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Retinal diseases, which can lead to significant vision loss, are complex conditions involving various cellular and molecular mechanisms. The interleukin-6 (IL-6) family, particularly Oncostatin M (OSM), has garnered attention for their roles in retinal inflammation, angiogenesis, and neuroprotection. This comprehensive review explores the dual nature of OSM and other IL-6 family members in retinal pathophysiology, highlighting their contribution to both degenerative and regenerative processes. The review also examines current research on OSM’s interaction with key signaling pathways and discusses the potential of OSM and the IL-6 family as potential therapeutic targets. Understanding these mechanisms could lead to innovative treatments that modulate OSM activity, offering new avenues for managing retinal diseases and contributing to the development of more effective interventions.

PurposeTo compare the ability of frequency-doubling technology (FDT), rarebit perimetry (RBP), and pulsar perimetry (PP) in detecting early glaucomatous functional damage.MethodsThis prospective observational cross-sectional case study included 52 patients with early primary open-angle glaucoma (mean deviation −2.3±1.1 dB; pattern standard deviation 3.0±1.2 dB) and 53 healthy controls. Visual field (VF) testing included standard automated perimetry (SAP) Humphrey Field Analyzer 30–2, FDT N-30, RBP (version 4.0), and PP T30W. One eye per patient was considered. Sensitivity at fixed specificities and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AROC) for discriminating between healthy and glaucomatous eyes were calculated and compared.ResultsThe parameters associated with the largest AROC, which were not statistically different (Hanley–McNeil method, P0.42–0.71) were as follows: number of locations in the pattern deviation probability (PDP) plot with P<5% for FDT (0.93); mean hit rate for RBP (0.95); and mean defect for PP (0.94). PP test duration was significantly shorter than FDT and RBP (P<0.002).ConclusionsFDT, PP, and RBP are useful non-conventional VF methods in detecting early glaucomatous VF defects with similar AROCs. The methods were rapid and easy, and PP took less than half the time than SAP. These non-conventional testing may prove to be useful in providing additional information in the diagnosis of glaucoma suspect with normal SAP results, in the therapeutic decision-making process of early glaucomatous patients, and in subjects unable to perform VF testing with SAP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims To assess the testeretest variability of intraocular pressure (IOP) and ocular pulse amplitude (OPA) measurements utilising dynamic contour tonometry (DCT) and to evaluate possible influential factors. Methods The study included 350 consecutive subjects (175 glaucoma, 175 control; one eye per subject) from seven European centres. IOP was measured once with a Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT) and twice by DCT (DCT1, DCT2) in a randomised sequence. OPA was also recorded for both DCT measurements. Differences (DCT1-DCT2; OPA1-OPA2; GAT-DCT1; GAT-DCT2) were assessed using the t test. The intraclass coefficient of correlation (ICC) and coefficient of variation (CoV) for DCT and OPA were calculated. Results DCT1 was 0.661.6 mmHg higher than DCT2 (p<0.001); OPA1 was 0.1±0.7 mm Hg higher than OPA2 (p=0.02). Results were not influenced by randomisation test order. In both glaucoma and normal subjects, DCT and OPA showed ICC>0.90 and >0.76, and CoV=4.8-5.0% and 10.3-10.5%, respectively. DCT1 and 2 were 2.4±2.6 and 1.8±2.6 mmHg higher respectively than GAT (p<0.001). Discussion DCT testeretest variability was almost perfect for IOP and good for OPA. Tonometry measurements with DCT tended to be overestimated compared with GAT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AimTo compare Stratus-OCT measurements in controls, ocular hypertensive (OHT) patients with (FDT+) and without (FDT−) frequency-doubling technology (FDT) abnormalities, and in patients affected with early primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG).MethodsThirty-two controls, 78 OHT patients (38 FDT− and 40 FDT+), and 45 early POAG patients (six FDT− and 39 FDT+) underwent the following tests within 3 months: standard automated perimetry (SAP) HFA 30–2; FDT N-30-F; and, Stratus-OCT imaging with retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) and optic nerve head (ONH) scans. One eye per patient was considered. Differences among groups were evaluated using the Kruskal–Wallis, analysis of variance, and Duncan's tests.ResultsThere were no significant differences in all Stratus-OCT parameters between POAG and OHT FDT+ patients. Statistically significant differences were found between the control group and both the POAG and OHT FDT+ groups for 15 of the 21 Stratus-OCT parameters. Control eyes compared to OHT FDT− showed significant differences in 13 of the 21 parameters. The comparison between the OHT FDT− group, and both the POAG and OHT FDT+ group resulted in 13 of the 21 parameters to be significantly different.ConclusionsStratus-OCT seems to show a higher ability in detecting significant differences between healthy, OHT, and early POAG eyes when compared to SAP and FDT. This suggests that the Stratus-OCT could show structural abnormalities before SAP or FDT visual field defects appear in patients at risk of developing glaucoma, which may be beneficial in making therapeutic decisions, especially in OHT patients.Eye (2008) 22, 406–413; doi:10.1038/sj.eye.6702654; published online 16 February 2007 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) refers to a diverse range of conditions characterized by retinal dysfunction, and mostly deterioration, leading to a gradual decay of the visual function and eventually to total vision loss. IRDs have a global impact on about 1 in every 3000 to 4000 individuals. However, the prevalence statistics might differ significantly depending on the exact type of dystrophy and the demographic being examined. The cellular pathophysiology and genetic foundation of IRDs have been extensively studied, however, knowledge regarding associated refractive errors remain limited. This review aims to clarify the cellular and molecular processes that underlie refractive errors in IRDs. We did a thorough search of the current literature (Pubmed, accession Feb 2024), selecting works describing phenotypic differences among genes-related to IRDs, particularly in relation to refractive errors. First, we summarize the wide range of IRDs and their genetic causes, describing the genes and biological pathways connected to the etiology of the disease. We then explore the complex relationship between refractive errors and retinal dysfunction, including how the impairment of the vision-related mechanisms in the retina can affect ocular biometry and optical characteristics. New data about the involvement of aberrant signaling pathways, photoreceptor degeneration, and dysfunctional retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in the development of refractive errors in IRDs have been examined. We also discuss the therapeutic implications of refractive defects in individuals with IRD, including possible approaches to treating visual impairments. In addition, we address the value of using cutting-edge imaging methods and animal models to examine refractive errors linked to IRDs and suggest future lines of inquiry for identifying new targets for treatment. In summary, this study presents an integrated understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying refractive errors in IRDs. It illuminates the intricacies of ocular phenotypes in these conditions and offers a tool for understanding mechanisms underlying isolated refractive errors, besides the IRD-related forms., (© 2025 The Author(s). Published by IMR Press.)

A vast range of neurological conditions impacting the central and peripheral nervous system are caused by ion channel dysfunctions, which are collectively referred to as channelopathies. These disorders, which are frequently autoimmune or genetic in nature, present as a variety of clinical syndromes, such as migraine, epilepsy, ataxia, neuropathic pain, and intermittent paralysis. The pathogenic mechanisms underlying these illnesses have been uncovered by recent developments in molecular genetics and electrophysiological research, opening up new avenues for accurate diagnosis and specialized treatment approaches. With an emphasis on important genetic variations and clinical manifestations, this study offers a targeted synthesis of channelopathies of the central and peripheral nervous system. By providing the most recent information on these complex disorders, this review aims to help physicians identify and treat channelopathies.

Contact lenses have become integral tools in the realm of ocular therapeutics, extending beyond their primary function of refractive correction to encompass a diverse array of therapeutic applications. This review explores the evolving role of contact lenses in managing various ocular conditions, highlighting their efficacy in enhancing patient outcomes. Initially developed to correct refractive errors, contact lenses now serve as effective vehicles for delivering medications directly to the ocular surface, offering targeted treatment for conditions such as dry eye syndrome and corneal ulcers. Their ability to provide sustained moisture and facilitate drug absorption makes them indispensable in promoting corneal healing and managing chronic ocular surface diseases. Specialized contact lenses designed for irregular corneas, such as those affected by keratoconus, provide both optical correction and structural support, significantly improving visual acuity and patient comfort. Additionally, orthokeratology lenses have shown promise in controlling myopia progression in children by reshaping the cornea overnight, thereby reducing reliance on corrective eyewear during waking hours. In post-surgical settings, therapeutic contact lenses aid in epithelial regeneration and minimize discomfort, accelerating recovery and improving surgical outcomes. They also play a crucial role in protecting the cornea from external irritants and promoting a stable tear film, crucial for maintaining ocular health. Looking ahead, ongoing advancements in contact lens materials and designs promise further innovation in ocular therapeutics, paving the way for personalized treatment strategies and improved patient care. As such, contact lenses continue to evolve as essential therapeutic tools, offering tailored solutions for a spectrum of ocular conditions and contributing to enhanced quality of life for patients worldwide., (© 2025. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

The complicated neurological syndrome known as multiple sclerosis (MS) is typified by demyelination, inflammation, and neurodegeneration in the central nervous system (CNS). Managing this crippling illness requires an understanding of the complex interactions between neurophysiological systems, diagnostic techniques, and therapeutic methods. A complex series of processes, including immunological dysregulation, inflammation, and neurodegeneration, are involved in the pathogenesis of MS. Gene predisposition, autoreactive T cells, B cells, and cytokines are essential participants in the development of the disease. Demyelination interferes with the ability of the CNS to transmit signals, which can cause a variety of neurological symptoms, including impaired motor function, sensory deficiencies, and cognitive decline. Developing tailored therapeutics requires understanding the underlying processes guiding the course of the disease. Neuroimaging, laboratory testing, and clinical examination are all necessary for an accurate MS diagnosis. Evoked potentials and cerebrospinal fluid studies assist in verifying the diagnosis, but magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is essential for identifying distinctive lesions in the CNS. Novel biomarkers have the potential to increase diagnostic precision and forecast prognosis. The goals of MS treatment options are to control symptoms, lower disease activity, and enhance quality of life. To stop relapses and reduce the course of the disease, disease-modifying treatments (DMTs) target several components of the immune response. DMTs that are now on the market include interferons, glatiramer acetate, monoclonal antibodies, and oral immunomodulators; each has a unique mode of action and safety profile. Symptomatic treatments improve patients' general well-being by addressing specific symptoms, including pain, sphincter disorders, fatigue, and spasticity. Novel treatment targets, neuroprotective tactics, and personalized medicine techniques will be the main focus of MS research in the future. Improving long-term outcomes for MS patients and optimizing disease treatment may be possible by utilizing immunology, genetics, and neuroimaging developments. This study concludes by highlighting the complexity of multiple MS, including its changing therapeutic landscape, diagnostic problems, and neurophysiological foundations. A thorough grasp of these elements is essential to improving our capacity to identify, manage, and eventually overcome this intricate neurological condition., (© 2025 The Author(s). Published by IMR Press.)

Refractive surgery, which includes techniques such as Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis (LASIK), Photorefractive Keratectomy (PRK) and Small Incision Lenticule Extraction (SMILE), has revolutionized ophthalmology by offering advanced solutions for vision correction. However, the choice of the technique to be used in the individual patient is highly dependent on a thorough preoperative evaluation. This retrospective study aims to investigate how preoperative parameters, including corneal thickness, topography, and refraction, affect long-term post-operative clinical outcomes. Through a systematic review of the literature published between 2000 and 2023, we identify the main predictors of success for each surgical technique. This study emphasizes the importance of personalized surgical strategies based on meticulous preoperative analysis.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the leading causes of visual loss in older patients. No effective drug is available for this pathology, but studies about therapy with stem cells replacing the damaged retinal cells with retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) were described. The documentation of AMD progression and the response to stem cell therapy have been performed by optical coherence tomography, microperimetry, and other diagnostic technologies.This chapter reports a clinical review of the most important clinical trials and protocols regarding the use of stem cells in AMD., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

Background: Blepharoconjunctivitis poses a diagnostic challenge due to its diverse etiology, including viral infections. Blepharoconjunctivits can be acute or chronic, self-limiting, or needing medical therapy., Aim: To review possible viral agents crucial for accurate differential diagnosis in cases of blepharoconjunctivitis., Methods: The PubMed database was searched for records relating to viral blepharoconjunctivitis. The search string generated was "("virally"[All Fields] OR "virals"[All Fields] OR "virology"[MeSH Terms] OR "virology"[All Fields] OR "viral"[All Fields]) AND "Blepharoconjunctivitis"[All Fields]"., Results: A total of 24 publications were generated from the search string. Reference lists from each relevant article were also searched for more information and included in this review. Viral etiologies such as adenovirus, herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are frequently implicated. Adenoviral infections manifest with follicular conjunctivitis and preauricular lymphadenopathy, often presenting as epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. HSV and VZV infections can result in herpetic keratitis and may exhibit characteristic dendritic corneal ulcers. EBV, although less common, can cause unilateral or bilateral follicular conjunctivitis, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. Other potential viral agents, such as enteroviruses and molluscum contagiosum virus, should also be considered, especially in pediatric cases., Conclusion: Prompt recognition of these viral etiologies is essential for appropriate management and prevention of complications. Thus, a thorough understanding of the clinical presentation, epidemiology, and diagnostic modalities is crucial for accurate identification and management of viral blepharoconjunctivitis., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: All authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (©The Author(s) 2024. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)

Omega-3 fatty acids are critical components of cell membranes, including those in the retina. Specifically, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are the primary omega-3 fatty acids that have been studied for their potential benefits in retinal health, preventing the progression of retinopathy. Several studies have shown that a higher intake of omega-3 fatty acids is associated with a lower risk of developing diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Reviewing clinical trials and observational studies that support the protective role of omega-3s in retinal disorders is essential. This comprehensive review aims to evaluate the current literature on the role of omega-3 fatty acids, exploring their mechanisms of action and anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, and neuroprotective roles in the retina. Omega-3s have been shown to inhibit abnormal blood vessel growth in the retina, which is a significant factor in proliferative diabetic retinopathy and neovascular AMD. Furthermore, omega-3 fatty acids are often studied with other nutrients, such as lutein, zeaxanthin, and vitamins, for their synergistic effects on retinal health. Reviewing these combinations can help understand how omega-3s can be part of a comprehensive approach to preventing or treating retinopathies, especially in diabetic patients. This review emphasizes the preventive function of EPA and DHA in alleviating oxidative stress-related damage in retinal diseases, concentrating on their antioxidative mechanisms.

Autologous blood therapy has emerged as a promising modality in managing ocular surface disorders. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current literature regarding the use of autologous blood in ocular surface disorders, encompassing its physiological basis, clinical applications, techniques, challenges, and future perspectives. The ocular surface, comprising the cornea, conjunctiva, and tear film, plays a critical role in maintaining visual function, and its disruption can lead to various pathological conditions. With its rich composition of growth factors, cytokines, and other bioactive molecules, autologous blood offers therapeutic potential in promoting corneal wound healing, reducing inflammation, and improving tear film stability. Clinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of autologous blood therapy in diverse ocular surface disorders, including persistent epithelial defects, neurotrophic keratopathy, and dry eye disease. However, challenges such as variability in treatment response, adverse effects, and optimal patient selection remain areas of concern. Further research is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of action, refine treatment protocols, and explore synergistic approaches with other therapeutic modalities. Despite these challenges, autologous blood therapy holds promise as a valuable adjunctive treatment option for ocular surface disorders, offering new avenues for improving patient outcomes and quality of life. This review examines the mechanisms underlying ocular surface disorders while discussing existing autologous blood-based therapies for managing these disorders. Current clinical trials are also summarized, and a comparison between autologous blood therapy and conventional eyedrops is attempted. Finally, safe techniques and protocols for autologous blood medicine are elucidated, and adverse effects and future perspectives of this novel therapy are reviewed., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article., (©The Author(s) 2024. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)

New frontiers about retinal cell transplantation for retinal degenerative diseases start from the idea that acting on stem cells can help regenerate retinal layers and establish new synapses among retinal cells. Deficiency or alterations of synaptic input and neurotrophic factors result in trans-neuronal degeneration of the inner retinal cells. Thus, the disruption of photoreceptors takes place. However, even in advanced forms of retinal degeneration, a good percentage of the ganglion cells and the inner nuclear layer neurons remain intact. This phenomenon provides evidence for obtaining retinal circuitry through the transplantation of photoreceptors into the subretinal region. The eye is regarded as an optimal organ for cell transplantation because of its immunological privilege and the relatively small number of cells collaborating to carry out visual activities. The eyeball's immunological privilege, characterized by the suppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity responses in ocular tissues, is responsible for the low rate of graft rejection in transplant patients. The main discoveries highlight the capacity of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells to regenerate damaged retinal regions. Recent progress has shown significant enhancements in transplant procedures and results. The research also explores the ethical ramifications linked to the utilization of stem cells, emphasizing the ongoing issue surrounding ESCs. The analysis centers on recent breakthroughs, including the fabrication of three-dimensional retinal organoids and the innovation of scaffolding for cell transportation. Moreover, researchers are currently assessing the possibility of CRISPR and other advanced gene editing technologies to enhance the outcomes of retinal transplantation. The widespread use of universally recognized safe surgical and imaging methods enables retinal transplantation and monitoring of transplanted cell growth toward the correct location. Currently, most therapy approaches are in the first phases of development and necessitate further research, including both pre-clinical and clinical trials, to attain favorable visual results for individuals suffering from retinal degenerative illnesses., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (©The Author(s) 2024. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)

Corneal injuries, which make up 3% of emergency room visits, can vary from small scratches to exposure or trauma-related damage that might be fatal to vision. Mechanical trauma, diseases of the eyelids, neurotrophic abnormalities, and chemical burns are common causes. A thorough examination is necessary for an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan. The goal of this study is to review corneal damage from both functional and traumatic causes associated with eyelid problems and surgical therapy. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the literature, it focuses on identifying important eyelid diseases that can compromise the integrity of the corneal epithelium, including entropion, ectropion, trichiasis, distichiasis, epiblepharon, and lagophthalmos. To find research on surgical care of eyelid disorders resulting in corneal injury, the MEDLINE and Reference Citation Analysis databases were searched (from 2008 to the present). At least two impartial reviewers examined every article to guarantee that all pertinent articles were found. Relevant publications were found using a literature search. Each pertinent paper's reference list was manually checked to include relevant documents the original search missed. There were 28 papers about surgical management of eyelid abnormalities that could jeopardize the integrity of the corneal epithelium: entropion, ectropion, trichiasis, distichiasis, epiblepharon, and lagophthalmos. Entropion treatment was the subject of the majority of these studies. The review strongly emphasizes determining the precise anatomical source of corneal injury in disorders of the eyelids and customizing surgical techniques accordingly. Cooperation between plastic surgeons and ophthalmologists is crucial to manage complicated situations and guarantee stable, long-term results., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

Background: Brain calcifications, found in various conditions, may be incidental or crucial for diagnosis. They occur in physiological changes, infections, genetic diseases, neurodegenerative conditions, vascular syndromes, metabolic disorders, endocrine disorders, and primary tumors like oligodendroglioma. While often incidental, their presence can be vital for accurate diagnosis. Brain metastases are the most common neoplastic lesions in adults, with their incidence increasing due to improved diagnostic tools and overall oncologic patient survival. Calcifications within brain metastases are uncommon, mostly seen in patients treated with radiation therapy (RT). Although cases of calcified brain metastasis (CBM) are reported, large recent studies are scarce and the real incidence remains unclear. This lack of data raises the risk of underestimating CBM in the differential diagnosis of brain calcifications, potentially leading to misdiagnosis and delayed treatment, particularly when calcifications are observed without prior RT., Aim: This systematic review sought to assess the incidence of CBM in patients with identified primary tumors who underwent brain chemotherapy (CT) for staging. Additionally, the study aimed to explore the primary tumor types more frequently linked to CBM and determine whether CBM manifested initially or post-RT., Methods: A comprehensive search was performed across prominent medical databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase) until 20 January 2024. The employed search method incorporated pertinent Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and keywords such as "calcification", "brain metastasis", and "CT scan". Studies included in this review were publications focusing on CBM in patients with identified primary tumors who underwent brain CT for staging., Results: In a systematic review of 39 studies on CBM in patients with identified primary tumors, 98 papers were initially identified, with 52 chosen for full-text analysis. Among them, 39 were deemed eligible after excluding 13 for various reasons. The study investigates brain calcifications in 1115 patients with metastatic disease, revealing that 7.89% had brain metastases, with 25% showing calcifications ab initio. These calcifications were more common than previously reported, emphasizing the need for attention to intraparenchymal brain calcifications in oncologic patients. Most CBM originated from lung and breast adenocarcinomas, and their correlation with primary tumor calcifications was inconclusive., Conclusions: The study highlights the significance of identifying evolving lesions in oncologic patients, calling for increased awareness among neuroradiologists and shedding light on the prevalence and characteristics of CBM.

Introduction : 3D printing technology has gained considerable interest in the domain of orbital illnesses owing to its capacity to transform diagnosis, surgery planning, and treatment. This systematic review seeks to deliver a thorough examination of the contemporary applications of 3D printing in the treatment of ocular problems, encompassing tumors, injuries, and congenital defects. This systematic review of recent studies has examined the application of patient-specific 3D-printed models for preoperative planning, personalized implants, and prosthetics. Methods : This systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. The PICOS is "What are the current advances and applications of 3D printing for the management of orbital pathology?" The databases analyzed for the research phase are MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), ClinicalTrials.gov, ScienceDirect, Scopus, CINAHL, and Web of Science. Results : Out of 314 studies found in the literature, only 12 met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. From the included studies, it is evident that 3D printing can be a useful technology for the management of trauma and oncological pathologies of the orbital region. Discussion : 3D printing proves to be very useful mainly for the purpose of improving the preoperative planning of a surgical procedure, allowing for better preparation by the surgical team and a reduction in operative time and complications. Conclusions : 3D printing has proven to be an outstanding tool in the management of orbit pathology. Comparing the advantages and disadvantages of such technology, the former far outweigh the latter.

The introduction of immunomodulators as adjuvant therapies in cancer treatment has represented a significant advancement in oncology, improving therapeutic response and patient survival. Emerging targets and molecules could provide new therapeutic opportunities for cancer patients. However, these agents can induce immunological side effects, including vasculitis and connective tissue diseases, which, while uncommon, present significant clinical challenges. This review analyzes the prevalence, clinical characteristics, therapeutic strategies, and management difficulties of vasculitis and connective tissue disorders triggered by immunomodulators in the context of cancer treatment. Although rare, these conditions significantly impact patients, demanding thorough management. Common rheumatological immune-related adverse events include inflammatory arthritis, Sjogren's disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis, all of which require prompt recognition and appropriate intervention. Treatment frequently includes corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs, with new alternatives currently accessible. Efficient coordination between oncologists and rheumatologists enhances patient outcomes, highlighting the necessity for organized multidisciplinary strategies. Future research initiatives emphasize the identification of biomarkers for early diagnosis and the development of preventive methods to reduce immune-related adverse events in cancer therapy.

Background / Objectives : Optic neuropathies are a category of illnesses that ultimately cause damage to the optic nerve, leading to vision impairment and possible blindness. Disorders such as dominant optic atrophy (DOA), Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), and glaucoma demonstrate intricate genetic foundations and varied phenotypic manifestations. This narrative review study seeks to consolidate existing knowledge on the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying ocular neuropathies, examine genotype-phenotype correlations, and assess novel therapeutic options to improve diagnostic and treatment methodologies. Methods : A systematic literature review was performed in October 2024, utilizing PubMed, Medline, the Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov. Search terms encompassed "optic neuropathy", "genetic variants", "LHON", "DOA", "glaucoma", and "molecular therapies". Studies were chosen according to established inclusion criteria, concentrating on the genetic and molecular dimensions of optic neuropathies and their therapeutic ramifications. Results : The results indicate that DOA and LHON are mostly associated with the mitochondrial dysfunction resulting from pathogenic variants in nuclear genes, mainly OPA1 , and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genes, respectively. Glaucoma, especially its intricate variants, is linked to variants in genes like MYOC , OPTN , and TBK1 . Molecular mechanisms, such as oxidative stress and inflammatory modulation, are pivotal in disease progression. Innovative therapeutics, including gene therapy, RNA-based treatments, and antioxidants such as idebenone, exhibit promise for alleviating optic nerve damage and safeguarding vision. Conclusions : Genetic and molecular investigations have markedly enhanced our comprehension of ocular neuropathies. The amalgamation of genetic and phenotypic data is essential for customized medical strategies. Additional research is required to enhance therapeutic strategies and fill the gaps in our understanding of the underlying pathophysiology. This interdisciplinary approach shows potential for enhancing patient outcomes in ocular neuropathies.

Refractive errors, particularly myopia, are among the most prevalent visual impairments globally, with rising incidence in children and adolescents. This review explores the epidemiology and risk factors associated with the development of refractive errors, focusing on the environmental and lifestyle factors contributing to the current surge in myopia. We provide an overview of key genetic factors and molecular pathways driving the pathogenesis of myopia and other refractive errors, emphasizing the complex interplay between genetic predisposition and environmental triggers. Understanding the underlying mechanisms is crucial for identifying new strategies for intervention. We discuss current approaches to slow myopia progression in pediatric populations, including pharmacological treatment regimens (low-dose atropine), optical interventions, and lifestyle modifications. In addition to established therapies, we highlight emerging innovations, including new pharmacological agents and advanced optical devices, and insights into potential future treatments. Cutting-edge research into gene therapy, molecular inhibitors, and neuroprotective strategies may yield novel therapeutic targets that address the root causes of refractive errors. This comprehensive review underscores the importance of early intervention and highlights promising avenues for future research, aiming to provide pediatricians with guidance to ultimately improve clinical outcomes in managing and preventing myopia progression in children and young adults.

The management of glaucoma in pregnancy and breastfeeding requires a careful evaluation of treatment choices to guarantee the well-being of both the mother and the developing fetus. This review explores the intricacies of controlling glaucoma in pregnant and breastfeeding women, including a comprehensive overview of existing glaucoma treatment methods, clinical guidelines, and future therapeutic approaches. The efficacy and safety profiles of traditional treatment approaches, such as topical and systemic medicines and surgical treatments, are evaluated specifically about their use during pregnancy and breastfeeding. The significance of personalized treatment programs to achieve a balance between controlling intraocular pressure and ensuring the safety of the fetus and the newborn and the importance of a multidisciplinary approach that includes ophthalmologists, obstetricians, and other healthcare experts are underlined. Non-pharmacological therapies, lifestyle adjustments, and the importance of patient education in the management of glaucoma during pregnancy and the post-partum period are also examined. Advancing our comprehension of and strategy toward glaucoma can reduce the effects of glaucoma on maternal, fetal, and newborn well-being.

Chronic wounds and non-healing tissue defects pose significant clinical challenges, necessitating innovative therapeutic approaches. A comprehensive literature review of amniotic membrane transplantation for wound healing and tissue repair evaluates the efficacy and safety of amniotic membrane transplantation in enhancing wound healing and tissue repair. Amniotic membranes promote wound closure and reduce inflammation and scarring via abundant growth factors, cytokines, and extracellular matrix components, which foster conducive environments for tissue regeneration. Amniotic membrane transplantation is effective in various medical disciplines, including ophthalmology, dermatology, and orthopedics. Low immunogenicity and anti-microbial properties ensure their safe application. Amniotic membrane transplantation offers a promising therapeutic approach for wound healing and tissue repair, and further research is warranted to explore its regenerative potential fully., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

Background: Anterior uveitis is a common manifestation in individuals with rheumatic conditions such as spondylarthritis, Behçet's syndrome, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and sarcoidosis. Clinical differentiation between granulomatous and non-granulomatous corneal endothelial exudates is crucial to subsequent diagnosis and treatment. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) can ensure an accurate differential diagnosis and appropriate follow-up after local and systemic therapy., Objective: This study aimed to distinguish between granulomatous and non-granulomatous endothelial exudates in patients with anterior uveitis using AS-OCT., Methods: This longitudinal observational study involved 30 patients diagnosed with or suspected of having rheumatic autoimmune disease presenting with anterior uveitis. The study was conducted at the combined Rheumatology and Ophthalmology Clinic, San Marco Hospital, Catania, Italy. All patients underwent slit-lamp examination, which revealed or suspected corneal endothelial exudates. A comprehensive rheumatological and ophthalmological evaluation was also performed. Subsequently, the patients were subjected to AS-OCT using the Optovue Solix device., Results: Granulomatous corneal exudates were identified in 30% of the subjects, with counts ranging from 5 to 20 and sizes varying between 50 and 150 μm. Detailed 3D scans further exhibited the morphology of these exudates. A follow-up of patients after steroid therapy (both topical and systemic) and immunosuppressive treatment demonstrated a progressive reduction in the exudates, ultimately leading to their complete resolution., Conclusion: Use of ophthalmological equipment that allows for simple, rapid, and non-invasive investigations in combination with a multidisciplinary approach, enables appropriate diagnosis and monitoring of therapeutic efficacy in patients with inflammatory ocular conditions presenting with corneal endothelial exudates., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (© 2024 The Journal of Biological Methods, All rights reserved.)

Background: If left untreated, glaucoma-the second most common cause of blindness worldwide-causes irreversible visual loss due to a gradual neurodegeneration of the retinal ganglion cells. Conventional techniques for identifying glaucoma, like optical coherence tomography (OCT) and visual field exams, are frequently laborious and dependent on subjective interpretation. Through the fast and accurate analysis of massive amounts of imaging data, artificial intelligence (AI), in particular machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL), has emerged as a promising method to improve the early detection and management of glaucoma., Aims: The purpose of this study is to examine the current uses of AI in the early diagnosis, treatment, and detection of glaucoma while highlighting the advantages and drawbacks of different AI models and algorithms. In addition, it aims to determine how AI technologies might transform glaucoma treatment and suggest future lines of inquiry for this area of study., Methods: A thorough search of databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus, was carried out to find pertinent papers released until August 2024. The inclusion criteria were limited to research published in English in peer-reviewed publications that used AI, ML, or DL to diagnose or treat glaucoma in human subjects. Articles were chosen and vetted according to their quality, contribution to the field, and relevancy., Results: Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and other deep learning algorithms are among the AI models included in this paper that have been shown to have excellent sensitivity and specificity in identifying glaucomatous alterations in fundus photos, OCT scans, and visual field tests. By automating standard screening procedures, these models have demonstrated promise in distinguishing between glaucomatous and healthy eyes, forecasting the course of the disease, and possibly lessening the workload of physicians. Nonetheless, several significant obstacles remain, such as the requirement for various training datasets, outside validation, decision-making transparency, and handling moral and legal issues., Conclusions: Artificial intelligence (AI) holds great promise for improving the diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma by facilitating prompt and precise interpretation of imaging data and assisting in clinical decision making. To guarantee wider accessibility and better patient results, future research should create strong generalizable AI models validated in various populations, address ethical and legal matters, and incorporate AI into clinical practice.

Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) is one of the major causes of vision impairment that affect millions of people worldwide. Early detection of nAMD is crucial because, if untreated, it can lead to blindness. Software and algorithms that utilize artificial intelligence (AI) have become valuable tools for early detection, assisting doctors in diagnosing and facilitating differential diagnosis. AI is particularly important for remote or isolated communities, as it allows patients to endure tests and receive rapid initial diagnoses without the necessity of extensive travel and long wait times for medical consultations. Similarly, AI is notable also in big hubs because cutting-edge technologies and networking help and speed processes such as detection, diagnosis, and follow-up times. The automatic detection of retinal changes might be optimized by AI, allowing one to choose the most effective treatment for nAMD. The complex retinal tissue is well-suited for scanning and easily accessible by modern AI-assisted multi-imaging techniques. AI enables us to enhance patient management by effectively evaluating extensive data, facilitating timely diagnosis and long-term prognosis. Novel applications of AI to nAMD have focused on image analysis, specifically for the automated segmentation, extraction, and quantification of imaging-based features included within optical coherence tomography (OCT) pictures. To date, we cannot state that AI could accurately forecast the therapy that would be necessary for a single patient to achieve the best visual outcome. A small number of large datasets with high-quality OCT, lack of data about alternative treatment strategies, and absence of OCT standards are the challenges for the development of AI models for nAMD.