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Background: 18-Fluorine-fluorodihydroxyphenylalanine positron emission tomography ((18)F-DOPA PET) is a sensitive method for detecting medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). The advent of PET/computed tomography (CT) has enabled more sensitive and specific lesion identification using various tracers in many other tumors. The aim of this study was therefore to test the hypothesis that combined (18)F-DOPA PET/CT more accurately detects MTC lesions than each modality does alone., Methods: Twenty-eight consecutive (18)F-DOPA PET, CT, and (18)F-DOPA PET/CT scans of patients followed up for sporadic MTC or multiple endocrine neoplasia 2 syndrome-associated MTC were reviewed retrospectively in randomized sequence by two blinded readers, one a nuclear medicine physician and the other a radiologist, with extensive experience interpreting such images., Results: Of 18 lesions detected concurrently by the three modalities, PET identified all as positive for MTC, but was unable to definitively localize 4 (22%) lesions. CT could definitively localize all 18 lesions, but could not definitively diagnose or exclude MTC in 6 (33%) lesions. Further, CT falsely identified as MTC-negative one lesion that was judged to be MTC-positive by both PET and PET/CT. Only PET/CT scans accurately characterized and localized all 18 lesions. On a per patient basis, the sensitivity of (18)F-DOPA PET/CT for MTC was 74% and the specificity, 100%. In the present series, no truly MTC-positive (18)F-DOPA PET/CT case was found in patients with basal human calcitonin (hCt) levels under 60 pg/mL, and conversely, no truly MTC-negative PET/CT case was found in patients with basal hCt over 120 pg/mL. Between hCt concentrations of 60 and 150 pg/mL true-negative, false-negative, and true-positive scans all were obtained. (18)F-DOPA PET/CT had 100% sensitivity and specificity when hCt at the time of scanning was over 150 pg/mL, the threshold at which the 2009 American Thyroid Association guidelines recommend performing additional imaging including (18)F-DOPA PET/CT., Conclusions: (18)F-DOPA PET/CT allows for a more accurate diagnosis and localization of MTC lesions than do (18)F-DOPA PET or CT alone. Supporting the recent American Thyroid Association recommendations on additional imaging in MTC, (18)F-DOPA PET/CT appears to have 100% sensitivity in patients with hCt over 150 pg/mL.

Purpose: In detecting pheochromocytoma (PHEO), positron emission tomography (PET) with the radiolabelled amine precursor (18)F-fluorodihydroxyphenylalanine ((18)F-DOPA) offers excellent specificity, while computed tomography (CT) provides high sensitivity and ability to localize lesions; therefore, the combination of these modalities could be advantageous in this setting. The aim of this study was to investigate whether combined (18)F-DOPA PET/CT more accurately detects and localizes PHEO lesions than does each modality alone., Methods: (18)F-DOPA PET, CT and (18)F-DOPA PET/CT images of 25 consecutive patients undergoing diagnostic scanning of suspected sporadic or multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 syndrome-associated PHEO were reviewed retrospectively in randomized sequence. Two blinded observers scored the images regarding the likelihood of PHEO being present and localizable. Results were correlated with subsequent clinical history and, when available, histology., Results: Of the 19 lesions detected by all three modalities, PET identified each as positive for PHEO, but was unable to definitively localize 15 of 19 (79%). CT could definitively localize all 19 lesions, but could not definitively diagnose or exclude PHEO in 18 of 19 (95%) lesions. Furthermore, CT falsely identified as negative for PHEO one lesion which was judged to be positive for this tumor by both PET and PET/CT. Only in PET/CT scans were all 19 lesions accurately characterized and localized. On a per-patient basis, the sensitivity of (18)F-DOPA PET/CT for PHEO was 100% and the specificity 88%, with a 100% positive predictive value and an 88% negative predictive value., Conclusion: (18)F-DOPA PET/CT more accurately diagnoses and localizes adrenal and extra-adrenal masses suspicious for PHEO than do (18)F-DOPA PET or CT alone.