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5. Reduced bimolecular charge recombination in efficient organic solar cells comprising non-fullerene acceptors

Author

Wu, Y., Li, Y., van der Zee, B., Liu, W., Markina, A., Fan, H., Yang, H., Cui, C., Blom, P., Andrienko, D., and Wetzelaer, G.

Subjects
Multidisciplinary
Abstract

Bimolecular charge recombination is one of the most important loss processes in organic solar cells. However, the bimolecular recombination rate in solar cells based on novel non-fullerene acceptors is mostly unclear. Moreover, the origin of the reduced-Langevin recombination rate in bulk heterojunction solar cells in general is still poorly understood. Here, we investigate the bimolecular recombination rate and charge transport in a series of high-performance organic solar cells based on non-fullerene acceptors. From steady-state dark injection measurements and drift–diffusion simulations of the current–voltage characteristics under illumination, Langevin reduction factors of up to over two orders of magnitude are observed. The reduced recombination is essential for the high fill factors of these solar cells. The Langevin reduction factors are observed to correlate with the quadrupole moment of the acceptors, which is responsible for band bending at the donor–acceptor interface, forming a barrier for charge recombination. Overall these results therefore show that suppressed bimolecular recombination is essential for the performance of organic solar cells and provide design rules for novel materials.

Published
2023
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10. Association of technologically assisted integrated care with clinical outcomes in type 2 diabetes in Hong Kong using the prospective JADE Program: A retrospective cohort analysis

Author

Acharya, S, Lim, L-L, Lau, ESH, Ozaki, R, Chung, H, Fu, AWC, Chan, W, Kong, APS, Ma, RCW, So, W-Y, Chow, E, Cheung, KKT, Yau, T, Chow, CC, Lau, V, Yue, R, Ng, S, Zee, B, Goggins, W, Oldenburg, B, Clarke, PM, Lau, M, Wong, R, Tsang, CC, Gregg, EW, Wu, H, Tong, PCY, Ko, GTC, Luk, AOY, Chan, JCN, Acharya, S, Lim, L-L, Lau, ESH, Ozaki, R, Chung, H, Fu, AWC, Chan, W, Kong, APS, Ma, RCW, So, W-Y, Chow, E, Cheung, KKT, Yau, T, Chow, CC, Lau, V, Yue, R, Ng, S, Zee, B, Goggins, W, Oldenburg, B, Clarke, PM, Lau, M, Wong, R, Tsang, CC, Gregg, EW, Wu, H, Tong, PCY, Ko, GTC, Luk, AOY, and Chan, JCN

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Diabetes outcomes are influenced by host factors, settings, and care processes. We examined the association of data-driven integrated care assisted by information and communications technology (ICT) with clinical outcomes in type 2 diabetes in public and private healthcare settings. METHODS AND FINDINGS: The web-based Joint Asia Diabetes Evaluation (JADE) platform provides a protocol to guide data collection for issuing a personalized JADE report including risk categories (1-4, low-high), 5-year probabilities of cardiovascular-renal events, and trends and targets of 4 risk factors with tailored decision support. The JADE program is a prospective cohort study implemented in a naturalistic environment where patients underwent nurse-led structured evaluation (blood/urine/eye/feet) in public and private outpatient clinics and diabetes centers in Hong Kong. We retrospectively analyzed the data of 16,624 Han Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes who were enrolled in 2007-2015. In the public setting, the non-JADE group (n = 3,587) underwent structured evaluation for risk factors and complications only, while the JADE (n = 9,601) group received a JADE report with group empowerment by nurses. In a community-based, nurse-led, university-affiliated diabetes center (UDC), the JADE-Personalized (JADE-P) group (n = 3,436) received a JADE report, personalized empowerment, and annual telephone reminder for reevaluation and engagement. The primary composite outcome was time to the first occurrence of cardiovascular-renal diseases, all-site cancer, and/or death, based on hospitalization data censored on 30 June 2017. During 94,311 person-years of follow-up in 2007-2017, 7,779 primary events occurred. Compared with the JADE group (136.22 cases per 1,000 patient-years [95% CI 132.35-140.18]), the non-JADE group had higher (145.32 [95% CI 138.68-152.20]; P = 0.020) while the JADE-P group had lower event rates (70.94 [95% CI 67.12-74.91]; P < 0.001). The adjusted hazard ratio

Published
2020

38. Coexpression of hypoxia-inducible factors 1alpha and 2alpha, carbonic anhydrase IX, and vascular endothelial growth factor in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and relationship to survival

Author

Hui, EP, Chan, AT, Pezzella, F, Turley, H, To, KF, Poon, TC, Zee, B, Mo, F, Teo, PM, Huang, DP, Gatter, KC, Johnson, PJ, and Harris, AL

Abstract

PURPOSE: Tumor hypoxia is known to be associated with resistance to chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and poorer survival. Recently, it is shown that hypoxia induces the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha and 2alpha (HIF-1alpha and HIF-2alpha), which then up-regulates the expression of downstream genes such as carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We examined the expression of HIF-1alpha, HIF-2alpha, CA IX, and VEGF by immunohistochemistry in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) biopsies from 90 consecutive patients recruited between 1994 and 1997 in a randomized controlled trial of chemoradiation in locally advanced NPC and investigated their relationship with survival. RESULTS: HIF-1alpha was expressed in 52 of 90 (58%), HIF-2alpha in 6 of 89 (7%), CA IX in 51 of 90 (57%), and VEGF in 54 of 90 (60%) of tumors. Tumor HIF-1alpha expression correlated significantly with that of CA IX (P = 0.008) and VEGF (P = 0.003). High tumor HIF-1alpha expression was associated with a trend for poor overall survival (P = 0.06). Tumors with a positive hypoxic profile (defined as high expression of both HIF-1alpha and CA9) were associated with worse progression-free survival (P = 0.04). Tumors with both hypoxic and angiogenic profile (defined as high VEGF expression) were associated with a worse progression-free survival (P = 0.0095). CONCLUSION: Overexpression of HIF-1alpha, CA IX, and VEGF is common in NPC, which is probably related to hypoxia up-regulated expression involving a HIF-dependent pathway, and is associated with poor prognosis. Targeting the hypoxia pathway may be useful in the treatment of NPC.

Published
2016

49. Preconception Care: Concepts and Perceptions: An ethical perspective

Author

Zee, B. (Boukje) van der and Zee, B. (Boukje) van der

Abstract

General individual preconception care is a new strategy to improve the health of future children and their mothers –and to a lesser extent the prospective fathers’ health- through primary intervention. Improving their health through preconception care comprises two component actions. The first is to impart relevant information to prospective parents, thereby improving knowledge. The second is to modify individual behaviour based on the knowledge gained. General individual preconception care anticipates on both these components and entails risk assessment, health promotion, counselling, and interventions. Risk assessment is the systematic identification and evaluation of risk factors for so-called adverse ‘pregnancy outcomes’. Risk factors vary widely and include not taking folic acid supplements, using medication that can cause malformations or functional damage to an embryo, overweight, smoking, diabetes or having an inheritable disease. Health promotion means informing and educating couples on how to improve their health in order to improve the future child’s health, including avoiding alcohol and tobacco, and the importance of proper nutrition and exercise. Prospective parents are counselled about additional screening, diagnostic tests, and specialist consultations that may be necessary if risks are identified. Intervention refers to efforts to modify or eliminate risk factors.

Published
2013

50. Modelling the Measles Outbreak at Hong Kong International Airport in 2019: A Data-Driven Analysis on the Effects of Timely Reporting and Public Awareness

Author

Zhao S, Tang X, Liang X, Chong MKC, Ran J, Musa SS, Yang G, Cao P, Wang K, Zee BCY, Wang X, He D, and Wang MH

Subjects
measles, outbreak, reproduction number, statistical modelling, public awareness, airport., Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract

Shi Zhao,1,2,* Xiujuan Tang,3,* Xue Liang,4,* Marc KC Chong,1,2 Jinjun Ran,5 Salihu S Musa,6 Guangpu Yang,7 Peihua Cao,8 Kai Wang,9 Benny CY Zee,1,2 Xin Wang,3 Daihai He,6 Maggie H Wang1,2 1Division of Biostatistics, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China; 2Shenzhen Research Institute of Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China; 3Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China; 4Department of Hematology, The 989th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese PLA, Luoyang 471031, People’s Republic of China; 5School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China; 6Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China; 7Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China; 8Clinical Research Centre, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China; 9Department of Medical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Shi Zhao; Daihai He Email zhaoshi.cmsa@gmail.com; daihai.he@polyu.edu.hkBackground: Measles, a highly contagious disease, still poses a huge burden worldwide. Lately, a trend of resurgence threatened the developed countries. A measles outbreak occurred in the Hong Kong International Airport (HKIA) between March and April 2019, which infected 29 airport staff. During the outbreak, multiple measures were taken including daily situation updates, setting up a public enquiry platform on March 23, and an emergent vaccination program targeting unprotected staff. The outbreak was put out promptly. The effectiveness of these measures was unclear.Methods: We quantified the transmissibility of outbreak in HKIA by the effective reproduction number, Reff(t), and basic reproduction number, R0(t). The reproduction number was modelled as a function of its determinants that were statistically examined, including lags in hospitalization, situation update, and level of public awareness. Then, we considered a hypothetical no-measure scenario when improvements in reporting and public enquiry were absent and calculated the number of infected airport staff.Results: Our estimated average R0 is 10.09 (95% CI: 1.73− 36.50). We found that R0(t) was positively associated with lags in hospitalization and situation update, while negatively associated with the level of public awareness. The average predicted basic reproduction number, r0, was 14.67 (95% CI: 9.01− 45.32) under the no-measure scenario, which increased the average R0 by 77.57% (95% CI: 1.71− 111.15). The total number of infected staff would be 179 (IQR: 90− 339, 95% CI: 23− 821), namely the measure induced 8.42-fold (95% CI: 0.21− 42.21) reduction in the total number of infected staff.Conclusion: Timely reporting on outbreak situation and public awareness measured by the number of public enquiries helped to control the outbreak.Keywords: measles, outbreak, reproduction number, statistical modelling, public awareness, airport

Published
2020

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