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Tourette syndrome (TS) is a childhood-onset neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by several motor and phonic tics.In this study, we aimed to compare activated regulatory T cell (Treg) values between patients with TS/chronic tic disorder (CTD) and age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs).Patients with TS/CTD and age- and sex-matched HCs were included in the study. The severity of the disease was evaluated using the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale. CD4The study included 48 patients diagnosed with TS/CTD (36 males and 12 females, mean age: 11.58 ± 2.61) and 24 HCs (18 males and 6 females, mean age: 11.63 ± 2.60). The TS/CTD group had significantly higher activated regulatory T percentile with respect to the T helper value compared to the HCs (Our results suggest that Tregs may have a role in the pathogenesis of TS/CTD.

Background: Many individual and environmental factors cause dental anxiety in children. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of a maternal personality, children’s behavioral characteristics, and parenting styles on the dental anxiety of three- to six-year-old children. Methods: The parents of 230 children who applied to the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Ondokuz, Mayıs University were involved in this study. The “Temperament and Character Inventory”, “Child Behavior List”, and “Parenting Attitude Scale” were applied to the volunteer parents. All data were statistically analyzed (p < 0.05). Results: From the results of determining the maternal personality, it was found that the score of “novelty seeking” and those of all the character dimensions were statistically significantly higher in the dental anxiety group than in the control group, while the scores of “reward dependence” and persistence were statistically significantly lower in the dental anxiety group (p < 0.001). From the aspect of children’s behavior characteristics, the scores of “inhibitory control” (p = 0.029) and permissive attitude among the parenting styles were statistically significantly higher in the dental anxiety group (p = 0.027). Conclusion: In this study, it was determined that maternal characteristics, children’s behavioral characteristics, and parenting attitudes affect the dental anxiety of three- to six-year-old children.

WOS: 000470379400001, OBJECTIVE: Medikinet retard (R) is a nonosmotic, extended-release formulation of Methylphenidate (MPH) and has been used in Turkey for the last 4-5 years. The aim of our study is to compare the efficacy on functionality of Medikinet retard (R) and Concerta (R) and their adverse events. METHODS: Participants were referred to the Kayseri Training and Research Hospital and followed up there between August 2016 and June 2018. This study design is a 16-week prospective trial, each child received 16 weeks of OROS-MPH or MPH-ER. A total of 103 children were enrolled in the study, but only 70 children (n = 35 concerta, n = 35 medikinet retard) completed the study. Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale-Parent Report Form (WFIRS-P) and Barkley Side Effect Rating Scale (BSERS) were used for assessment. RESULTS: In both treatment groups, children improved significantly over time, both in intensity and in the number of problems. Regarding the social problems, Medikinet retard (R) was superior to the Concerta in terms of effects. The side effects of insomnia and euphoria were seen more common in the Concerta (R) group than the Medikinet retard (R). Additionally, the mean severity scores of euphoria were shown higher in the Concerta (R) group than the Medikinet retard. CONCLUSION: From this study, we concluded that Medikinet retard (R) is also an effective and safety MPH formulation.

Background In the etiology of functional chest pain (FCP), parental personality traits are worth considering in the context of the biopsychosocial model. The αlpha factor sub-dimension of the five-factor personality model (5FPM) includes agreeableness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism. There is increasing evidence that this dimension may be related to psychosomatic diseases. It was aimed to investigate how maternal personality traits affect adolescents with FCP. The hypothesis was determined that adolescents diagnosed with FCP can have lower quality of life and be more depressive/anxious and their mothers can have factor-α personality traits and be more depressive/anxious. Methods The sample of this single-center, cross-sectional, case-control study consisted of 25 adolescents with FCP and their parents. The control group consisted of 35 age and sex matched healthy adolescents and their parents. Psychopathology was screened using the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) and psychiatric comorbidities were excluded. The Child Depression Inventory (CDI), the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and KINDL forms were completed by the adolescents. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Five-Factor Personality Inventory short form (FFPI) were completed by the parents. Results Mothers of adolescents with FCP scored significantly higher compared with mothers of healthy controls in agreeableness and conscientiousness and scored significantly lower in neuroticism. Higher levels of mothers’ neuroticism scores were associated with higher CDI and STAI-1 scores in FCP group. Agreeableness (Exp (B) = 10.097; p = .004; confidence interval [CI] = 2.049-49.745) and conscientiousness (Exp (B) = 16.414; p = .011; CI = 1.902-141.682) were statiscally significant in regression model. Conclusions This study showed for the first time that mother's alpha factor personality traits may be one of the factors that contribute to the presence of FCP.

EgeUn###, Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of childhood psychopathologies in Turkey. Method: A nation-wide, randomly selected, representative population of 5830 children (6-13 years-old) enrolled as a 2nd,3rd or 4th grade student in 30 cities were evaluated for presence of a psychiatric or mental disorder by a Sociodemographic Form, Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL), and DSM-IV-Based Screening Scale for Disruptive Behavior Disorders in Children and Adolescents scales. Impairment criterion was assessed via a 3 point-Likert scale by the parent and the teacher independently. Results: Overall prevalence of any psychopathology was 37.6% without impairment criterion, and 17.1% with impairment criterion. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder was the most frequent diagnosis, followed by anxiety (19.5% and 16.7% without impairment, 12.4% and 5.3% with impairment, respectively). Lower education level and presence of a physical or psychiatric problem of the parents were independent predictors of any psychopathology of the offspring. Conclusion: This is the largest and most comprehensive epidemiological study to determine the prevalence of psychopathologies in children and adolescents in Turkey. Our results partly higher than, and partly comparable to previous national and international studies. It also contributes to the literature by determining the independent predictors of psychopathologies in this age group.

Background We investigated the shared and non-shared perinatal risk factors for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a clinical sample. Additionally, we compared these groups regarding pre/postpartum maternal stress and the duration of breastfeeding. Methods Children aged 3–18 years old with ASD (n = 100) were compared with age- and gender-matched children with ADHD (n = 100) and with age- and gender-matched healthy controls (n = 80). Results Prematurity of the neonate and maternal stress/depressive mood in pregnancy were common risk factors shared by ASD and ADHD. Postpartum maternal depressive mood may be more specific to ASD, while shorter duration of breastfeeding may be related to ADHD. Conclusions ASD and ADHD may have some perinatal features in common. Identification of perinatal factors for ASD and ADHD carries clinical implications in terms of primary prevention.

WOS: 000368337500014 PubMed: 28360746 Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychiatric consequences of sexual abuse and its associated factors in children and adolescents referred to our child and adolescent psychiatry clinic from official medico-legal units. Methods: All victims of sexual abuse (n=590) aged 1-18 (mean: 13.56 +/- 3.38) referred from forensic units to Ondokuz Mayis University Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinic over a period of 2 years [boys: 83 (14.1%); girls: 507 (85.9%)] were included. Child and adolescent psychiatry and forensic medicine specialists evaluated all the cases. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised Form (WISC-R) and the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version-Turkish Version (K-SADS-PL-T) were applied. Results: Abuse-related psychiatric diagnoses (of which 45.9% were major depressive disorder and 31.7% were post-traumatic stress disorder cases) were made in 75.2% of the cases. In 80.3% of the cases, the perpetrators were known to their victims [incest, n=91 (15.1%)], and intercourse took place in 48.8%. Although gender and age were not significantly associated with the appearance of any psychiatric disorders, severity of abuse (e.g., intercourse; p=.006), additional physical assault (p

WOS: 000363942500005 PubMed: 26075920 The current study examined the rate and psychiatric correlates of sexual abuse involving the use of digital technologies by the offender in a wide sample of juvenile victims. Sociodemographic, abuse, and psychiatric characteristics of 662 sexually abused children and adolescents were evaluated. Of these, 93 reported that digital devices were used by the offender in several ways to facilitate the sexual abuse. The offender-victim relationship was initiated through the Internet in 39 victims. Involvement of digital technologies in sexual abuse was significantly associated with penetrative and recurrent form of sexual abuse commited by multiple offenders with coexisting violence. Additionally, victims of sexual abuse with a digital component were 4.21 times more likely to develop any psychopathology, 3.77 times more likely to have depression, and 2.14 times more likely to have post-traumatic stress disorder as a result of sexual abuse. These results indicated that the offender's use of digital technology may aid the initiation and facilitaion of the sexual abuse of youths and may relate to more severe outcomes. This study revealed the importance of raising the awareness of professionals and the community about the potential risks associated with digital technologies and sexual abuse. Mental health professionals should consider this additional form of victimization, especially when dealing with sexual abuse victims.

GOKCEN, CEM/0000-0003-3824-5890; Topal, Zehra/0000-0001-8397-5636; Tural, Umit/0000-0002-1593-2180; Unal, Fatih/0000-0001-8386-9884; Acikel, Burak/0000-0002-8964-9513; Erden, Semih/0000-0002-7723-9584; Kilic, Birim Gunay/0000-0002-4566-2564; Ucar, Halit Necmi/0000-0002-2706-7454; CELIK, GONCA/0000-0001-6101-0796; Gunes, Serkan/0000-0002-8247-2145; Isik, Umit/0000-0001-6006-3247; Coskun, Murat/0000-0002-4808-5870; Tufan, ALI EVREN/0000-0001-5207-6240; Donmez, Yunus Emre/0000-0002-7785-2805; Ceri, Veysi/0000-0001-6152-0227; Uzun, Necati/0000-0003-3381-2331; Hesapcioglu, Selma Tural/0000-0002-4816-0228; Kandemir, Hasan/0000-0002-1138-4973; Gormez, Vahdet/0000-0002-2704-9520 WOS: 000439557000070 PubMed: 29936389 Aim: To determine the prevalence of affective disorders in Turkey among a representative sample of Turkish population. Methods: This study was conducted as a part of the "The Epidemiology of Childhood Psychopathology in Turkey" (EPICPAT-T) Study, which was designed by the Turkish Association of Child and Adolescent Mental Health. The inclusion criterion was being a student between the second and fourth grades in the schools assigned as study centers. The assessment tools used were the K-SADS-PL, and a sociodemographic form that was designed by the authors. Impairment was assessed via a 3 point-Likert type scale independently rated by a parent and a teacher. Results: A total of 5842 participants were included in the analyses. The prevalence of affective disorders was 2.5 % without considering impairment and 1.6 % when impairment was taken into account. In our sample, the diagnosis of bipolar disorder was lacking, thus depressive disorders constituted all the cases. Among depressive disorders with impairment, major depressive disorder (MDD) (prevalence of 1.06%) was the most common, followed by dysthymia (prevalence of 0.2%), adjustment disorder with depressive features (prevalence of 0.17%), and depressive disorder-NOS (prevalence of 0.14%). There were no statistically significant gender differences for depression. Maternal psychopathology and paternal physical illness were predictors of affective disorders with pervasive impairment. Conclusion: MDD was the most common depressive disorder among Turkish children in this nationwide epidemiological study. This highlights the severe nature of depression and the importance of early interventions. Populations with maternal psychopathology and paternal physical illness may be the most appropriate targets for interventions to prevent and treat depression in children and adolescents.

We investigated the shared and non-shared perinatal risk factors for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a clinical sample. Additionally, we compared these groups regarding pre/postpartum maternal stress and the duration of breastfeeding.Children aged 3-18 years old with ASD (n = 100) were compared with age- and gender-matched children with ADHD (n = 100) and with age- and gender-matched healthy controls (n = 80).Prematurity of the neonate and maternal stress/depressive mood in pregnancy were common risk factors shared by ASD and ADHD. Postpartum maternal depressive mood may be more specific to ASD, while shorter duration of breastfeeding may be related to ADHD.ASD and ADHD may have some perinatal features in common. Identification of perinatal factors for ASD and ADHD carries clinical implications in terms of primary prevention.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are both lifelong neurodevelopmental conditions that begin in early childhood, and there are suggestions that insufficient breastfeeding may be related to development of either ASD or ADHD. In the present study, we compared breastfeeding durations of ASD and ADHD groups with each other and with healthy controls. The study included 98 children 3–18 years of age with ASD, 96 ageand gender-matched children with ADHD, and 79 ageand gender-matched healthy controls. Subjects with ASD or ADHD were recruited from among outpatients of the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ondokuz Mayis University Medical Hospital, Samsun, Turkey. The diagnoses of ASD and ADHD were established by interviews with patients and parents based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, criteria. Demographic features and duration of breastfeeding were evaluated by a questionnaire that was prepared by the authors and completed by the mothers of participants. The mean age of the ASD group was 8.73 – 3.86 years (77% boys, 23% girls), that of the ADHD subjects was 8.80 – 1.98 years (71% boys, 21% girls), and that of the healthy control group was 8.45 – 4.61 years (78% boys, 22% girls). There were no significant differences among groups regarding age/gender of children, maternal age at birth, and education of parents. The mean duration of breastfeeding was significantly shorter in the ADHD group (9.10 – 7.847 months) compared with the ASD (12.18– 10.480 months) and healthy control (12.99– 8.658 months) groups ( p = 0.005). We also evaluated the rates of children who were never breastfed and those who continued breastfeeding at 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months, and 24 months of age. The rate of children who were never breastfed was significantly higher in the ADHD group (9.6%) compared with the healthy control group (1.3%) ( p= 0.034). The ADHD group showed significantly lower rates of exclusive breastfeeding at 1, 3, and 6 months of age than the other groups. At 1 month of age, 84% of children with ADHD were still breastfed, whereas 93% of the ASD group were breastfed, and 98% of the healthy controls were breastfed ( p= 0.001). At 3 months of age, 71% of the ADHD group were still breastfeeding compared with 78% in the ASD group and 88% in the healthy control group ( p= 0.025). By 6 months of age, breastfeeding rates were as follows: 50% in the ADHD group, 58% in the ASD group, and 72% in the healthy control group ( p= 0.012). The ASD group did not show any significant differences regarding mean duration and rates of breastfeeding compared with either the ADHD or healthy control group. The rates of breastfeeding were similar in all groups at 1 and 2 years of age. The results are summarized in Table 1. Breastfeeding has promoting effects on mental and motor development of the newborn. This preliminary study noted that children with ADHD were more likely to be less breastfed, especially during the first 6 months after birth, compared

Sahin, Ahmet Rifat/0000-0002-6897-3891 WOS: 000345917100001 Objective: Metacognitions can be effective in occurrence and maintaining of mental illnesses. The objective of this study is to reveal the metacognitions in patients with panic disorder (PD) and to reveal the relations between metacognitions and clinical features in PD. Methods: Eighty-four patients with panic disorder and sixty-five healthy controls were enrolled to the study. Metacognition Scale (MCQ), Panic Agoraphobia Scale (PAS) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) were applied to PD patients. MCQ were applied to control group. Results: It was detected that PD patients, compare to healthy controls had more dysfunctional metacognitions and they were using more 'uncontrollability and danger' metacognition in large effect size, where as 'the need to control thoughts' in moderate effect size than healthy control. Significant mild degree positive correlation was found between total score of PAS and 'uncontrollability and danger' subscale of MCQ. In subscale of PAS only anticipatory anxiety was significantly correlated with metacognitions. This correlation was between anticipatory anxiety with 'uncontrollability and danger' and 'need to control thoughts' metacognitions in positive direction, mild degree. Also significant correlations between BAI with 'uncontrollability and danger,' and 'the need to control thoughts' and total score of MCQ were found. Discussion: Dysfunctional metacognitions were high in PD patients. In PD 'uncontrollability and danger' and 'need to control thoughts' have important role. There was a mild but significant correlation with these two metacognition and anticipatory anxiety.