulating cell-cycle progression. We used transcriptomics to investigate and compare differential gene expression under the four light conditions: red light, blue light, red converted to blue and blue converted to red. A total of 23 differentially expressed genes were identified. The gene–gene interaction analysis indicated a significant interaction between four unidentified genes, 100191551 , pco143873 , 100284747 and pco060490 , and cell-cycle-related genes. Using multiple sequence alignment analysis and protein structure comparisons, we show here that these four unidentified genes were characterized as ALP1-like , ALP1 , cyclin P1-1 and AEBP2 , respectively. By constructing a protein–protein interaction network, we inferred that 100191551 and pco143873 are potentially regulated to avoid DNA damage by abiotic stress response factors in the cell cycle. The gene 100284747 regulates the cell cycle in response to phosphate starvation signalling. The gene pco060490 potentially negatively regulates the cell cycle through the mediation of Histone H3 and CYCD6 in response to red light. In conclusion, the cell-cycle-related genes are sensitive to blue and red light, and four novel functional genes may be involved in the cell cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract No-tillage (NT) is a conservation practice adopted by 60% of the Brazilian farmers. Due to unsuitable management, compaction problem reported in soils under NT has increased. The study aimed to evaluate the influence of different soil tillage and different winter cover crops in long-term on crops biomass and maize yield and on soil penetration resistance (PR), in two crop seasons. The long-term experiment is located at the UTFPR Dois Vizinhos experimental station, with a combination of five soil tillage: NT; NT chiseled up to 0.35 m deep (Jumbo), annually (NTCa) and triennially (NTCt); NT with minimum tillage chiseled up to 0.35 m deep (Terrus), annually (NTMTa) and triennially (NTMTt); and four winter cover crops: black oats, common vetch, forage radish, and a mixture of oats + vetch + radish (mix). Dry matter production of cover crops was higher in oats and the mix, and in NTMTa in both years (2021 and 2022). Soil chiseling reduces PR, however over time, an increase was observed. NT showed higher PR, especially in the 0.15-0.20 m soil layer, but it did not impact crop production. Maize yield was not influenced by cover crops or soil tillage. NT proved to be the most efficient soil management, as its performance in maize yield was similar to the others, indicating the way forward in the pursuit of a more sustainable agriculture.

ABSTRACT: Faster phenotyping tools are crucial for field progeny selection. We conducted research comparing two water deficit simulation methods on contrasting cultivars for water deficit tolerance. In a first step, we conducted two experiments: one for seed germination in sand at 10% and 70% water retention capacity, being analyzed seedling emergence and growth; other for seed germination in stress simulation by moistening the germination paper with PEG solution at -0.6 MPa, being analyzed seed germination. These experiments were used to distinguish characteristics of two maize lineages with different response to drought, being 57 - sensitive and 91 - tolerant. After that, we produced hybrid progenies from these lines at generations F1, F2, and F2:3 and applied the stress simulation by moistening the germination paper with -0.6 MPa of PEG solution. The seedling size was analyzed trough image analysis by the GroundEye® system. We could distinguish both lines and its hybrids through the stress simulation and image analysis. The results indicate that maize cultivars can be phenotyped for water deficit tolerance either 5 days postsowing through stress simulation or via image analysis of root length from seedlings germinated under -0.6 MPa. This method provides faster, more accurate, and more cost-effective methods for assessing water deficit tolerance in maize cultivars.

The objective of this work was to determine the importance of vigor during the initial establishment of the maize crop. The work was carried out using 8 lots of hybrid corn seed, in which four lots were characterized as high vigor and four lots characterized as low vigor. After obtaining the seeds, they were sown in the field to determine the association between vigor and seedling performance at 21 days after sowing. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design with four replications. Seedling emergence was measured daily up to 21 days, and at the end of the period, the shoot length, root system length, total seedling length and their respective masses, root system volume and stem diameter were determined. Seed vigor was positively associated with all measured variables, except for root system length. All parameters evaluated were superior in the group of seeds characterized as having high vigor. It is concluded that the vigor of hybrid corn seeds is crucial for the higher speed and uniformity of emergence in the field, being essential to form seedlings with superior performance in field conditions.

In three-year experiments, we studied the effect of air temperature during grain ripening on the content of palmitic acid glycerides in the oils of corn ( Zea mays L.) inbred lines of common type as well as inbred lines - carriers of sh1 and wx mutations of the endosperm structure. The material for the research was presented by 10 unrelated lines of each type, which were grown in the Steppe zone of Ukraine. The analysis of the fatty acid composition of the oil was carried out with the Peisker gas-chromatographic method. The evaluation of the genotype: environment interactions was carried out using the Eberhard-Russell method. It has been established that the lines – carriers of sh1 and wx mutations differ from the lines of common type in a higher level of palmitate content, and one of the probable causes for this may be the spatial linkage of the mutant sh1 and wx genes with the palmitate-coding locus of chromosome 9. Palmitate content in unrelated lines of each type varied depending on the genotype of the line and the norm of its response to temperature fluctuations during grain maturation. Some lines showed a significant range of palmitate content variability under different temperature regimes of the ripening period, while other lines had a fairly stable level of the trait under the same conditions. Lines with a stably elevated content of palmitate under contrasting temperature growing conditions were identified.

ABSTRACT The efficiency of recurrent selection depends, among other factors, on the estimation of parameters that guide the breeder to obtain genetic gains for multiple traits. The aim of this research was to estimate genetic and phenotypic parameters of maize populations during the third cycle of recurrent selection for traits of interest. The populations CRE-01 and CRE-02, potential for resistance to corn stunt, were described using genetic and phenotypic parameters of variance components, heritability, variation indices and correlation between 16 agronomic traits. Direct and indirect selection gains were estimated for each trait and considering the Smith and Hazel, Mulamba and Mock and Z index. Both populations have genetic variability for the traits. High heritability estimates were obtained for most of the traits, which associated with the genetic variability, indicate that these populations may show continuous gains with recurrent selection. All selection indexes provided satisfactory genetic gains, but the Z index was the most promising considering the results of both populations.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to assess the effects of A. brasilense inoculation on seeds on the yield performance of maize and black oat as a function of nitrogen rate over a 3-year succession. The experiment was conducted from 2015 to 2018 under field conditions. Maize was grown for three growing seasons in rotation with two seasons of black oat at the same experimental site. A randomized block design with a split-plot arrangement was used. Main plots consisted of A. brasilense inoculation (inoculated and uninoculated plants) and subplots of four nitrogen rates (0, 40, 80, and 120 kg ha−1). Maize plants were evaluated for biometric parameters, yield, and yield components at flowering. Black oat plants were analyzed for dry matter yield at flowering. The inoculation of A. brasilense in maize and black oat seeds in succession does not promote productivity nor does it favor the nitrogen fertilization of these cultures.

En condiciones controladas, se ha demostrado que la aplicación de sustancias húmicas (SH) favorece el crecimiento y el desarrollo de las plantas. Sin embargo, la evidencia científica en condiciones de campo y cultivo de temporal ha sido escasamente documentada. El objetivo en esta investigación, realizada en el IPN-CIIDIR Oaxaca en el año 2019, fue caracterizar los ácidos húmicos (AH) extraídos de vermicomposta de residuos sólidos urbanos empleando técnicas químicas y espectroscópicas, y evaluar el efecto de su aplicación vía radical en la etapa reproductiva, con riego y déficit hídrico inducido, en tres selecciones de maíz (Zea mays L.) nativas de tres regiones de Oaxaca, México, cultivadas en condiciones de campo. Los AH promovieron mayores valores en altura de la planta, diámetro del tallo y producción de biomasa radical y aérea, en presencia de riego y con déficit hídrico inducido. El contenido relativo de agua y de prolina también fue estimulado, así como el contenido de clorofilas a, b y (a+b). Los efectos negativos causados por un estrés hídrico inducido fueron atenuados por la aplicación de los AH. Los AH procedentes de vermicomposta de residuos sólidos urbanos estimularon los parámetros de crecimiento en la fase reproductiva e indujeron protección antiestrés cuando se limitó el uso del riego.