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Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) has an important role in the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) than obesity by itself. The visceral adiposity index (VAI) and lipid accumulation product (LAP) are surrogate indices for measuring VAT. The aimed of this study was to investigate the association of these markers with cardiovascular events among populations with different BMI category in Mashhad, northeast of Iran.The present study comprised a prospective cohort of 9685 men and women (35-65 years) who were recruited from MASHAD study. BMI category was defined as normal weight (BMI25), over weight (25 ≤ BMI30) and obese (BMI≥30). Demographic, laboratory evaluations, anthropometric and metabolic parameters were performed. Logistic and Cox regression analyses were used to determine the association and risk of cardiovascular events with VAT and LAP.The mean VAI and LAP in CVD patients were significantly higher than in healthy ones in all 3 groups. In terms of CVD event prediction, VAI and LAP had significant association with the incidence of CVD in the second (RR (95% CI): 2.132 (1.047-4.342) and 2.701 (1.397-5.222), respectively) and third tertiles (RR (95% CI): 2.541 (1.163-5.556) and 2.720 (1.159-6.386), respectively) in the normal group, but this association was only found in the third tertiles (RR (95% CI): 2.448 (1.205-4.971) and 2.376 (1.086-5.199), respectively) in the overweight group. The result couldn't find this association for the obese group.In this study, we found that there was a significant association between LAP and VAI and cardiovascular events in normal weight and over-weight groups; however, no significant relationship was found in the obese group.

Background: Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality all over the world. Despite substantial efforts that have been made over the last decades, ACS management still remains challenging in most of the regions. Objectives: This study describes the characteristics and trends of outcomes for ACS patients in a decade in north-east of Iran. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, two tertiary academic hospitals of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in Iran were investigated during a 10-year period starting from January 1, 2007. Patients were identified according to their final diagnosis at discharge using the international classification of diseases 10th revision (ICD-10). The ten-year trend of prevalence of ACS was plotted. The outcomes (alive, death) were compared between the two types of myocardial infarction (MI) (ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI)/unspecific). Results: During the study period, there were a total of 9068 admissions for acute MI or unstable angina. The mean age of admitted patients was 61.6 ± 13.7 years and the majority (67.8%) was male. The in-hospital mortality rate was 12.3% (927), which was significantly higher in NSTEMI/unspecific AMI compared to STEMI patients (15.3% vs. 9.8%, P < 0.001). Females were significantly older than males (65.7 ± 12.5 vs. 59.6 ± 13.8, P < 0.001) and have higher mortality rates compared to males (16.7 vs. 10.1, P < 0.001). The prevalence rate of all MI categories had an increasing secular trend, though the mortality rate was decreased. Conclusions: Although the prevalence rate of AMI has slightly increased, the mortality rate has decreased. Close cooperation between general practitioners, health providers and cardiologists are of great importance in this field.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the anthropometric measurements most associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using machine learning approaches.A prospective study was designed for a total population of 9354 (43% men and 57% women) aged 35-65. Anthropometric measurements include weight, height, demispan, Hip Circumference (HC), Mid-arm Circumference (MAC), Waist Circumference (WC), Body Roundness Index (BRI), Body Adiposity Index (BAI), A Body Shape Index (ABSI), Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist-to-height Ratio (WHtR), and Waist-to-hip Ratio (WHR) were completed for all participants. The association was assessed using logistic regression (LR) and decision tree (DT) analysis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was performed to evaluate the DT's accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity using R software.Traditionally, 1461 women and 875 men with T2DM (T2DM group). According to the LR, in males, WC and BIA (p-value 0.001) and in females, demispan and WC (p-value 0.001) had the highest correlation with T2DM development risk. The DT indicated that WC has the most crucial effect on T2DM development risk, followed by HC, and BAI.Our results showed that in both men and women, WC was the most important anthropometric factor to predict T2DM.

Background Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a significant public health problem globally. The diagnosis and management of diabetes are critical to reduce the complications of diabetes including cardiovascular disease and cancer. This study was designed to assess the potential association between T2DM and several routinely measured hematological parameters. Method This study was a subsample of 9000 adults aged 35–65 years recruited as part of Mashhad stroke and heart atherosclerotic disorder (MASHAD) cohort study population. Data mining techniques including logistic regression (LR), decision tree (DT) and bootstrap forest (BF) algorithms were applied to analyze data. All data analyses were performed using SPSS version 22 and SAS JMP Pro version 13 at a significant level of 0.05. Results Based on the performance indices, the BF model gave high accuracy, precision, specificity, and AUC compared to the other models. Thus, according to all the assessed hematological factors, the most effective risk factors for predicting the development of T2DM in the BF model were age and WBC. Conclusion In summary, the BF model represented a better performance to predict T2DM. Also, our selected model provides valuable information on critical determinants to predict T2DM like age and WBC.

Introduction: Osteoporosis is one of the most common metabolic bone diseases. Given most health problems are closely related to human behavior, theories and patterns of behavior are used to prevent health problems. All constructs of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) are belief-based, examining different factors. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the application of the TPB in the prevention of osteoporosis in women referring to comprehensive health service centers in Tehran in 2019-2020. Methods: This quasi-experimental interventional study was conducted in 2019on 80 women aged 18-29 years referring to Tehran comprehensive health service centers. The participants were divided into two groups of control (40 people) and intervention (40 people). The data were collected before and one month after the intervention using demographic questionnaires and the TPB constructs. The data were analyzed by SPSS software version 22 using descriptive and analytical statistics. Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference in the mean scores of attitude, abstract norm, behavioral intention, and behavior of the intervention group after the educational intervention compared to the control group (p

Background Scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-BI) encoded by SCARB1 gene serves as a multifunctional HDL receptor, facilitating the uptake of cholesteryl esters from HDL to the liver. Recent studies have identified the association between the P376L missense mutation of the SCARB1 gene with increased serum HDL-Cholesterol level. However, the contribution of this variant to the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains unclear. Objective We have investigated the association between the P376L polymorphism with the properties of HDL and CVD outcomes in a population sample recruited as part of the Mashhad-Stroke and Heart-Atherosclerotic-Disorders (MASHAD) cohort. Methods Six hundred and fifteen individuals who had a median follow-up period of 7 years were recruited as part of the MASHAD cohort. Anthropometric, biochemical parameters and HDL lipid peroxidation (HDLox) were assessed. Genotyping was performed using TaqMan-real-time-PCR based method. The association of P376L-rs74830766 with cardiovascular-risk-factors and CVD events were evaluated. Results Carriers of the P376L variant were significantly more likely than non-carriers to develop CVD using multivariate analyses adjusted for traditional CVD risk factors defined as: age, sex, BMI, presence of diabetes, or hypertension, positive smoking habit, and total cholesterol (OR: 3.75, 95%CI: 1.76–7.98, p = 0.001). In an adjusted model, there was a two fold increase in cardiovascular endpoints among individuals who were heterozygous for the P376L variant (hazard ratio, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.12-to 3.84, p = 0.02). Although there was no association between the presence of the P376L variant and HDL-C level, serum HDLox, measured as dysfunctional HDL, was 13% higher among carriers of the P376L variant than non-carriers. Conclusion We have found that carriers of the P376L variant possessed higher HDLox and were at increased risk of CVD in a representative population-based cohort, as compared to non-carriers.

Cervical cancer is among the most common type of cancers in women and is associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Genital warts are also reported to be linked with HPV infection types 11 and 6. In turn, clinical characteristics and morphological features of warts may be useful in the prediction of prognosis and in making treatment decisions. Thus, we have investigated the association of high and low-risk HPVs genotype with genital wart risk, as well as pathological and cytological information in cases recruited from a population-based cohort study of 1380 patients. Patients infected with HPV genotype 6 or 11 had an increased risk of having warts, with OR of 2.34 (95% CI: 0.955-5.737, P = 0.06). Also, this association was enhanced in the presence of high plus low-risk HPV for having genital wart (OR: 2.814; 95%: 1.208-6.55, P = 0.017) and cases having high-risk HPV (OR: 2.329; 95% CI: 1.029-5.269, P = 0.042). Moreover, we observed patients with genital warts having CIN2/3, indicating the importance of informing the physician to the patient to prevent more severe lesions. Our data demonstrated that patients with both low/high-risk HPV types had an increased risk of developing genital warts and persistent infection with HPV was a necessary precursor for the increase in cervical lesions.

Small noncoding microRNAs (miRNAs) are known as noninvasive biomarkers for early detection in various cancers. In fact, miRNAs have key roles in carcinogenicity process such as proliferation, apoptosis and metastasis. After cardiovascular disease, cancer is the second cause of death in the world with an estimated 9.6 million deaths in 2018. So, early diagnosis of cancer is critical for successful treatment. To date, several selective and sensitive laboratory-based methods have been applied for the detection of circulating miRNA, but a simple, short assay time and low-cost method such as a biosensor method as an alternative approach to monitor cancer biomarker is required. In this review, we have highlighted recent advances in biosensors for circulating miRNA detection.

Measuring the amount of opium use is a challenge in epidemiologic studies. Self-report of amount of opium use at each consumption, widely used in the literature, usually fails to provide a good estimate. The purpose of this study is to systematically study the perceived weight units of reported opium use in Iran, and compare them to the standardized units of weight measurement.An exploratory descriptive study was conducted in six major cities of Iran. Study participants were interviewed and asked to use a Play-Doh-like material to demonstrate the amount of opium they use. To obtain an estimate of the weight of the material used, we multiplied the volume by the density of the opium product. We experimentally determined the density of the commonly used opium products. We used medians and inter-quartile ranges (IQRs) to report the typical amount of each unit.A total of 108 individuals participated in this study. The most frequently reported unit was "gram"; the median perceived weight for one gram (g) of opium was 0.24 (IQR: 0.16) g. The second most commonly used unit was nokhod with a median of 0.16 (IQR: 0.16) g, followed by mesghaal and hab/habeh, which were 1.28 (IQR: 0.81) and 0.16 (IQR: 0.16) g, respectively. The median perceived weight of mesghaal and gram in the studied cities was less than the expected standardized values.In conclusion, the reported amount of opium use is highly inaccurate and unreliable, and is mainly subject to underestimation.

Cervical cancer (CC) is a common malignancy in women and a major cause of cancer- related mortality globally. Some novel biomarkers may enable the early diagnosis and monitoring of CC. MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNAs that control gene translation at a post transcriptional level. Hence the deregulation of these molecules can cause many diseases. There appears to be an association between aberrant miRNA expression and CC, but the molecular mechanisms involved in the development of CC remain unknown. The upregulation of some circulating miRNAs, e.g. miRNA-20a, miRNA-203, miRNA-21, miRNA-205, miRNA-218, and miR-485-5, as well as tissue specific-miRNAs, e.g. miR-7, miR-10a, miR-17-5p, miR-135b, miR-149 and miR-203 has been found in patients with CC. There is also growing evidence for the importance of miRNAs in the development of drug-resistance. This review therefore highlights recently published preclinical and clinical investigation performed on tissue-specific and circulating miRNAs, as potential biomarkers for the detection of patients at early stages of CC, in the prediction of prognosis, and monitoring of their response to therapy.\ud Key word: cervical cancer, CIN, MiRNA, circulating biomarker, tissue-specific biomarker, HPV