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3. Lunar impact craters identification and age estimation with Chang'E data by deep and transfer learning

Author

Yang, Chen, Zhao, Haishi, Bruzzone, Lorenzo, Benediktsson, Jon Atli, Liang, Yanchun, Liu, Bin, Zeng, Xingguo, Guan, Renchu, Li, Chunlai, and Ouyang, Ziyuan

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Impact craters, as "lunar fossils", are the most dominant lunar surface features and occupy most of the Moon's surface. Their formation and evolution record the history of the Solar System. Sixty years of triumphs in the lunar exploration projects accumulated a large amount of lunar data. Currently, there are 9137 existing recognized craters. However, only 1675 of them have been determined age, which is obviously not satisfactory to reveal the evolution of the Moon. Identifying craters is a challenging task due to their enormous difference in size, large variations in shape and vast presence. Furthermore, estimating the age of craters is extraordinarily difficult due to their complex and different morphologies. Here, in order to effectively identify craters and estimate their age, we convert the crater identification problem into a target detection task and crater age estimation into a taxonomy structure. From an initial small number of available craters, we progressively identify craters and estimate their age from Chang'E data by transfer learning (TL) using deep neural networks. For comprehensive identification of multi-scale craters, a two-stage craters detection approach is developed. Thus 117240 unrecognized lunar craters that range in diameter from 532 km to 1 km are identified. Then, a two-stage classification approach is developed to estimate the age of craters by simultaneously extracting their morphological features and stratigraphic information. The age of 79243 craters larger than 3 km in diameter is estimated. These identified and aged craters throughout the mid and low-latitude regions of the Moon are crucial for reconstructing the dynamic evolution process of the Solar System., Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures

Published
2019
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6. Nature of the lunar far-side samples returned by the Chang'E-6 mission.

Author

Li, Chunlai, Hu, Hao, Yang, Meng-Fei, Liu, Jianjun, Zhou, Qin, Ren, Xin, Liu, Bin, Liu, Dawei, Zeng, Xingguo, Zuo, Wei, Zhang, Guangliang, Zhang, Hongbo, Yang, Saihong, Wang, Qiong, Deng, Xiangjin, Gao, Xingye, Su, Yan, Wen, Weibin, and Ouyang, Ziyuan

Subjects
ROCK properties, POTTING soils, ORTHOPYROXENE, BRECCIA, BASALT, LUNAR craters
Abstract

The Chang'E-6 (CE-6) mission successfully achieved return of the first samples from the far side of the Moon. The sampling site of CE-6 is located in the South Pole-Aitken (SPA) basin—the largest, deepest and oldest impact basin on the Moon. The 1935.3 g of CE-6 lunar samples exhibit distinct characteristics compared with previous lunar samples. This study analyses the physical, mineralogical, petrographic and geochemical properties of CE-6 lunar scooped samples. The CE-6 soil has a significantly lower bulk density (0.983 g/cm3) and true density (3.035 g/cm3) than the Chang'E-5 (CE-5) samples. The grain size of the CE-6 soil exhibits a bimodal distribution, indicating a mixture of different compositions. Mineralogically, the CE-6 soil consists of 32.6% plagioclase (anorthite and bytownite), 19.7% augite, 10% pigeonite and 3.6% orthopyroxene, and with low content of olivine (0.5%) but high content of amorphous glass (29.4%). Geochemically, the bulk composition of CE-6 soil is rich in Al2O3 (14%) and CaO (12%) but low in FeO (17%), and trace elements of CE-6 soil such as K (∼630 ppm), U (0.26 ppm), Th (0.92 ppm) and rare-earth elements are significantly lower than those of the lunar soils within the Procellarum KREEP Terrane. The local basalts are characterized by low-Ti (TiO2, 5.08%), low-Al (Al2O3 9.85%) and low-K (∼830 ppm), features suggesting that the CE-6 soil is a mixture of local basalts and non-basaltic ejecta. The returned CE-6 sample contains diverse lithic fragments, including local mare basalt, breccia, agglutinate, glasses and leucocrate. These local mare basalts document the volcanic history of the lunar far side, while the non-basaltic fragments may offer critical insights into the lunar highland crust, SPA impact melts and potentially the deep lunar mantle, making these samples highly significant for scientific research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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8. A 76-m per pixel global color image dataset and map of Mars by Tianwen-1

Author

Liu, Jianjun, primary, Ren, Xin, additional, Yan, Wei, additional, Chen, Wangli, additional, Zeng, Xingguo, additional, Zhang, Xiaoxia, additional, Tan, Xu, additional, Gao, Xingye, additional, Fu, Qiang, additional, Liu, Dingxin, additional, Guo, Lin, additional, Zhang, Qing, additional, Zhang, Jingjing, additional, Yu, Guobin, additional, He, Zhiping, additional, Geng, Yan, additional, Zhang, Rongqiao, additional, and Li, Chunlai, additional

Published
2024
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17. Modern water at low latitudes on Mars: Potential evidence from dune surfaces

Author

Qin, Xiaoguang, primary, Ren, Xin, additional, Wang, Xu, additional, Liu, Jianjun, additional, Wu, Haibin, additional, Zeng, Xingguo, additional, Sun, Yong, additional, Chen, Zhaopeng, additional, Zhang, Shihao, additional, Zhang, Yizhong, additional, Chen, Wangli, additional, Liu, Bin, additional, Liu, Dawei, additional, Guo, Lin, additional, Li, Kangkang, additional, Zeng, Xiangzhao, additional, Huang, Hai, additional, Zhang, Qing, additional, Yu, Songzheng, additional, Li, Chunlai, additional, and Guo, Zhengtang, additional

Published
2023
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19. Investigating Martian Subsurface Features in Utopia Planitia With Tianwen-1 Ground-Penetrating Radar

Author

Su, Yan, Liu, Shuning, Zhang, Zongyu, Dai, Shun, Hong, Tiansheng, Soldovieri, Francesco, Gennarelli, Gianluca, Ding, Chunyu, Chen, Yuan, Zeng, Xingguo, Liu, Bin, Gao, Xingye, Liu, Jianjun, and Li, Chunlai

Abstract

This article deals with the investigation of the Martian subsurface in the Utopia Planitia region using Zhurong’s ground-penetrating radar. The low-frequency data recorded along the overall path followed by the rover are processed thanks to a customized signal processing pipeline aiming on one side to minimize the artifacts in the radargrams and, on the other one, to obtain images of the subsoil that aid the following analysis and interpretation stage. The images reveal a three-layer structure beneath the landing area up to the depth of ~40 m. The general scattering characteristics indicate the presence of $5~\sim ~8$ -m regolith, $2~\sim ~3$ -m fine materials, and $15~\sim ~30$ m embedded with blocks generating a significant electromagnetic scattering. The existence of an upward decrease in grain size is resulted from long-term weathering and repeated impacts or the occurrence of flood events. The radargrams depict a distinctive local enhancement of the scattering at the end of the rover route from Sol 292 to Sol 325. Analysis of the layout of barchan dunes and the distribution of craters suggests that the resurfacing activity is the result of a complex combination of tectonic activities and impact events.

Published
2024
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21. Hyperfine Structure of Regolith Unveiled by Chang’E-5 Lunar Regolith Penetrating Radar

Author

Su, Yan, primary, Wang, Ruigang, additional, Deng, Xiangjin, additional, Zhang, Zongyu, additional, Zhou, Jianfeng, additional, Xiao, Zhiyong, additional, Ding, Chunyu, additional, Li, Yuxi, additional, Dai, Shun, additional, Ren, Xin, additional, Zeng, Xingguo, additional, Gao, Xingye, additional, Liu, Jianjun, additional, Liu, Dawei, additional, Liu, Bin, additional, Zhou, Bin, additional, Fang, Guangyou, additional, and Li, Chunlai, additional

Published
2022
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22. Geomorphic contexts and science focus of the Zhurong landing site on Mars

Author

Liu, Jianjun, primary, Li, Chunlai, additional, Zhang, Rongqiao, additional, Rao, Wei, additional, Cui, Xiaofeng, additional, Geng, Yan, additional, Jia, Yang, additional, Huang, Hai, additional, Ren, Xin, additional, Yan, Wei, additional, Zeng, Xingguo, additional, Wen, Weibin, additional, Wang, Xing, additional, Gao, Xingye, additional, Fu, Qiang, additional, Zhu, Yan, additional, Dong, Jihong, additional, Li, Haitao, additional, Wang, Xianzhong, additional, Zuo, Wei, additional, Su, Yan, additional, Kong, Deqing, additional, and Zhang, Hongbo, additional

Published
2021
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23. Characteristics of the lunar samples returned by the Chang’E-5 mission

Author

Li, Chunlai, primary, Hu, Hao, additional, Yang, Meng-Fei, additional, Pei, Zhao-Yu, additional, Zhou, Qin, additional, Ren, Xin, additional, Liu, Bin, additional, Liu, Dawei, additional, Zeng, Xingguo, additional, Zhang, Guangliang, additional, Zhang, Hongbo, additional, Liu, Jianjun, additional, Wang, Qiong, additional, Deng, Xiangjin, additional, Xiao, Caijin, additional, Yao, Yonggang, additional, Xue, Dingshuai, additional, Zuo, Wei, additional, Su, Yan, additional, Wen, Weibin, additional, and Ouyang, Ziyuan, additional

Published
2021
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24. Landing Site Selection and Overview of China’s Lunar Landing Missions

Author

Liu, Jianjun, primary, Zeng, Xingguo, additional, Li, Chunlai, additional, Ren, Xin, additional, Yan, Wei, additional, Tan, Xu, additional, Zhang, Xiaoxia, additional, Chen, Wangli, additional, Zuo, Wei, additional, Liu, Yuxuan, additional, Liu, Bin, additional, Liu, Dawei, additional, Zhou, Qin, additional, and Ouyang, Ziyuan, additional

Published
2020
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26. Physical and Mechanical Characteristics of Lunar Soil at the Chang'E‐4 Landing Site

Author

Tang, Zhencheng, primary, Liu, Jianjun, additional, Wang, Xing, additional, Ren, Xin, additional, Chen, Wangli, additional, Yan, Wei, additional, Zhang, Xiaoxia, additional, Tan, Xu, additional, Zeng, Xingguo, additional, Liu, Dawei, additional, Zhang, Hongbo, additional, Wen, Weibin, additional, Zuo, Wei, additional, Su, Yan, additional, Yang, Jianfeng, additional, and Li, Chunlai, additional

Published
2020
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27. A complex geological history at China’s Chang’E -4 landing site revealed by the Lunar Penetrating Radar

Author

Su, Yan, primary, Li, Chunlai, additional, Dai, Shun, additional, Fu, Qiang, additional, Zhang, Guihua, additional, Ding, Chunyu, additional, Zhou, Bin, additional, Wang, Ruigang, additional, Zeng, Xingguo, additional, Kong, Deqing, additional, Zhu, Xinying, additional, Li, Junduo, additional, Li, Chen, additional, Xue, Xiping, additional, Liu, Donghao, additional, Hong, Tiansheng, additional, Liu, Chendi, additional, and Zhang, Zongyu, additional

Published
2020
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28. Characteristics of the lunar samples returned by the Chang'E-5 mission.

Author

Li, Chunlai, Hu, Hao, Yang, Meng-Fei, Pei, Zhao-Yu, Zhou, Qin, Ren, Xin, Liu, Bin, Liu, Dawei, Zeng, Xingguo, Zhang, Guangliang, Zhang, Hongbo, Liu, Jianjun, Wang, Qiong, Deng, Xiangjin, Xiao, Caijin, Yao, Yonggang, Xue, Dingshuai, Zuo, Wei, Su, Yan, and Wen, Weibin

Subjects
LUNAR soil, POTASSIUM, RARE earth metals, SOIL composition, SPACE flight to the moon, BASALT, LUNAR craters, REGOLITH
Abstract

Forty-five years after the Apollo and Luna missions returned lunar samples, China's Chang'E-5 (CE-5) mission collected new samples from the mid-latitude region in the northeastern Oceanus Procellarum of the Moon. Our study shows that 95% of CE-5 lunar soil sizes are found to be within the range of 1.40–9.35 μm, while 95% of the soils by mass are within the size range of 4.84–432.27 μm. The bulk density, true density and specific surface area of CE-5 soils are 1.2387 g/cm3, 3.1952 g/cm3 and 0.56 m2/g, respectively. Fragments from the CE-5 regolith are classified into igneous clasts (mostly basalt), agglutinate and glass. A few breccias were also found. The minerals and compositions of CE-5 soils are consistent with mare basalts and can be classified as low-Ti/low-Al/low-K type with lower rare-earth-element contents than materials rich in potassium, rare earth element and phosphorus. CE-5 soils have high FeO and low Mg index, which could represent a new class of basalt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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29. The Moon’s farside shallow subsurface structure unveiled by Chang’E-4 Lunar Penetrating Radar

Author

Li, Chunlai, primary, Su, Yan, additional, Pettinelli, Elena, additional, Xing, Shuguo, additional, Ding, Chunyu, additional, Liu, Jianjun, additional, Ren, Xin, additional, Lauro, Sebastian E., additional, Soldovieri, Francesco, additional, Zeng, Xingguo, additional, Gao, Xingye, additional, Chen, Wangli, additional, Dai, Shun, additional, Liu, Dawei, additional, Zhang, Guangliang, additional, Zuo, Wei, additional, Wen, Weibin, additional, Zhang, Zhoubin, additional, Zhang, Xiaoxia, additional, and Zhang, Hongbo, additional

Published
2020
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