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1. Infection with Toxocara canis Inhibits the Production of IgE Antibodies to α-Gal in Humans: Towards a Conceptual Framework of the Hygiene Hypothesis?

Author

Adnan Hodžić, Herbert Auer, Jérôme Vicogne, Lourdes Mateos-Hernández, Pilar Alberdi, Patricia Román-Carrasco, José de la Fuente, Muriel Pichavant, Ines Swoboda, Delphine Le Roux, Wolfgang Hemmer, Veronica Risco-Castillo, Emilie Frealle, Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz, Georg Gerhard Duscher, University of Veterinary Medicine [Vienna] (Vetmeduni), Biologie moléculaire et immunologie parasitaires et fongiques (BIPAR), École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA)-Laboratoire de santé animale, sites de Maisons-Alfort et de Dozulé, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille - INSERM U 1019 - UMR 9017 - UMR 8204 (CIIL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Université de Lille-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Pasteur de Lille, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie [CHRU LIlle], Institut de Microbiologie [CHRU Lille], Pôle de Biologie Pathologie Génétique [CHU Lille], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Pôle de Biologie Pathologie Génétique [CHU Lille], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille), University of Applied Sciences [FH Campus Wien], Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), Dynamic Microbiology - EA 7380 (DYNAMIC), École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Floridsdorf Allergy Centre [Vienna] - Floridsdorfer Allergie Zentrum [Wien] (FAZ), Medizinische Universität Wien = Medical University of Vienna, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Oklahoma State University [Stillwater], École nationale vétérinaire - Alfort (ENVA)-Laboratoire de santé animale, sites de Maisons-Alfort et de Normandie, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Lille-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École nationale vétérinaire - Alfort (ENVA)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université Paris-Est (UPE)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Oklahoma State University [Stillwater] (OSU), Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana [Espagne] (FISABIO), Universität für Bodenkultur Wien [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), SaBio, École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA), Floridsdorf Allergy Center, Partenaires INRAE, University of Veterinary Medicine [Vienna] [Vetmeduni], Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana [Espagne] [FISABIO], Universität für Bodenkultur Wien = University of Natural Resources and Life [Vienne, Autriche] [BOKU], Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille - INSERM U 1019 - UMR 9017 - UMR 8204 [CIIL], École nationale vétérinaire - Alfort [ENVA], and École nationale vétérinaire - Alfort (ENVA)-Laboratoire de santé animale, sites de Maisons-Alfort et de Dozulé

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, allergy, α-Gal, hygiene hypothesis, immune response, suppression, Toxocara canis, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 030231 tropical medicine, Immunology, lcsh:Medicine, medicine.disease_cause, Immunoglobulin E, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Immune system, Hygiene hypothesis, Drug Discovery, parasitic diseases, medicine, Pharmacology (medical), Immune response, [SDV.IMM.ALL]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology/Allergology, Ascaris suum, Pharmacology, Suppression, biology, lcsh:R, biology.organism_classification, 3. Good health, 030104 developmental biology, Infectious Diseases, Allergic response, biology.protein, Schistosoma mansoni, Antibody
Abstract

&alpha, Gal syndrome (AGS) is a type of anaphylactic reaction to mammalian meat characterized by an immunoglobulin (Ig)E immune response to the oligosaccharide &alpha, Gal (Gal&alpha, 1-3Gal&beta, 1-4GlcNAc-R). Tick bites seems to be a prerequisite for the onset of the allergic disease in humans, but the implication of non-tick parasites in &alpha, Gal sensitization has also been deliberated. In the present study, we therefore evaluated the capacity of helminths (Toxocara canis, Ascaris suum, Schistosoma mansoni), protozoa (Toxoplasma gondii), and parasitic fungi (Aspergillus fumigatus) to induce an immune response to &alpha, Gal. For this, different developmental stages of the infectious agents were tested for the presence of &alpha, Gal. Next, the potential correlation between immune responses to &alpha, Gal and the parasite infections was investigated by testing sera collected from patients with AGS and those infected with the parasites. Our results showed that S. mansoni and A. fumigatus produce the terminal &alpha, Gal moieties, but they were not able to induce the production of specific antibodies. By contrast, T. canis, A. suum and T. gondii lack the &alpha, Gal epitope. Furthermore, the patients with T. canis infection had significantly decreased anti-&alpha, Gal IgE levels when compared to the healthy controls, suggesting the potential role of this nematode parasite in suppressing the allergic response to the glycan molecule. This rather intriguing observation is discussed in the context of the &lsquo, hygiene hypothesis&rsquo, Taken together, our study provides new insights into the relationships between immune responses to &alpha, Gal and parasitic infections. However, further investigations should be undertaken to identify T. canis components with potent immunomodulatory properties and to assess their potential to be used in immunotherapy and control of AGS.

Published
2020
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2. Use of biologicals in allergic and type-2 inflammatory diseases during the current COVID-19 pandemic:Position paper of Ärzteverband Deutscher Allergologen (AeDA)A, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Klinische Immunologie (DGAKI)B, Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Allergologie und Umweltmedizin (GPA)C, Österreichische Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Immunologie (ÖGAI)D, Luxemburgische Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Immunologie (LGAI)E, Österreichische Gesellschaft für Pneumologie (ÖGP)F in co-operation with the German, Austrian, and Swiss ARIA groupsG, and the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI)

Author

Klimek, Ludger, Pfaar, Oliver, Worm, Margitta, Eiwegger, Thomas, Hagemann, Jan, Ollert, Markus, Untersmayr, Eva, Hoffmann-Sommergruber, Karin, Vultaggio, Alessandra, Agache, Ioana, Bavbek, Sevim, Bossios, Apostolos, Casper, Ingrid, Chan, Susan, Chatzipetrou, Alexia, Vogelberg, Christian, Firinu, Davide, Kauppi, Paula, Kolios, Antonios, Kothari, Akash, Matucci, Andrea, Palomares, Oscar, Szépfalusi, Zsolt, Pohl, Wolfgang, Hötzenecker, Wolfram, Rosenkranz, Alexander, Bergmann, Karl-Christian, Bieber, Thomas, Buhl, Roland, Buters, Jeroen, Darsow, Ulf, Keil, Thomas, Kleine-Tebbe, Jörg, Lau, Susanne, Maurer, Marcus, Merk, Hans, Mösges, Ralph, Saloga, Joachim, Staubach, Petra, Jappe, Uta, Rabe, Klaus, Rabe, Uta, Vogelmeier, Claus, Biedermann, Tilo, Jung, Kirsten, Schlenter, Wolfgang, Ring, Johannes, Chaker, Adam, Wehrmann, Wolfgang, Becker, Sven, Freudelsperger, Laura, Mülleneisen, Norbert, Nemat, Katja, Czech, Wolfgang, Wrede, Holger, Brehler, Randolf, Fuchs, Thomas, Tomazic, Peter-Valentin, Aberer, Werner, Fink-Wagner, Antje-Henriette, Horak, Fritz, Wöhrl, Stefan, Niederberger-Leppin, Verena, Pali-Schöll, Isabella, Roller-Wirnsberger, Regina, Spranger, Otto, Valenta, Rudolf, Akdis, Mübecell, Matricardi, Paolo, Spertini, François, Khaltaev, Nicolai, Michel, Jean-Pierre, Nicod, Larent, Schmid-Grendelmeier, Peter, Idzko, Marco, Hamelmann, Eckard, Jakob, Thilo, Werfel, Thomas, Wagenmann, Martin, Taube, Christian, Jensen-Jarolim, Erika, Korn, Stephanie, Hentges, Francois, Schwarze, Jürgen, O Mahony, Liam, Knol, Edward, Del Giacco, Stefano, Chivato Pérez, Tomás, Bousquet, Jean, Bedbrook, Anna, Zuberbier, Torsten, Akdis, Cezmi, Jutel, Marek, Zentrum für Rhinologie und Allergologie [Wiesbaden, Germany], Philipps Universität Marburg, Charité - UniversitätsMedizin = Charité - University Hospital [Berlin], The Hospital for sick children [Toronto] (SickKids), University of Toronto, Johannes Gutenberg - Universität Mainz (JGU), Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), University of Southern Denmark (SDU), Medizinische Universität Wien = Medical University of Vienna, Careggi University Hospital [Florence, Italie], Transylvania University, Ankara University School of Medicine [Turkey], Karolinska University Hospital [Stockholm], Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm], University hospital of Zurich [Zurich], Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH), Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital [London], King‘s College London, National Technical University of Athens [Athens] (NTUA), University General Hospital ' Attikon ' [Athens, Greece], University of Athens Medical School [Athens], Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, University of Cagliari, Harvard Medical School [Boston] (HMS), Österreichische Forschungsförderungsgesellschaft, Universidad Complutense de Madrid = Complutense University of Madrid [Madrid] (UCM), Kepler University Hospital, Medizinische Universität Graz, Universitätsklinikum Bonn (UKB), Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Helmholtz-Zentrum München (HZM), Technische Universität Munchen - Université Technique de Munich [Munich, Allemagne] (TUM), University of Würzburg = Universität Würzburg, Allergie- & Asthma-Zentrum Berlin Westend, Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen - University Hospital Aachen [Aachen, Germany] (UKA), RWTH Aachen University, Universität zu Köln, Clinical Research International Ltd [Hamburg, Germany] (CRI), University Medical Center [Mainz], Universität zu Lübeck [Lübeck], German Research Center for Environmental Health - Helmholtz Center München (GmbH), Universitätsklinikum Tübingen - University Hospital of Tübingen, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen = Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, Asthma und Allergiezentrum [Leverkusen], Universitätsklinikum Münster [Munster, Germany], University of Göttingen - Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Universität Wien, Vieillissement et Maladies chroniques : approches épidémiologique et de santé publique (VIMA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), European Forum for Research and Education in Allergy and Airway Diseases (EUFOREA), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois [Lausanne] (CHUV), University of Geneva [Switzerland], Universitätsspital Zürich (USZ), Universität Bielefeld = Bielefeld University, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen (JLU), Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (MHH), Universitatsklinikum Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf Germany, Universitätsklinikum Essen [Universität Duisburg-Essen] (Uniklinik Essen), Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg [Luxembourg] (CHL), University of Edinburgh, APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork (UCC), University Medical Center [Utrecht], Universita degli Studi di Cagliari [Cagliari], University of San Pablo, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Wroclaw Medical University [Wrocław, Pologne], and Technische Universität München [München] (TUM)

Subjects
benralizumab, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, mepolizumab, Benralizumab, Omalizumab, Dupilumab, reslizumab, Telemedicine, dupilumab, omalizumab, telemedicine, Reslizumab, Covid-19, [SDV.MHEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology, Mepolizumab
Abstract

International audience; Background: Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the treatment of patients with allergic and atopy-associated diseases has faced major challenges. Recommendations for "social distancing" and the fear of patients becoming infected during a visit to a medical facility have led to a drastic decrease in personal doctor-patient contacts. This affects both acute care and treatment of the chronically ill. The immune response after SARS-CoV-2 infection is so far only insufficiently understood and could be altered in a favorable or unfavorable way by therapy with monoclonal antibodies. There is currently no evidence for an increased risk of a severe COVID-19 course in allergic patients. Many patients are under ongoing therapy with biologicals that inhibit type 2 immune responses via various mechanisms. There is uncertainty about possible immunological interactions and potential risks of these biologicals in the case of an infection with SARS-CoV-2.Materials and methods: A selective literature search was carried out in PubMed, Livivo, and the internet to cover the past 10 years (May 2010 - April 2020). Additionally, the current German-language publications were analyzed. Based on these data, the present position paper provides recommendations for the biological treatment of patients with allergic and atopy-associated diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic.Results: In order to maintain in-office consultation services, a safe treatment environment must be created that is adapted to the pandemic situation. To date, there is a lack of reliable study data on the care for patients with complex respiratory, atopic, and allergic diseases in times of an imminent infection risk from SARS-CoV-2. Type-2-dominant immune reactions, as they are frequently seen in allergic patients, could influence various phases of COVID-19, e.g., by slowing down the immune reactions. Theoretically, this could have an unfavorable effect in the early phase of a SARS-Cov-2 infection, but also a positive effect during a cytokine storm in the later phase of severe courses. However, since there is currently no evidence for this, all data from patients treated with a biological directed against type 2 immune reactions who develop COVID-19 should be collected in registries, and their disease courses documented in order to be able to provide experience-based instructions in the future.Conclusion: The use of biologicals for the treatment of bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, and spontaneous urticaria should be continued as usual in patients without suspected infection or proven SARS-CoV-2 infection. If available, it is recommended to prefer a formulation for self-application and to offer telemedical monitoring. Treatment should aim at the best possible control of difficult-to-control allergic and atopic diseases using adequate rescue and add-on therapy and should avoid the need for systemic glucocorticosteroids. If SARS-CoV-2 infection is proven or reasonably suspected, the therapy should be determined by weighing the benefits and risks individually for the patient in question, and the patient should be involved in the decision-making. It should be kept in mind that the potential effects of biologicals on the immune response in COVID-19 are currently not known. Telemedical offers are particularly desirable for the acute consultation needs of suitable patients.

Published
2020
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3. Environmental and molecular drivers of the α-Gal syndrome

Author

Cabezas-Cruz, Alejandro, Hodžić, Adnan, Román-Carrasco, Patricia, Mateos-Hernández, Lourdes, Duscher, Georg Gerhard, Sinha, Deepak Kumar, Hemmer, Wolfgang, Swoboda, Ines, Estrada-Peña, Agustín, de la Fuente, José, Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, Biologie moléculaire et immunologie parasitaires et fongiques (BIPAR), École nationale vétérinaire - Alfort (ENVA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Laboratoire de santé animale, sites de Maisons-Alfort et de Dozulé, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), University of Veterinary Medicine [Vienna] (Vetmeduni), Universität für Bodenkultur Wien = University of Natural Resources and Life [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), Biology Center, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Floridsdorf Allergy Centre [Vienna] - Floridsdorfer Allergie Zentrum [Wien] (FAZ), University of Applied Life Sciences and Renewable Resources, Partenaires INRAE, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Sydney, SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University [Stillwater] (OSU), Consejeria de Educacion, Cultura y Deportes, JCCM, Spain [CCM17-PIC-036 (SBPLY/17/180501/000185)], Laboratoire de santé animale, sites de Maisons-Alfort et de Dozulé, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Universität für Bodenkultur Wien [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), and Oklahoma State University [Stillwater]

Subjects
red meat allergy, food allergy, alpha-Gal syndrome (AGS), Tick Bites, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Immunology, Review, Allergens, Cross Reactions, Immunoglobulin E, ticks, Red Meat, Antibody Formation, parasitic diseases, α-Gal syndrome (AGS), Animals, Humans, Insect Proteins, Immunology and Allergy, Gene-Environment Interaction, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, IgE, Anaphylaxis, Food Hypersensitivity
Abstract

The α-Gal syndrome (AGS) is a type of allergy characterized by an IgE antibody (Ab) response against the carbohydrate Galα1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc-R (α-Gal), which is present in glycoproteins from tick saliva and tissues of non-catarrhine mammals. Recurrent tick bites induce high levels of anti-α-Gal IgE Abs that mediate delayed hypersensitivity to consumed red meat products in humans. This was the first evidence that tick glycoproteins play a major role in allergy development with the potential to cause fatal delayed anaphylaxis to α-Gal-containing foods and drugs and immediate anaphylaxis to tick bites. Initially, it was thought that the origin of tick-derived α-Gal was either residual blood meal mammalian glycoproteins containing α-Gal or tick gut bacteria producing this glycan. However, recently tick galactosyltransferases were shown to be involved in α-Gal synthesis with a role in tick and tick-borne pathogen life cycles. The tick-borne pathogen Anaplasma phagocytophilum increases the level of tick α-Gal, which potentially increases the risk of developing AGS after a bite by a pathogen-infected tick. Two mechanisms might explain the production of anti-α-Gal IgE Abs after tick bites. The first mechanism proposes that the α-Gal antigen on tick salivary proteins is presented to antigen-presenting cells and B-lymphocytes in the context of Th2 cell-mediated immunity induced by tick saliva. The second mechanism is based on the possibility that tick salivary prostaglandin E2 triggers Immunoglobulin class switching to anti-α-Gal IgE-producing B cells from preexisting mature B cells clones producing anti-α-Gal IgM and/or IgG. Importantly, blood group antigens influence the capacity of the immune system to produce anti-α-Gal Abs which in turn impacts individual susceptibility to AGS. The presence of blood type B reduces the capacity of the immune system to produce anti-α-Gal Abs, presumably due to tolerance to α-Gal, which is very similar in structure to blood group B antigen. Therefore, individuals with blood group B and reduced levels of anti-α-Gal Abs have lower risk to develop AGS. Specific immunity to tick α-Gal is linked to host immunity to tick bites. Basophil activation and release of histamine have been implicated in IgE-mediated acquired protective immunity to tick infestations and chronic itch. Basophil reactivity was also found to be higher in patients with AGS when compared to asymptomatic α-Gal sensitized individuals. In addition, host resistance to tick infestation is associated with resistance to tick-borne pathogen infection. Anti-α-Gal IgM and IgG Abs protect humans against vector-borne pathogens and blood group B individuals seem to be more susceptible to vector-borne diseases. The link between blood groups and anti-α-Gal immunity which in turn affects resistance to vector-borne pathogens and susceptibility to AGS, suggests a trade-off between susceptibility to AGS and protection to some infectious diseases. The understanding of the environmental and molecular drivers of the immune mechanisms involved in AGS is essential to developing tools for the diagnosis, control, and prevention of this growing health problem., The preparation of this manuscript was partially supported by the Consejería de Educación, Cultura y Deportes, JCCM, Spain, project CCM17-PIC-036 (SBPLY/17/180501/000185).

Published
2019
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4. Prioritizing research challenges and funding for allergy and asthma and the need for translational research-The European Strategic Forum on Allergic Diseases

Author

Zuzana Diamant, Stefano Del Giacco, Francesco Branca, Mohamed H. Shamji, Oscar Palomares, Montserat Alvaro-Lozano, Isabel Skypala, Isabella Annesi-Maesano, O. Spranger, Leyla Namazova-Baranova, Cevdet Ozdemir, Frank Ingenrieth, Zlatko Fras, Glennis Scadding, Susanne Lau, Antonio Spanevello, Stefan Vieths, Andreas Bonertz, Arzu Yorgancioglu, Oliver Pfaar, Liam O'Mahony, Tomas Chivato, Peter Schmid-Grendelmeier, Ibon Eguiluz-Gracia, Karin Hoffmann-Sommergruber, Roy Gert van Wijk, Monica Spinola, Carsten B. Schmidt-Weber, Peter Hellings, Domingo Barber Hernández, Mikaela Odemyr, Marek Jutel, María Luisa de Torres, Anke Graessel, Joaquín Sastre, José María Olaguibel, Andrew J. Cant, Andrea Vereda, Philippe Gevaert, Ioana Agache, Sergio Bonini, Antti Lauerma, Internal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, University Management, HUS Inflammation Center, Transylvania University, Brasov, Romania, Department of Epidemiology of Allergic and Respiratory Diseases, Medical School Saint Antoine, IPLESP, INSERM and Sorbonne Université, Paris, France, Federal Agency for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany, Department of Nutrition for Health and Development, Geneva, Switzerland, WHO/HQ, Geneva, Switzerland, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom, European Society for Immunodeficiencies, Geneva, Switzerland, Division of Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia, Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia, UEMS - Union Europeenne des Medecins Specialistes/European Union of Medical Specialists, Brussels, Belgium, SCOPE Europe, Bruxelles, Belgium, Department of Pediatrics, Russian National Research Medical University of MoH RF, Moscow, Russian Federation, Department of Pediatrics, Central Clinical Hospital of MoSHE (Ministry of Science and High Education), Moscow, Russian Federation, European Federation of Allergy and Airways Diseases Patients’ Associations (EFA), Brussels, Belgium, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Malattie dell'Apparato Respiratorio, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese – Como, Italy, Dipartimento di Medicina e Riabilitazione Cardio Respiratoria, U.O. di Pneumologia Riabilitativa, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS Tradate, Tradate, Italy, Department of Pulmonology, Celal Bayar University School of Medicine, Manisa, Turkey, Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain, RETIC ARADYAL RD16/0006/0015, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain, School of Medicine, University CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy, Department of Respiratory Medicine & Allergology, Institute for Clinical Science, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden, Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Thomayer Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic, Allergy Unit, IBIMA, Regional University Hospital of Malaga, UMA, Malaga, Spain, ARADyAL Network RD16/0006/0001, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain, Section of Allergology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium, Allergy Therapeutics, Worthing, United Kingdom, Bencard Allergie GmbH, Munich, Germany, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, Department of Clinical Immunology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland, 'ALL-MED' Medical Research Institute, Wroclaw, Poland, Department for Pediatric Pneumology, Immunology and Intensive Care, Charité Universität Medizin, Berlin, Germany, Dermatology and Allergology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Severe Asthma Unit, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain, Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, APC Microbiome Ireland, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland, Department of Pediatric Basic Sciences, Institute of Child Health, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy & Immunology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Rhinology and Allergy, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany, Department of Allergy, Fundación Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain, Department of Medicine, Instituto Carlos III, CIBERES, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain, RNTNE Hospital, London, United Kingdom, Zentrums Allergie & Umwelt (ZAUM), Technische Universität und Helmholtz Zentrum, München, Germany, Allergy Unit, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, Christine-Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education CK-CARE Davos, Davos, Switzerland, Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Inflammation, Repair and Development, Imperial College, National Heart and Lung Institute, Immunomodulation and Tolerance Group, London, United Kingdom, Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom, European Medical Affairs, Sanofi, Milan, Italy, Global Allergy and Asthma Patient Platform, Vienna, Austria, Aimmune Therapeutics, London, United Kingdom, Institute of Translational Pharmacology, Italian National Research Council, Rome, Italy, and Ear, Nose and Throat

Subjects
Big Data, 0301 basic medicine, Clinical immunology, quality criteria, Big data, exposome, environmental health, GUIDELINES, FOOD ALLERGY, Capital Financing, Translational Research, Biomedical, 0302 clinical medicine, White paper, asthma, PRECISION MEDICINE, big data, Immunology and Allergy, 0303 health sciences, implementation science, Health Policy, Disease Management, ASSOCIATION, Public relations, 3. Good health, Europe, OPPORTUNITIES, allergic diseases, translational research, Information Technology, Exposome, BIRTH, Immunology, BIOMARKERS, Bioengineering, Context (language use), Translational research, RM1-950, Asthma care, 03 medical and health sciences, Drug Development, Political science, Hypersensitivity, Humans, DRUG DEVELOPMENT, 030304 developmental biology, business.industry, Research, Information technology, Precision medicine, 030104 developmental biology, 030228 respiratory system, 13. Climate action, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, Therapeutics. Pharmacology, Patient Participation, business, Medical ethics
Abstract

The European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) organized the first European Strategic Forum on Allergic Diseases and Asthma. The main aim was to bring together all relevant stakeholders and decision-makers in the field of allergy, asthma and clinical Immunology around an open debate on contemporary challenges and potential solutions for the next decade. The Strategic Forum was an upscaling of the EAACI White Paper aiming to integrate the Academy's output with the perspective offered by EAACI's partners. This collaboration is fundamental for adapting and integrating allergy and asthma care into the context of real-world problems. The Strategic Forum on Allergic Diseases brought together all partners who have the drive and the influence to make positive change: national and international societies, patients’ organizations, regulatory bodies and industry representatives. An open debate with a special focus on drug development and biomedical engineering, big data and information technology and allergic diseases and asthma in the context of environmental health concluded that connecting science with the transformation of care and a joint agreement between all partners on priorities and needs are essential to ensure a better management of allergic diseases and asthma in the advent of precision medicine together with global access to innovative and affordable diagnostics and therapeutics. © 2019 EAACI and John Wiley and Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd.

Published
2019
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5. Research needs in allergy: an EAACI position paper, in collaboration with EFA

Author

François Spertini, James Gardner, Felicia Manole, Annalisa Santucci, Bodo Niggemann, Ronald Vanree, Victoria Cardona, Breda Flood, Roger Lauener, Michael R. Perkin, Franziska Ruëff, Hans Jürgen Hoffmann, Adriano Mari, B Schnyder, Aline B. Sprikkelman, Jürgen Schwarze, Marcin Kurowski, Margitta Worm, Lilit Hovhannisyan, Clive Grattan, B. M. Bilo, Javier Fernández, Matteo Bonini, Darío Antolín-Amérigo, Marta Ferrer, Stefano Del Giacco, Fulvio Braido, Svetlana Sergejeva, Jon Genuneit, Karin Hoffmann-Sommergruber, Paraskevi Mangina, Carsten Flohr, Gianni Passalacqua, Nicolette W. deJong, Filippo Fassio, Antonella Muraro, Jan Demonchy, Carsten B. Schmidt-Weber, Paraskevi Xepapadaki, Radoslaw Spiewak, Alexandra F. Santos, Moises A. Calderon, Chrysanthi Skevaki, Roberta Savli, Montserrat Fernandez Rivas, Liam O'Mahony, Susanna Palkonen, Eckard Hamelmann, Paula Robson-Ansley, Claudia Traidl-Hoffmann, Lars K. Poulsen, Miguel Blanca, Enrico Heffler, Jean-Luc Fauquert, Thomas Werfel, Maia Rukhadze, Constantinos Pitsios, Peter Burney, Frode L. Jahnsen, Elina Toskala, Ines Swoboda, Cemal Cingi, Pascal Demoly, Marek Jutel, Ingrid Terreehorst, Nikolaos Douladiris, Alberto Papi, Susanne Lau, Jean-Christoph Roger J-P Caubet, George N. Konstantinou, Peter Schmid-Grendelmeier, Gianenrico Senna, Valérie Hox, Sevcan Celenk, Kirsty Logan, Gunnar Nilsson, Clare Mills, Claudio Rhyner, Andrea Siracusa, Jeroen Buters, Paul Whitacker, Sevim Bavbek, Antti Lauerma, Edward F. Knol, Heidi Makrinioti, Mariana Couto, Cezmi A. Akdis, Antoine Magnan, Cansin Sackesen, Isabella Annesi-Maesano, Berber Vlieg-Boerstra, Ulrike Raap, Knut Brockow, Philippe Gevaert, Gunter J. Sturm, Carina Venter, Santiago Quirce, Sven Seys, Philippe Eigenmann, Nikolaos G. Papadopoulos, Rodrigo Rodrigues Alves, Jacques Gayraud, Christian Scharf, Monika Raulf-Heimsoth, Serena O'Neil, Ioana Agache, Markus Ollert, Jörg Kleine-Tebbe, Francesco Annunziato, Odilija Rudzeviciene, Gianni Pala, Oliver Pfaar, Christian Apfelbacher, Massimo Triggiani, Ervinç Mingomataj, Patrizia Bonadonna, Joanna Makowska, Carmen Rondon, Gabriele Rumi, Lars-Olaf Cardell, Anna Groblewska, Pia Allegri, Milena Sokolowska, Zeljka Roje, Ömer Kalayci, Peter Hellings, Graham Roberts, Jan Lötvall, Angel Mazon, Adnan Custovic, Indre Butiene, Ewa Cichocka-Jarosz, Isabel Skypala, Ayse Fusun Kalpaklioglu, Onur Boyman, Ewa Bogacka, Medical Research Council (MRC), Allergy Department, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, Transylvania University, Ankara University, University Hospital Ospedali Riuniti, Allergy & Respiratory Diseases Clinic - DIMI, Università degli studi di Genova = University of Genoa (UniGe), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital [Barcelona], Respiratory Research Group, University of Manchester [Manchester]-School of Translational Medicine, Department of Allergology, University Hospital Groningen, Département Pneumologie et Addictologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), Pediatric Allergy Unit, Geneva University Hospital (HUG)-Children's Hospital, Allergologie, Polyclinique de l'Ormeau, Dermatology Centre, Norfolk & Norwich University Hospital, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Università degli studi di Torino = University of Turin (UNITO), Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head, and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Leuven, Department of Clinical Immunology, Wrocław Medical University, Department of Dermatology/Allergology (G02* 124), University Medical Center [Utrecht], Department of Internal Medicine, University of Gothenburg (GU)-Krefting Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Università degli Studi di Padova = University of Padua (Unipd), Laboratory of Medical Allergology, Copenhagen University Hospital at Gentofte-Allergy Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Allergy Unit - Department of Dermatology, Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH), Neurologica Clinic, Università degli Studi di Salerno = University of Salerno (UNISA)-University of Naples Federico II = Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center - Academisch Medisch Centrum [Amsterdam] (AMC), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA)-University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School [Hannover] (MHH), European Federation of Allergy (EFA), Airways Diseases Patients' Associations, Ophthamology epmn, Uveitis Center-Rapallo Hospital, Epidémiologie des maladies infectieuses et modélisation (ESIM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence (UniFI)-DENOTHE Center, Allergology, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Universität Regensburg (UR), Research Laboratory, Carlos Hava Hospital, Department of Internal Diseases, Geriatrics and Allergology, University of Medicine, Allergy Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Lung Function Unit-University of Rome, Department of Dermatology, Technische Universität Munchen - Université Technique de Munich [Munich, Allemagne] (TUM), Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London-Royal Brompton Hospital-National Heart and Lung Institute [UK], Center of Allergy & Environment (CK-CARE, ZAUM), Helmholtz Zentrum München = German Research Center for Environmental Health, Vilnius University [Vilnius]-Faculty of Medicine, Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Imperial College London-Faculty of Medicine-Royal Brompton Hospital, Division of ENT diseases, Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm]-Karolinska University Hospital [Stockholm]-Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Department of Child and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital of Geneva-Medical School of the University of Geneva, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science-Uludağ Üniversitesi = Uludag University, Chair and Department of Pediatrics, Uniwersytet Jagielloński w Krakowie = Jagiellonian University (UJ), Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Serviço de Imunoalergologia, Centro Hospitalar São João EPE, ErasmusMC, Department of Medical Sciences 'M. Aresu', University of Cagliari, Allergologia ed Immunologia Clinica, Careggi Hospital, Pédiatre A, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, UMH University, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad de Navarra, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital [London], Royal Free Hospital [London, UK], Universität Ulm - Ulm University [Ulm, Allemagne], Ghent University Hospital, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute [Lodz] (ICZMP), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendmedizin, St. Josef Hospital Ruhr University, Aarhus University Hospital, Medizinische Universität Wien = Medical University of Vienna, Institute of Molecular Biology, Oslo University Hospital [Oslo], Pediatric Allergy and Asthma Unit, Ihsan Dogramaci Children's Hospital-Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Allergie- & Asthma-Zentrum Berlin Westend, Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 424 General Military Training Hospital, Department of Immunology, Rheumatology and Allergy, Charité - UniversitätsMedizin = Charité - University Hospital [Berlin], Hochgebirgsklinik, Davos-Wolfgang, Skin and Allergy Hospital, King‘s College London, Unité de recherche de l'institut du thorax (ITX-lab), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Nantes - UFR de Médecine et des Techniques Médicales (UFR MEDECINE), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN), University of Oradea, Center for Molecular Allergology, IDI-IRCCS, Unit of Pediatric allergy and Pneumology, Children's Hospital La Fe, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, Department of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Mother Theresa School of Medicine, German Red Cross Hospital Westend, Centre for Allergy Research at Karolinska Institutet, Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), Allergy and Immunology Unit, Fondazione 'Salvatore Maugeri', University of Ferrara at St. Anna Hospital, Università degli Studi di Ferrara = University of Ferrara (UniFE), Internal Medicine Pad Maragliano, Center for Rhinology and Allergology Wiesbaden, University Hospital Mannheim, Dietetics and Nutritional Science Dept, Harokopio University, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA), School of Life Sciences, University of Northumbria at Newcastle [United Kingdom], Hospital Divino Espirito Santo de Ponta Delgada, ENT Department, University Hospital Split, Hospital Civil, Nr. 101 - Odilija Rudzeviciene, Vilnius University [Vilnius], Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Center of Allergy & Immunology, Complesso Integrato Columbus, Department of Pediatric Allergy, Hacettepe University = Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Immunoallergology Department, Universidade de Coimbra [Coimbra], Rimini Infermi Hospital, Greifswald University Hospital, Klinikum rechts der Isar der TU München, ZAUM, Clinic for Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology/Allergology, University Hospital of Bern, University of Edinburgh, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Catholic University of Leuven-Catholic University Hospitals-Clinical Immunology, Occupational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Perugia = University of Perugia (UNIPG)-Terni Hospital, Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health - NIH, Division of Immunology and Allergy [Lausanne, Suisse], Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois [Lausanne] (CHUV), Department of Experimental Dermatology and Cosmetology, University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Medical University Graz, Department of ENT and Pediatrics, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Allergy Research Centre, The David Hide Asthma, SpR, St James's hospital, University of Genoa (UNIGE), Children's Hospital-Geneva University Hospital (HUG), Università degli studi di Torino (UNITO), Wroclaw Medical University, Universita degli Studi di Padova, Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II-Università degli Studi di Salerno (UNISA), Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence [Firenze] (UNIFI)-DENOTHE Center, Helmholtz-Zentrum München (HZM), ROyal Free Hospital, Royal Free Hospital, Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, unité de recherche de l'institut du thorax UMR1087 UMR6291 (ITX), Université de Nantes - UFR de Médecine et des Techniques Médicales (UFR MEDECINE), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Tartu University, Università degli Studi di Perugia (UNIPG)-Terni Hospital, BMC, Ed., Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları, Eigenmann, Philippe, Caubet, Jean-Christoph Roger J-P, Ear, Nose and Throat, AII - Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Paediatric Pulmonology, and Other Research

Subjects
Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine, allergic diseases, medicine.medical_specialty, Pediatrics, [SDV.IMM] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology, Allergy, media_common.quotation_subject, Immunology, Translational research, Disease, research funding, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Disease registry, Excellence, Position Article and Guidelines, medicine, Immunology and Allergy, Research needs, ddc:610, Intensive care medicine, 030304 developmental biology, media_common, 0303 health sciences, ddc:618, business.industry, Allergic diseases, Public health, RC581-607, allergy, C600, Biobank, 3. Good health, research needs, Europe, Policy, Research funding, 030228 respiratory system, [SDV.IMM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology, Position paper, Professional association, Immunologic diseases. Allergy, business, policy
Abstract

In less than half a century, allergy, originally perceived as a rare disease, has become a major public health threat, today affecting the lives of more than 60 million people in Europe, and probably close to one billion worldwide, thereby heavily impacting the budgets of public health systems. More disturbingly, its prevalence and impact are on the rise, a development that has been associated with environmental and lifestyle changes accompanying the continuous process of urbanization and globalization. Therefore, there is an urgent need to prioritize and concert research efforts in the field of allergy, in order to achieve sustainable results on prevention, diagnosis and treatment of this most prevalent chronic disease of the 21st century.The European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) is the leading professional organization in the field of allergy, promoting excellence in clinical care, education, training and basic and translational research, all with the ultimate goal of improving the health of allergic patients. The European Federation of Allergy and Airways Diseases Patients' Associations (EFA) is a non-profit network of allergy, asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder (COPD) patients' organizations. In support of their missions, the present EAACI Position Paper, in collaboration with EFA, highlights the most important research needs in the field of allergy to serve as key recommendations for future research funding at the national and European levels.Although allergies may involve almost every organ of the body and an array of diverse external factors act as triggers, there are several common themes that need to be prioritized in research efforts. As in many other chronic diseases, effective prevention, curative treatment and accurate, rapid diagnosis represent major unmet needs. Detailed phenotyping/endotyping stands out as widely required in order to arrange or re-categorize clinical syndromes into more coherent, uniform and treatment-responsive groups. Research efforts to unveil the basic pathophysiologic pathways and mechanisms, thus leading to the comprehension and resolution of the pathophysiologic complexity of allergies will allow for the design of novel patient-oriented diagnostic and treatment protocols. Several allergic diseases require well-controlled epidemiological description and surveillance, using disease registries, pharmacoeconomic evaluation, as well as large biobanks. Additionally, there is a need for extensive studies to bring promising new biotechnological innovations, such as biological agents, vaccines of modified allergen molecules and engineered components for allergy diagnosis, closer to clinical practice. Finally, particular attention should be paid to the difficult-to-manage, precarious and costly severe disease forms and/or exacerbations. Nonetheless, currently arising treatments, mainly in the fields of immunotherapy and biologicals, hold great promise for targeted and causal management of allergic conditions. Active involvement of all stakeholders, including Patient Organizations and policy makers are necessary to achieve the aims emphasized herein. ispartof: Clinical and Translational Allergy vol:2 issue:1 pages:21- ispartof: location:England status: published

Published
2012
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6. Levels of histamine and other biogenic amines in high quality red wines

Author

Peter Moser, Viktor Konakovsky, Otto Scheiner, Karin Hoffmann-Sommergruber, Margarete Focke, Rainer Schmid, Reinhart Jarisch, Wolfgang Hemmer, Floridsdorf Allergy Centre [Vienna] - Floridsdorfer Allergie Zentrum [Wien] (FAZ), Centre for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Pathophysiology, Medizinische Universität Wien = Medical University of Vienna, Clinical Institute of Medical & Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, and Falstaff Magazine

Subjects
Tryptamine, Quality Control, Biogenic Amines, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Tyramine, Food Contamination, Wine, Toxicology, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0404 agricultural biotechnology, Species Specificity, Limit of Detection, Biogenic amine, Putrescine, media_common.cataloged_instance, European union, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, media_common, Fluorescent Dyes, chemistry.chemical_classification, Dansyl Compounds, Cadaverine, Chromatography, 010401 analytical chemistry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Analytic Sample Preparation Methods, Reproducibility of Results, food and beverages, Life Sciences, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, General Chemistry, General Medicine, 040401 food science, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry, Histamine, Food Science
Abstract

Biogenic amines in wine may impair sensory wine quality and cause adverse health effects in susceptible individuals. In this study, histamine and other biogenic amines were determined by HPLC after amine derivatisation to dansyl chloride conjugates in 100 selected high-quality red wines made from seven different cultivars. Amine levels varied considerably between different wines. The most abundant amines were putrescine (median = 19.4 mg l(-1), range = 2.9-122), histamine (7.2 mg l(-1), 0.5-26.9), and tyramine (3.5 mg l(-1), 1.1-10.7), whereas lower levels were found for isoamylamine (median = 0.25 mg l(-1)), phenylethylamine (0.16 mg l(-1)), cadaverine (0.58 mg l(-1)), spermidine (1.8 mg l(-1)) and tryptamine (0.06 mg l(-1)). Positive correlations were observed between isoamylamine and phenylethylamine, and between histamine, putrescine and tyramine levels. Amine concentrations were similar in all wine cultivars except Pinot noir and St. Laurent wines, which showed significantly higher tryptamine and cadaverine levels. The results indicate that levels of histamine and other biogenic amines may vary considerably between red wines independent of grape variety and that high amounts can also be found in high-rated wines. Adopting a legal histamine threshold level of 10 mg l(-1) in the European Union, as formerly introduced in other countries, would have excluded 34% of the investigated wines from the market.

Published
2011
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