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Abstract The efficiency and stability of perovskite module devices are mainly limited by the quality of scalable perovskite films and sub-cells’ lateral contact. Here, firstly, we report constant low temperature substrate to regulate the growth of perovskite intermediate films to slow down the crystallization for obtaining high-quality homogeneous perovskite films in large scale size, which avoid the effect of the ambient temperature on the film quality. Secondly, a scribing step named P1.5 was added before the top function layers deposition, the diffusion barrier layer can be formed “naturally” at the interconnection interface without introducing any additional materials, which well alleviates the diffusion degradation process. As a result, our inverted perovskite devices exhibit a very small efficiency loss with area expansion comparable to other photovoltaic devices (for example, Cadmium Telluride), the perovskite module (aperture area 14.61 cm2) shows a certified quasi-steady-state power conversion efficiency of 22.73%, and the module maintaining over 90% of its initial efficiency after 1000 hours of continuous operation under illumination.

Blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are critical for displays. Employing a large organic cation into a quasi-two dimensional perovskite with green emission, Chu et al. achieve LEDs exhibiting a high external quantum efficiency of 12.1% and stable spectra in the sky-blue region.

Cesium lead iodide inorganic perovskite solar cells have great potential but the phase instability hinders their development. Here Wang et al. show a controlled drying process to make phase stable and highly efficient solar cells with power conversion efficiency of 15.7%.

Solution-processable halide perovskites have high luminous efficiency and excellent chemical tunability, making them ideal candidates for light-emitting diodes. Here Yang et al. achieve high external quantum efficiency of 14% in the devices by fine-tuning the phase and passivating the surface defects.

The original version of this Article omitted an acknowledgement to the source of Fig. 1a. The following has been added to the end of the caption to Fig. 1: ‘Figure 1a adapted from ref. 13 (copyright 2016 Macmillan Publishers)’. This has been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.

Background: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) can be genetic and occurs as obstructive and non-obstructive 21 subtypes. Little is known about the clinical burden of the obstructive subtype of HCM at a national 22 level, and how it may differ by New York Heart Association (NYHA) class. Therefore, this study 23 aimed to describe the clinical burden of patients hospitalized with obstructive HCM from a 24 nationwide study in France., Methods: This retrospective, longitudinal, observational study was performed using data from the French National Health Data System. All adult patients (≥ 18 years old) with a hospitalization related to obstructive HCM [International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) code I42.1], or at least one hospitalization with ICD-10 code I42.2 or I42.9 and at least one code for septal reduction therapy between 2012 and 2018 were included. Patients were followed up for a minimum of 1 year. NYHA class was assigned using an algorithm based on treatment and symptom codes. Treatment patterns and clinical outcomes by NYHA class over time were examined., Results: Overall, 6,823 patients with obstructive HCM were included (54.7% male, mean [standard deviation (SD)] age 66.2 [16.7] years). At inclusion, the proportion of patients in NYHA classes I, II, III, and IV were 4%, 32%, 60%, and 4%, respectively. Over the follow-up [mean (SD) follow-up: 4.4 (2.5) years; cumulative patient follow-up: 30,021 patient-years], 73% of patients remained in the same NYHA class, 14% of patients worsened, and 13% improved. At inclusion, 22% of patients had no HCM-related treatment, 56% were receiving β-blockers, 12% calcium-channel blockers, and 11% a combination of both. The incidence of cardiovascular-related hospitalization was high (35,436 hospitalizations; 117,229 per 100,000 patient-years) and this risk increased with NYHA class (from 81,247 per 100,000 patient-years for NYHA class I/II patients to 140,790 per 100,000 patient-years for NYHA class III/IV patients, p  < 0.0001)., Conclusions: Patients with obstructive HCM are at high risk of death and cardiovascular outcomes, especially those in higher NYHA classes. Despite current therapeutics, the clinical burden of symptomatic obstructive HCM remains high, supporting the need for additional therapies., Competing Interests: CZ was employed as a contractor by Bristol Myers Squibb at the time the study was conducted. F-EC is employed by Bristol Myers Squibb and may own Bristol Myers Squibb stock or stock options. TK was employed by Bristol Myers Squibb at the time the study was conducted and may own Bristol Myers Squibb stock or stock options. EH is employed by Heva, which received funding from Bristol Myers Squibb to conduct this study. FD was employed by Heva at the time the study was conducted, which received funding from Bristol Myers Squibb to conduct this study. The remaining authors declare that they received the following funding for activities unrelated to this study: PC has received consulting fees/honoraria from Amicus, Bristol Myers Squibb, Novartis, Owkin, Pfizer, and Sanofi; J-NT has received personal fees from Abbott, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, and Vifor Pharma, grants and personal fees from Novartis, and grants from Boston Scientific., (© 2025 Charron, Zema, Cotté, Herquelot, Krause, Daydé and Trochu.)

Objective: To estimate the resource use of patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), stratified by New York Heart Association (NYHA) class, in the English and Northern Irish healthcare systems via expert elicitation., Design: Modified Delphi framework methodology., Setting: UK HCM secondary care centres (n=24)., Participants: Cardiologists who actively treated patients with HCM were eligible, of whom 10 from English and Northern Irish centres participated. Recruitment of participants to the study was limited to one expert per site., Methods: Responses were collected by electronic quantitative survey. Following the discussion of survey results in a virtual panel, aggregated responses from a final survey were analysed and stratified by NYHA class. Data were analysed without (base case) and with (scenario) interventional cardiologists who conduct septal reduction therapies (SRTs)., Results: Based on expert opinion, as NYHA class increased, so did the mean±95% CI number of primary care consultations (classes I-IV: 0.64±0.35; 1.07±0.33; 3.29±1.02; 6.00±2.46, respectively) per patient per annum. This was also observed across all types of secondary care consultations, such as mean±95% CI number of cardiovascular-related outpatient visits (classes I-IV: 0.69±0.26; 0.88±0.24; 2.13±0.78; 3.25±1.42, respectively) and inpatient admissions (classes I-IV: 0.01±0.01; 0.04±0.07; 0.94±0.39; 1.90±0.65, respectively) per annum. Patients in NYHA class III were most likely to undergo SRT in their lifetime (mean±95% CI proportion of patients:17.25%±7.19% or 26.30%±13.61% including interventionalists). Across NYHA, experts estimated that septal myectomy was more costly than alcohol septal ablation (mean±95% CI: £15 675±£10 556 vs £6750±£5900, respectively). Prescription of beta-blockers was higher than calcium channel blockers, irrespective of NYHA class., Conclusions: Treatment of obstructive HCM is associated with a substantial clinical and economic burden in England and Northern Ireland; the burden of the disease increasing with NYHA class is driven by the need for intensive disease management, hospitalisations and the potential burden of undertaking SRTs., Competing Interests: Competing interests: Since the study was conducted, Bristol Myers Squibb launched mavacamten, a cardiac myosin inhibitor indicated for the treatment of adult patients with symptomatic NYHA class II–III obstructive HCM, in the UK (Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency approval date: July 2023). The study did not include any materials or discussions relating to mavacamten or cardiac myosin inhibitors and was intended to understand the resource use associated with obstructive HCM before the introduction of such treatments in the UK. The study chair (employed by Accession Healthcare Consulting Ltd) did not form part of the study team. The competing interests of the study chair were relayed to the participants during the phase II panel discussion. Competing interest information was collected as part of involvement in the study; however, they were not applicable owing to there being no discussion of patented therapies. MH, BS, TL and KN are employees of Bristol Myers Squibb and may own stock in Bristol Myers Squibb. CZ is a contractor for Bristol Myers Squibb. TK was an employee of Bristol Myers Squibb at the time the study was conducted and may own stock in Bristol Myers Squibb. DA was an employee of Accession Healthcare Consulting Ltd at the time that the study was conducted, which received payment from Bristol Myers Squibb for participation in this study. FO has no conflicts of interest to disclose., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ Group.)

Importance: Few simplified instruments exist for use in hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) trials., Objective: To assess psychometric properties of the Hidradenitis Suppurativa Investigator Global Assessment (HS-IGA) score using a clinical trial data set., Design, Setting, and Participants: This retrospective analysis of a phase 2 randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled, active-reference arm trial (UCB HS0001) included adults with moderate-to-severe HS., Exposures: Trial participants were randomized at baseline to receive bimekizumab, adalimumab, or placebo., Main Outcomes and Measures: The HS-IGA score at prespecified time points up to 12 weeks after randomization., Results: The HS-IGA score showed strong convergent validity with IHS4 and HS-PhGA scores at baseline (Spearman correlation, 0.86 [P < .001] and 0.74 [P < .001], respectively) and at week 12 (Spearman correlation, 0.73 [P < .001] and 0.64 [P < .001], respectively). The HS-IGA scores assessed during predosing visits at screening and baseline showed good test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.92). At week 12, HS-IGA responders were significantly associated with HiSCR-(50/75/90) responders (χ2 = 18.45; P < .001; χ2 = 18.11; P < .001; and χ2 = 20.83; P < .001, respectively). The HS-IGA score was predictive of HiSCR-50/75/90 and HS-PhGA response at week 12 (AUC, 0.69, 0.73, 0.85, and 0.71, respectively). However, the HS-IGA as a measure of disease activity showed low predictive validity with patient-reported outcomes at week 12., Conclusions and Relevance: The HS-IGA score demonstrated good psychometric properties compared with existing measures and may be considered for use as an end point in clinical trials for HS.

Aims: Assess the relationship between New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class and cardiovascular (CV) outcomes in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)., Materials and Methods: This retrospective cohort study used the Optum Market Clarity database with linked claims and electronic health records. Adults (aged ≥18 years) with obstructive HCM and ≥1 NYHA class assessment after first HCM diagnosis were eligible (selection period: 2007-2021). Thirteen outcomes were assessed following the index date (first documented NYHA class assessment after first HCM diagnosis in the study period): all-cause mortality; first occurrences of all-cause hospitalization; CV-related hospitalization; primary ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA); myocardial infarction (MI); deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE); and major adverse CV event (MACE); as well as first incident events of atrial fibrillation or flutter; primary ischemic stroke or TIA; heart failure; acute MI; DVT/PE; and a composite endpoint of pacemaker and cardiac resynchronization therapy. Their associations with the index NYHA class were described using the Kaplan-Meier method (mortality) or cumulative incidence functions (other outcomes). Hazard ratios between NYHA class over time and outcomes were evaluated using time-varying Cox models, adjusting for age at first observed HCM diagnosis, sex, and race., Results: Among 4,631 eligible patients, the mean age was 59 years at the first observed HCM diagnosis (female, 47%; White, 77%). The risks of all outcomes increased with worse (higher) index NYHA class and worsening NYHA class over time. Deterioration in the NYHA class from the index date was associated with increased risks of outcomes., Limitations: The study population may not be representative of all patients with obstructive HCM in the real world. Documented NYHA classes may not fully reflect the longitudinal variation of NYHA class for each patient., Conclusions: Worsening NYHA class was associated with increased risks of all-cause mortality and CV outcomes in obstructive HCM.

Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest Dr Ryan has received honoraria for serving on advisory boards, as a speaker, or as a consultant for AbbVie, Aqua, Bristol Myers Squibb, and Dermira. Dr Reddy's (pharma company), Janssen, Leo, Lilly, Medimetriks, Novartis, Regeneron-Sanofi, UCB, and Xenoport. Dr Puig has received honoraria or fees for serving on advisory boards, as a speaker, or as a consultant for AbbVie, Almirall, Amgen, Baxalta, Biogen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Celgene, Gebro, Janssen, Leo, Lilly, Merck-Serono, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron, Roche, and Sandoz. Dr Elewski serves as an investigator or consultant for Boehringer Ingelheim, Celgene, Leo, Lilly, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Sun, Valeant (Ortho Dermatology), and Verrica; and is an employee of the University of Alabama, which does receive research funding from AbbVie, AnaptysBio, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Incyte, Leo, Lilly, Merck, Menlo, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron, SUN, Valeant (Ortho dermatology), and Vanda. Drs Joshi and Huang are employees of AbbVie and may own AbbVie stock or stock options. Drs Zema and Thompson are former employees of AbbVie and may own AbbVie stock or stock options. Drs Yang, Wu, and Bensimon are employed by Analysis Group, which received payment from AbbVie to assist with the research process.

Background: Few validated instruments exist for use in hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) trials., Objectives: To develop a novel HS Investigator Global Assessment (HS-IGA) and to validate its psychometric properties., Methods: Development of HS-IGA involved discussion among stakeholders, including patients, within HISTORIC. Data from replicate phase III randomized controlled trials evaluating HS treatment were utilized. Multivariate models identified lesion type and body region as variables of importance. Classification and regression trees for ordinal responses were built. Validation included assessment of test-retest reliability, predictive validity, responsiveness and clinical meaningfulness., Results: There were 3024 unique measurements available in PIONEER I. Mean and median lesion counts by region were largely <10 and were highest in axillary and inguinal regions. The mean and median number of regions involved were ≤ 3 for individual lesions and combinations. Regardless of lesion type, axillary and inguinal regions most influenced the HS-IGA score. Accordingly, regions were combined into a six-point IGA based on the maximum lesion number in either upper or lower body regions with a score of 0 (0-1 lesions), 1 (2-5), 2 (6-10), 3 (11-15), 4 (16-20) and 5 (≥ 20 lesions). The intraclass correlation coefficient for test-retest reliability was 0·91 (95% confidence interval 0·87-0·94). Spearman's rank order correlations (SROCs) with HS-PGA and Hidradenitis Suppurativa Clinical Response (HiSCR) were 0·73 and 0·51, respectively (P < 0·001 for both comparisons). SROCs with Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), pain numerical rating scale and HS-QoL were 0·42, 0·34 and -0·25, respectively (P < 0·001 for all comparisons). HS-IGA was responsive at weeks 12 and 36. Predictive convergent validity was very good with HS-PGA (area under the curve = 0·89) and with HiSCR (area under the curve = 0·82). Predictive divergent validity was low with DLQI and HS-QoL., Conclusions: HS-IGA has moderate-to-strong psychometric properties and is simple to calculate., (© 2022 The Authors. British Journal of Dermatology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Association of Dermatologists.)

Importance: Demonstrating the value of therapies from a patient's perspective is increasingly important for patient-centered care., Objective: To compare patient-reported outcomes (PROs) with risankizumab vs ustekinumab and placebo in psoriasis symptoms, health-related quality of life (HRQL), and mental health among patients with moderate to severe psoriasis., Design, Setting, and Participants: The UltIMMa-1 and UltIMMa-2 studies were replicate 52-week phase 3, randomized, multisite, double-blind, placebo-controlled and active comparator-controlled trials conducted in 139 sites (including hospitals, academic medical centers, clinical research units, and private practices) globally in Asia-Pacific, Japan, Europe, and North America. Adults (≥18 years) with moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis with body surface area (BSA) involvement of 10% or more, Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) scores of 12 or higher, and static Physician's Global Assessment (sPGA) scores of 3 or higher were included., Interventions: In each trial, patients were randomly assigned (3:1:1) to 150 mg of risankizumab, 45 mg or 90 mg of ustekinumab (weight-based per label) for 52 weeks, or matching placebo for 16 weeks followed by risankizumab., Main Outcomes and Measures: Integrated data from 2 trials were used to compare Psoriasis Symptom Scale (PSS) (total score and item scores for pain, redness, itchiness, and burning), Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), 5-level EuroQoL-5D (EQ-5D-5L), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), at baseline, week 16, and week 52., Results: A total of 997 patients with moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis were analyzed. Across all arms, the mean age was 47.2 to 47.8 years and 68.3% (136/199 for ustekinumab) to 73.0% (146/200 for placebo) were men. Patients' characteristics and PROs were comparable across all treatment arms at baseline (n = 598, 199, 200 for risankizumab, ustekinumab, and placebo, respectively). At week 16, a significantly greater proportion of patients treated with risankizumab than those treated with ustekinumab or placebo achieved PSS = 0, indicating no psoriasis symptoms (30.3% [181/598], 15.1% [30/199], 1.0% [2/200], both P < .001), and DLQI = 0 or 1 indicating no impact on skin-related HRQL (66.2%, 44.7%, 6.0%, P < .001). Significantly greater proportions of patients treated with risankizumab achieved minimally clinically important difference (MCID) than ustekinumab or placebo for DLQI (94.5% [516/546], 85.1% [149/175], 35.6% [64/180]; both P < .001), EQ-5D-5L (41.7% [249/597] vs 31.5% [62/197], P = .01; vs 19.0% [38/200], P < .001), and HADS (anxiety: 69.1% [381/551] vs 57.1% [104/182], P = .004; vs 35.9% [66/184], P < .001; depression: 71.1% [354/598] vs 60.4% [96/159], P = .01; vs 37.1% [59/159], P < .001). At week 52, improvements in patients treated with risankizumab compared with those treated with ustekinumab were sustained for PSS, DLQI, and EQ-5D-5L., Conclusions and Relevance: Risankizumab significantly improved symptoms of moderate to severe psoriasis, improved HRQL, and reduced psychological distress compared with ustekinumab or placebo., Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifiers: NCT02684370 (UltIMMa-1) and NCT02684357 (UltIMMa-2).

Introduction: The primary objective of the study was to evaluate the measurement properties of the patient-reported four-item Psoriasis Symptom Scale (PSS). Methods : Analysis of phase-III data on the efficacy of risankizumab to assess psychometric characteristics of the PSS in patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis. Results: PSS items had a good range of symptom severity coverage. The PSS had good test-retest reliability (ICCs >0.90). Convergent and discriminant validity was indicated by moderate-to-strong correlations between the PSS and Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), PSS pain item and EQ-5D pain/discomfort item at week 12 (0.63), and moderate negative correlation with EQ-Visual Analog Scale score at week 12 (-0.37). Known groups validity demonstrated as mean PSS total scores varied by Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) and Static Physician's Global Assessment (sPGA) defined groups ( p  < .0001). PSS total scores were responsive to changes in PASI score ( p  < .0001) and sPGA ( p  < .0001). PSS minimal, clinical, and meaningful change is estimated to be 1 to 2 points; a preliminary responder definition is a total change score of 3 to 4 points. Conclusions: The PSS is a short, valid unidimensional measure of psoriasis symptom severity, well suited for use in clinical trials.

Antiplatelet therapy is recommended over anticoagulants for the secondary prevention of vascular death in patients with noncardioembolic ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack based upon the 2006 American Heart Association/American Stroke Association guidelines for the prevention of stroke and the National Stroke Association guidelines for the management of transient ischemic attack. Aspirin is commonly used as a cornerstone antiplatelet agent considering its mild but definite prevention benefit and low costs. Other antiplatelet strategies that are currently recommended include extended-release dipyridamole plus low-dose aspirin (Aggrenox((R)), Asasantin((R))) and clopidogrel. In this brief review, we evaluate the cost-effectiveness of antiplatelet agents for secondary stroke prevention to better understand the socioeconomical value of the recommended agents.