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Laubierpholoe massiliana Zhadan sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 4D95E54D-F91E-409C-AA71-74563AD97E9A Figs 1–6 Diagnosis Body with 16–19 segments, 8–10 pairs of elytra; two pairs of closely arranged eyes; dorsal tentacular cirri of same length or slightly longer than ventral ones; notopodia smaller and shorter than neuropodia; notochaetae few (3–6), some neurochaetae with bidentate tips. Etymology The species name refers to the type locality (Massilia – the old Roman name for Marseille). Material examined All material investigated was collected in the Mediterranean Sea, Gulf of Lion, The Calanques, near Marseille (Fig. 1B –С). The coordinates of the entrance of the Jarre Cave: 43.19556° N, 5.3658333° E; for 3PP Cave: 43.16306° N, 5.6° E. Holotype FRANCE • 1 specimen (pharynx everted, anal cirri damaged; 17 segments; body length without pharynx and anal cirri 0.925 mm, including pharynx 1.31 mm, body width 150 µm, including elytra 490 µm, including chaetae 720 µm); Mediterranean Sea, Gulf of Lion, The Calanques, near Marseille, Jarre Cave, deep part; 43.19556° N; 5.3658333° E; depth 18 m; 24 Oct 2019; P. Chevaldonné leg.; SCUBA-diving; sampling box; silty sand; mesh size 130 µm; preservation in glutaraldehyde 2.5% in PBS, storage in ethanol 70%; field number Ma19-28-03; ZMMSU WS16462. Paratypes FRANCE • 15 specimens; same data as for holotype; preservation glutaraldehyde 2.5% in PBS, storage in ethanol 70% (7 specimens), SEM stubs (3 specimens), permanent slides (5 specimens); field number Ma 19-28-03; ZMMSU WS14001 • 6 specimens; same locality as for holotype; 12 Mar. 2020; P. Chevaldonné leg.; SCUBA-diving; sampling box; mesh size 130 µm; field number Ma 20-03-01; preservation in glutaraldehyde 2.5% in PBS, SEM stubs; ZMMSU WS16511 • 3 specimens; Jarre Cave, middle part; 10 May 2019; depth 19 m; P. Chevaldonné leg.; SCUBA-diving; sampling box; sandy silt; mesh size 130 µm; preservation in EtOH 96%; field number Ma 19-24-01; ZMMSU WS12418 • 3 specimens; 3PP Cave, middle part; 43.16306° N, 5.6° E; 28 Oct. 2019; depth 25 m; P. Chevaldonné leg.; SCUBA-diving; sampling box; clayey silt; mesh size 130 µm; preservation in glutaraldehyde 2.5% in PBS, storage in ethanol 70%; field number Ma 19-29-11; MNHN IA-TYPE 2058 • 2 specimens; same data as for preceding; SEM stubs; ZMMSU WS13977. Other material FRANCE • 6 specimens; 3PP Cave, middle part; 43.16306° N, 5.6° E; 10 May 2019; depth 25 m; P. Chevaldonné leg.; SCUBA-diving; sampling box; clayey silt; EtOH 96% (4 specimens), SEM stubs (2 specimens); field number MA19-20-01; ZMMSU WS12292 • 1 specimen; 3PP Cave, middle part; 43.16306° N, 5.6° E; depth 25 m; 7 May 2019; P. Chevaldonné leg.; SCUBA-diving; hand corer; clayey silt; mesh size 130 µm; DNA; field number Ma 19-13-01; ZMMSU WS12216; • 1 specimen; same locality as for preceding; 10 May 2019; P. Chevaldonné leg.; SCUBA-diving; sampling box; clayey silt; mesh size 130 µm; DNA; field number Ma 19-20-01; ZMMSU WS12619 • 1 specimen; 10 May 2019; 3PP Cave, deep part; 43.16306° N; 5.6° E; depth 25 m; P. Chevaldonné leg.; SCUBA-diving; sampling box; clayey silt; mesh size 130 µm; DNA; field number Ma 19-19-12; ZMMSU WS12617 • 1 specimen; Jarre Cave, middle; 43.19556° N; 5.36583° E; depth 19 m; 10 May 2019; P. Chevaldonné leg.; SCUBA-diving; sampling box; sandy silt; mesh size 130 µm; DNA; field number Ma 19-24-01; ZMMSU WS12437. Description (based on all specimens investigated) BODY. Short, up to 1.2 mm long (without appendages), up to 0.25 mm wide (without elytra), 0.65 mm (with elytra), 0.8 mm (with chaetae), 16–19 segments, body surface smooth. Living worms whitish, semi-transparent, often with transverse white stripe along anterior border of prostomium, intestine content yellowish to brown (Fig. 2A–B). Elytra 8–10 pairs, round, transparent, with few oval to cirriform papillae on surface and along lateral and posterior borders; some enclosing developing embryos (Figs 2A–C, E, 3A, C). Prostomium and tentacular segment fused; prostomium oval to trapezoidal, bilobed; lobes rounded with notches above tentaculophores (Figs 3D–G, 5A). Two pairs of very closely situated, almost fused eyes near anterolateral border, anterior pair larger than posterior (Figs 2A–F, 5A). Median antenna with large ceratophore and short style, dorsal in anterior notch of prostomium (Figs 3D–G, 5A). Tentacular segment bearing medial anterior horns and lateral tentaculophores with dorsal and ventral tentacular cirri; tentacular cirri longer than median antenna, ventral tentacular cirrus equal or subequal to dorsal cirrus (Figs 3D–G, 5A). Anterior horns conical, arising medially from ventral tentacular cirri (Figs 3D–G, 5A). Upper and lower lips bearing conical papillae with a single sensory cilium distally (Figs 3E–G, 4A). Palps very long, up to 250 µm, stout, tapering, ventrolateral to tentaculophores (Figs 2A, D–G, 3D–E, G, 5A). Segment 2 with first pair of bulbous elytrophores, biramous parapodia, ventral buccal cirri lateral to mouth, longer than dorsal tentacular cirri (Figs 3D–G, 5A), ventral cirri from segment 3 onwards smaller than buccal cirri (Fig. 4A). Pharynx reaching segment 7 when inverted, with two pairs of jaws, 9 dorsal and 9 similar-sized ventral border papillae or three median papillae slightly smaller than lateral (Figs 2C–D, F–H, 4B, 5D). PARAPODIA. Long, notopodia smaller and shorter than neuropodia, both with conical acicular lobes with projecting acicula; notopodia with two ciliated strips on dorsal side, one near base, the second subdistally (Figs 4C–D, 5C). Notochaetae few (3–6), slender, tapering to fine tips, straight or slightly curved, with series of small denticles (Figs 4C–D, 5B–C). Neurochaetae longer and stouter than notochaetae, compound (Figs 2D–G, 3A–B); shafts with long distal spines; upper blades slightly longer than lower; blades serrated, straight, falcate and of two types: supraacicular blades unidentate and subacicular blades uniand bidentate (bidentate tips distinct at high magnification, Figs 4C–G, 5B). Ventral cirri at neuropodial bases, thin, short, with round tips (Figs 4A, 5C). Pygidium with pair of very long anal cirri, up to 550 µm (Fig. 2A, C), easily lost; anus terminal. Type locality The Calanques, near Marseille, Jarre Cave (Fig. 1C). Distribution The Calanques, near Marseille, Jarre and 3PP marine caves. Ecology Inhabits the upper layer of soft sediments in the middle and deep parts of marine caves at a depth of 19– 25 m. The sediment type in Jarre Cave was defined as silty sand in the deep part and sandy silt in the middle part, and in 3PP Cave as clayey silt in both deep and middle parts (Table 2). Molecular data The trees obtained with the 18S rRNA and 28S rRNA concatenated dataset with BI (Fig. 6) and ML analyses (Supp. file 1) have similar topology. Analysed specimens of Laubierpholoe massiliana sp. nov. form a highly supported clade within Laubierpholoe (PP = 1, B = 100); their sequences are identical despite their origin from two different caves. Laubierpholoe (PP = 1, B = 97), Pholoe (PP = 1, B = 98) and Pholoinae (PP = 1, B = 100) are well-supported groups within Sigalionidae. Laubierpholoe includes L. massiliana sp. nov. and all other species present in GenBank (L. swedmarki and undescribed species A, B and C); it forms a sister group with Pholoe. The relationships of species of Laubierpholoe are different in BI and ML analyses and the subclades have low support. In the BI tree, L. massiliana sp. nov. is in a sister group with Laubierpholoe sp. C, and together they form a sister group with Laubierpholoe sp. A, Laubierpholoe sp. B and L. swedmarki; Laubierpholoe sp. B and L. swedmarki form a clade which is a sister group with Laubierpholoe sp. A. In the ML tree, L. massiliana sp. nov. is in a sister group with the clade comprising Laubierpholoe sp. B and Laubierpholoe sp. C, and together they form a sister group with the clade L. swedmarki – Laubierpholoe sp. A. Key to species of Laubierpholoe 1. Eyes absent; notopodium about as long as neuropodium......................... L. maryae Pettibone, 1992 – Eyes present...................................................................................................................................... 2 2. Dorsal tentacular cirri of same length or slightly longer than ventral; some neurochaetae with bidentate tips (look under high magnification)................................................... L. massiliana Zhadan sp. nov. – Dorsal tentacular cirri much longer than ventral, all neurochaetae unidentate................................ 3 3. All neurochaetal blades similar, short............................................................................................... 4 – Neurochaetal blades of different size and shape, can include spinigers, or smooth and serrate, or hook-like types.................................................................................................................................. 5 4. Dorsal tentacular cirrus of about same length as median antenna, eyes separate, notochaetae numerous (20–30).................................................................................................. L. antipoda (Hartman, 1967) – Dorsal tentacular cirrus twice as long as median antenna, eyes closely arranged, notochaetae few (2–4).................................................................................................... L. swedmarki (Laubier, 1975) 5. Notopodium longer than neuropodium, notochaetae numerous; neurochaetae of two types: supraacicular with blades long, tapering to capillary tips; subacicular with blades short........................................................................................................................................ L. riseri Pettibone, 1992 – Notopodium shorter and smaller than neuropodium, 4–8 notochaetae; neurochaetae starting from CH4 have serrated and smooth blades, posteriormost five segments also with hook-like neurochaetal blades............................................................................................ L. indooceanica Westheide, 2001., Published as part of Zhadan, Anna, Tzetlin, Alexander, Vortsepneva, Elena, Neretina, Tatiana & Chevaldonné, Pierre, 2023, New record and new species of Laubierpholoe Pettibone, 1992 (Annelida, Sigalionidae) from the soft bottom of submarine caves near Marseille (Mediterranean Sea) with discussion on phylogeny and ecology of the genus, pp. 47-69 in European Journal of Taxonomy 875 (1) on pages 53-60, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.875.2139, http://zenodo.org/record/8047341, {"references":["Pettibone M. H. 1992. Contribution to the polychaete family Pholoidae Kinberg. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 532: 1 - 24. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.532","Hartman O. 1967. Polychaetous annelids collected by the USNS Eltanin and Staten Island cruises, chiefly from Antarctic Seas. Allan Hancock Monographs in Marine Biology 2: 1 - 387.","Laubier L. 1975. Adaptations morphologiques et biologiques ches un aphroditien interstitiel: Pholoe swedmarki sp. n. Cahiers de Biologie marine 16 (311): 671 - 683.","Westheide W. 2001. Laubierpholoe indooceanica, a new interstitial polychaete (Pholoidae) from South India and the Seychelles. Cahiers de Biologie marine 42 (4): 327 - 332. https: // doi. org / 10.21411 / CBM. A. F 7 F 42276"]}

Genus Laubierpholoe Pettibone, 1992 Type species Pholoe antipoda Hartman, 1967. Diagnosis (after Pettibone 1992), emended (changes in bold) Body small, linear, with relatively few segments (up to 29). Elytra and elytrophores on segments 2, 4, 5, 7, continuing on alternate segments to 23, then on every segment to end of body. Dorsal tubercles on segments lacking elytra. Elytra delicate, with few short papillae on lateral border and on surface. Without dorsal cirri or branchiae. Prostomium and first or tentacular segment fused, ventrally forming anterior lip of mouth, without facial tubercle, with or without papillae. Prostomium rounded, bilobed; median antenna with ceratophore in anterior notch of prostomium; lateral antennae absent; with or without 2 pairs of eyes. Tentaculophores lateral to prostomium, achaetous, each with long dorsal and much shorter ventral tentacular cirrus or tentacular cirri of about same length; palps stout, very long, emerging ventral and lateral to tentaculophores, rugose. Second or buccal segment with first pair of large elytrophores and elytra, biramous parapodia, long ventral buccal cirri, and forming lateral and posterior lips of mouth. Muscular pharynx with 9 dorsal and 9 ventral border papillae and 2 pairs of jaws. Parapodia biramous; notopodial conical acicular lobe without subdistal bract; neuropodial conical acicular lobe without distal papillae. Notochaetae simple, slender, capillary, slightly curved and straight. Neurochaetae stouter than notochaetae, compound, falcigerous or spinigerous; shafts with or without distal spinules; blades capillary or falcate with unidentate or uni- and bidentate tips. Ventral cirri short, tapering, on all segments. Pygidium with pair of anal cirri. Development characterised by reduction of egg number and development of embryos and juveniles within elytra (elytral brooding)., Published as part of Zhadan, Anna, Tzetlin, Alexander, Vortsepneva, Elena, Neretina, Tatiana & Chevaldonné, Pierre, 2023, New record and new species of Laubierpholoe Pettibone, 1992 (Annelida, Sigalionidae) from the soft bottom of submarine caves near Marseille (Mediterranean Sea) with discussion on phylogeny and ecology of the genus, pp. 47-69 in European Journal of Taxonomy 875 (1) on page 52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.875.2139, http://zenodo.org/record/8047341, {"references":["Pettibone M. H. 1992. Contribution to the polychaete family Pholoidae Kinberg. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 532: 1 - 24. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.532","Hartman O. 1967. Polychaetous annelids collected by the USNS Eltanin and Staten Island cruises, chiefly from Antarctic Seas. Allan Hancock Monographs in Marine Biology 2: 1 - 387."]}

Zhadan, Anna, Tzetlin, Alexander, Vortsepneva, Elena, Neretina, Tatiana, Chevaldonné, Pierre (2023): New record and new species of Laubierpholoe Pettibone, 1992 (Annelida, Sigalionidae) from the soft bottom of submarine caves near Marseille (Mediterranean Sea) with discussion on phylogeny and ecology of the genus. European Journal of Taxonomy 875 (1): 47-69, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2023.875.2139, URL: http://zoobank.org/6203d3dd-4a9b-4ffb-905d-ecafb987792a

Leodamas dendrocirris (Day, 1977) Figure 12 Scoloplos (Leodamas) dendrocirris Day, 1977: 230–231, fig. 2f–i. Material examined. New South Wales: 1.6 km east of Malabar, 33°58’15”S, 151°17’ E; 04.12.1973, coll. Australian Museum Shelf Benthic Survey, depth 66 m, AM W.7344, Holotype; same, place, AM W.6481, Paratype, 1 specimen; same locality, 30.01.1974, AM W.6477, 1 specimen; east of North Head, Port Jackson, 33°48’46”S, 151°20’59”E, 24.07.1989, coll. Fisheries Research Institute (NSW), depth 60 m, sand, AM W.24303, 1 specimen. Queensland: Lucinda, Sugar Loading Jetty Outer, 18°32’ S, 146°20’ E, 01.06.1999, coll. CRC Marine Research, benthic grab, AM W.30586, 1 specimen. Type locality. East of Malabar, New South Wales. Description. All specimens studied posteriorly incomplete. Large worms, thoracic width 1.4–4.5 mm. Thorax flattened and widened, abdomen cylindrical (Fig. 12A). Prostomium short and wide, bluntly conical (Fig. 12A, B). Thoracic chaetigers numbering 14–18. Branchiae from chaetiger 5, triangular in anterior abdomen, then rapidly becoming elongate with tapering tips; in abdomen longer than notopodial lobes (Fig. 12A, B, D, F, H). Thoracic notopodial postchaetal lobes branched, with 2–5 digitiform lobes (Fig. 12A, C); in larger specimens beginning from first chaetiger, in smaller from chaetiger 3. Abdominal notopodial lobes branched forming two lobes in anterior abdomen, then becoming uniramous (Fig. 12D, F–H). Thoracic neuropodial postchaetal lobes mammiform, with a single papilla (Fig. 12B, C, E). No subpodal or stomach papillae. Abdominal neuropodial lobes with cirriform outer lobes and reduced inner lobe (Fig. 12C, F–H). All parapodia with crenulated capillaries; thoracic neuropodia also bearing 3–5 rows of curved uncini, smooth or with fine serration and distal longitudinal groove on convex side; in anterior row uncini thicker, finely serrated and bent, in posterior row slenderer, almost straight (Fig. 12C, E). Capillary chaetae located in anterior and posterior rows in thoracic neuropodia, forming superior and inferior tufts (Fig. 12B, C, E). Both abdominal notopodia and neuropodia bearing stout aciculae; straight and slightly emergent in notopodia, with curved tips and strongly emergent in neuropodia (Fig. 12 F–H). Forked chaetae present in abdominal notopodia. Distribution. Australia, Queensland, New South Wales. Habitat. Subtidal, sand. Remarks: Leodamas dendrocirris was described from Australia (New South Wales) and has not been recorded elsewhere since. The present study expands the distribution of L. dendrocirris to Queensland. Leodamas dendrocirris is similar to Leodamas verax Kinberg, 1866 from South America, owing to the branched notopodial lobes and shape of the thoracic neuropodial uncini, but differs owing to a smaller number of thoracic chaetigers (14–18 vs. 22–24 in L. verax), branched notopodial lobes (2–5 vs. 1–4 branches in L. verax), and presence of capillary chaetae in the thoracic neuropodia (absent in L. verax). The presence of acicula in the abdominal notopodia is mentioned in the original description of L. dendrocirris and confirmed in the present study, but erroneously stated as absent by Blake (2017) and Sun et al. (2018). Leodamas tribulosus Ehlers, 1897 and Leodamas perissobranchiatus Blake, 2017 from South America, and Leodamas sinensis Sun et al., 2018 from China are similar to L. dendrocirris in having neuropodial lobes with developed papilla and neuropodial uncini with a distal notch or groove on the convex side. However, they differ from L. dendrocirris in having simple notopodial lobes. Additionally, in L. tribulosus the grooves on the neuropodial uncini are deeper and terminate in bifid tips, and the abdominal notopodial aciculae are absent, while L. perissobranchiatus has branched branchiae., Published as part of Zhadan, Anna, 2020, Review of Orbiniidae (Annelida, Sedentaria) from Australia, pp. 451-502 in Zootaxa 4860 (4) on pages 474-475, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4860.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4414137, {"references":["Day, J. H. (1977) A review of the Australian and New Zealand Orbiniidae (Annelida: Polychaeta). In: Reish, K. & Fauchald, D. J., (Ed.), Essays on Polychaetous Annelids in Memory of Dr. Olga Hartman. Allan Hancock Foundation, Los Angeles, pp. 217 - 243.","Kinberg, J. G. H. (1866) Annulata Nova. Continuatio. [Various Errantia & Sedentaria]. Ofversigt af Koniglich Vetenskapsakademiens forhandlingar, Stockholm, 22, 239 - 258.","Blake, J. A. (2017) Polychaeta Orbiniidae from Antarctica, the Southern Ocean, the Abyssal Pacific Ocean, and off South America. Zootaxa, 4218 (1), 1 - 145. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4218.1.1","Ehlers, E. (1897) Polychaeten. Ergebnisse der Hamburger Magalhaensischen Sammelreise, 3, 1 - 148."]}

Genus Phylo Kinberg, 1866 Phylo Hartman 1957: 260; Blake 2017: 90; Blake 2020: 28. Orbinia (Phylo) Pettibone 1957: 160. Diagnosis (after Blake 2017). Prostomium conical, pointed; peristomium with one achaetous ring. Branchiae first present from chaetiger 5–7. Posterior thoracic segments with several postchaetal papillae and subpodial papillae (at least five of each type) together usually forming a ventral fringe. Thoracic neurochaetae including blunt uncini and crenulated capillaries; posterior thoracic segments with modified spear-like spines., Published as part of Zhadan, Anna, 2020, Review of Orbiniidae (Annelida, Sedentaria) from Australia, pp. 451-502 in Zootaxa 4860 (4) on page 487, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4860.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4414137, {"references":["Kinberg, J. G. H. (1866) Annulata Nova. Continuatio. [Various Errantia & Sedentaria]. Ofversigt af Koniglich Vetenskapsakademiens forhandlingar, Stockholm, 22, 239 - 258.","Blake, J. A. (2017) Polychaeta Orbiniidae from Antarctica, the Southern Ocean, the Abyssal Pacific Ocean, and off South America. Zootaxa, 4218 (1), 1 - 145. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4218.1.1","Blake, J. A. (2020) New species and records of deep-water Orbiniidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from the Eastern Pacific continental slope, abyssal Pacific Ocean, and the South China Sea. Zootaxa, 4730 (1), 1 - 61. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4730.1.1","Pettibone, M. H. (1957) North American genera of the family Orbiniidae (Annelida: Polychaeta), with descriptions of new species. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 47, 159 - 167."]}

Scoloplos texana Maciolek & Holland, 1978 Figure 7 Scoloplos texana Maciolek & Holland, 1978: 162–163, fig. 1–4. Scoloplos (Scoloplos) texana: Granados-Barba & Solís-Weiss 1997: 468. Leodamas texana: Blake 2017: 50, 55, 59. Material examined. Australia: Queensland: Hinchinbrook channel sand flat, 14.10.1989, 18°20’S, 146°04’E, coll. S. Dittmann, AM W.43439, 1 specimen. USA: Texas, Corpus Christy Bay, 27°48’38”N, 97°20’17”W, August 1974, Sta.122-6, 4.8 m, USNM 52729, holotype; Texas, Redfish Bay, 27°52’20”N, 97°07’03”W, Sta. 152-2, USNM 52734, paratypes, 5 specimens. Type locality. USA: Corpus Christy Bay, Texas, Gulf of Mexico. Description. Specimen AM W.43439 incomplete, thoracic width 2.2 mm. Thorax inflated in anterior part, slightly flattened in middle and posterior part (Fig. 7A). Prostomium conical with blunt tip (Fig. 7A, C). Thoracic chaetigers numbering 20, transition to abdomen sharp (Fig. 7A, C). Branchiae starting from chaetiger 21 (first abdominal), cylindrical with blunt tips, longer than notopodia (Fig. 7 B–D, F). Thoracic notopodial postchaetal lobes developed from first chaetiger as rounded papillae, rapidly increasing in size along thorax, becoming oval with elongated tips; in abdomen foliaceous, shorter than branchiae (Fig. 7C, D, F, G). Thoracic neuropodial postchaetal lobes weakly developed, as low ridges without papillae (Fig. 7A, B, E). In abdomen, parapodia elongate, unilobed, almost rectangular with rounded tips (Fig. 7B, D, F). No subpodal, stomach, flange papillae, subpodal flange, or interramal cirrus present. Notopodial chaetae crenulate capillaries, in abdominal notopodia; forked chaetae present (Fig. 7G). Thoracic neurochaetae forming one row of few dark straight smooth non-hooded spines and bundle of 2–3 thin capillaries in upper part; abdominal neurochaetae thin capillaries (Fig. 7A, B, E, F). Both rami supported by aciculae in abdomen; notopodial aciculae much thicker than neuropodial, with long pointed projecting tips (Fig. 7F, G). Distribution. West Atlantic (Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, Venezuela); Australia (?). Habitat. Subtidal, clay, mud, muddy sand. Remarks. Scoloplos texana was originally described from South Texas (Gulf of Mexico, USA) (Maciolek & Holland, 1978). Later, it was redescribed from oil platform areas in the Gulf of Mexico (Granados-Barba & Solís- Weiss 1997). Scoloplos texana differs from a closely related species, Scoloplos treadwelli Eisig, 1914, by having neuropodial spines arranged in one row, while in S. treadwelli they are more numerous and arranged in two rows in the anterior thorax. Other differing characters are the inflated thorax and blunt prostomium in S. texana versus the flattened thorax and pointed prostomium in S. treadwelli. In addition, the branchiae always start from the abdomen in S. texana but can start from the thorax or anterior abdomen in S. treadwelli (the presence of branchiae in the thorax was not found in the following studies: Granados-Barba & Solís -Weiss (1997) and Dean & Blake (2015)). Scoloplos texana was previously known only from tropical West Atlantic waters (Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, and Venezuela). The specimen found in Australia is similar to the type material specimens. This study is the first record of this species in Australian waters. This was likely an accidental introduction, since only the one specimen was found. It is not clear how it could have been imported into Queensland from West Atlantic. Orbiniids are rarely listed as invasive species; such examples are Proscoloplos cygnochaetus Day, 1954 (see below for details) and Naineris setosa (Verrill, 1900), described from Bermuda and later reported in the Mediterranean Sea (Blake & Giangrande 2011; Khedhri et al. 2014)., Published as part of Zhadan, Anna, 2020, Review of Orbiniidae (Annelida, Sedentaria) from Australia, pp. 451-502 in Zootaxa 4860 (4) on page 464, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4860.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4414137, {"references":["Maciolek, N. J. & Holland, J. S. (1978) Scoloplos texana: a new orbiniid polychaete from south Texas, with notes on the related species Scoloplos treadwelli Eisig. Contributions in Marine Science, 21, 163 - 169.","Granados-Barba, A. & Solis-Weiss, V. (1997) The polychaetous annelids from oil platforms areas in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico: Phyllodocidae, Glyceridae, Goniadidae, Hesionidae, and Pilargidae, with description of Ophioglycera lyra, a new species, and comments on Goniada distorta. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 110, 457 - 470.","Blake, J. A. (2017) Polychaeta Orbiniidae from Antarctica, the Southern Ocean, the Abyssal Pacific Ocean, and off South America. Zootaxa, 4218 (1), 1 - 145. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4218.1.1","Dean, H. K. & Blake, J. A. (2015) The Orbiniidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) of Pacific Costa Rica. Zootaxa, 3956 (2), 183 - 198. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3956.2.2","Day, J. H. (1954) The Polychaeta of Tristan da Cunha. Results of the Norwegian Scientific Expedition to Tristan da Cunha, 1937 - 1938, 29, 1 - 35.","Verrill, A. E. (1900) Additions to the Turbellaria, Nemertina, and Annelida of the Bermudas, with revisions of some New England genera and species. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 10, 595 - 671. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 7035","Blake, J. A. & Giangrande, A. (2011) Naineris setosa (Verrill) (Polychaeta, Orbiniidae), an American subtropical-tropical polychaete collected from an aquaculture facility in Brindisi (Adriatic Sea, Italy): A possible alien species. Italian Journal of Zoology, 78, 20 - 26. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250003.2011.577982","Khedhri, I., Lavesque, N., Bonifacio, P., Djabou, H. & Afli, A. (2014) First record of Naineris setosa (Verrill, 1900) (Annelida: Polychaeta: Orbiniidae) in the Western Mediterranean Sea. Bioinvasions records, 3, 83 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.3391 / bir. 2014.3.2.05"]}

Phylo felix Kinberg, 1866 Figures 21, 22 Phylo felix Kinberg, 1866: 251–252; Hartman 1957: 262–265, plate 23, figs. 1–7; Day 1977: 234; Blake 2017: 90–93, figs. 42–43. Orbinia (Phylo) felix australis Hartmann-Schröder 1984: 33-34. Material examined. New South Wales: Cottage Point, Cowan Creek, 33°39’S, 151°10’E, 10.10.2004, intertidal, under boulders, coll. P.A. Hutchings, J.M. Nogueira, AM W.30718, 1 specimen; same place, 17.04.2011, intertidal, Zostera, coll. P.A. Hutchings, AM W.32798, 1 specimen; east of North Head, Port Jackson, 33°47’50”S, 151°18’57”E, 21.07.1989, depth 30 m, sand, coll. Fisheries Research Institute (NSW), AM W.24306, 1 specimen. Western Australia: Little Grove, Princess Royal Harbour, Albany, 35°04’S, 117°52’E, 22.11.1975, fine sand with mollusk shells, coll. G. Hartmann- Schröder, AM W.198417, paratypes of O. (Ph.) felix australis , 2 specimens. Type locality. Brazil. Description. Body long, thorax flattened, abdomen cylindrical; thoracic width 1.6–2.8 mm (Figs 21A, 22A, E). Prostomium conical with pointed but not sharp tip (Figs 21C, 22A, D, E). Thoracic chaetigers numbering 18–20. Branchiae from chaetiger 5, triangular with tapering tips, in abdomen becoming long triangular and strap-like, shorter than notopodia (Figs 21C, E, G, H, 22A, B, D, F). Thoracic notopodial postchaetal lobes developed from first chaetiger, digitate to narrow foliaceous; in abdomen becoming very long, foliaceous, in posterior segments narrow, cirriform (Figs 21C, E, G, H, 22A, B, D, F). Thoracic neuropodial postchaetal lobes as ridge with up to 8 papillae; subpodal papillae present from chaetigers 13–18 to 21–24, up to 14 per parapodia; in larger specimens reaching midventral line in 3–4 segments (Figs 21B, D, E, F, 22B, C, E). Abdominal neuropodia bilobed, with subequal lobes or outer lobe slightly larger; subpodal flange well developed, with long papilla (ventral cirrus) (Figs 21G, H, 22F). Interramal cirrus present, longer than neuropodia, starting from last 3–4 thoracic segments (Figs 21E, G, H, 22B, F). Pygidium with two anal cirri (Fig. 21A). Notopodial chaetae crenulate capillaries, in abdominal notopodia also forked chaetae present (Fig. 21G, H). Thoracic neuropodia bearing 3–4 rows of curved smooth uncini and few thin capillaries in posterior row; beginning from chaetiger 12–13 in anterior row very thick dark straight spear-like spines present, up to 7 spines per parapodia (Figs 21 D-F, 22A, D). Abdominal neuropodia bearing capillary chaetae; both rami supported by thin straight aciculae in abdomen (Fig. 21G, H). Distribution. (based on literature). Brazil, Patagonia, Gulf of Mexico, Pacific coast of South America, Gulf of California, Antarctica, Japan, New Zealand, Australia (Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Western Australia). Habitat. Intertidal and upper subtidal, sand, shells, seagrass. Remarks. Phylo felix was described from Brazil, after which it was recorded from around the Pacific, including the coast of South America, Gulf of California, Japan, New Zealand, and Antarctica (Hartman, 1957; Day, 1977; Blake 2017). The subspecies Orbinia (Phylo) felix australis was described from Western Australia. It differs from the nominal species owing to the following characteristics: modified spines starting from chaetiger 13 instead of 11; subpodal papillae present after chaetiger 20, usually they cover chaetiger 22–25 instead of 17–20; and interramal cirri starting from the last 3–7 thoracic chaetigers instead of 2. According to these characters, the specimens investigated in the present work are similar to the subspecies Orbinia (Phylo) felix australis, but demonstrate an intermediate state in some specimens. For example, the modified chaetae start from chaetiger 12, the subpodal papillae extend to chaetiger 21, and there are 3 thoracic segments with interramal cirri. This indicates an absence of a clear border between the nominal species and Ph. felix australis. The validity of this and other subspecies should be confirmed by careful investigations of morphological and/or molecular characters., Published as part of Zhadan, Anna, 2020, Review of Orbiniidae (Annelida, Sedentaria) from Australia, pp. 451-502 in Zootaxa 4860 (4) on pages 487-489, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4860.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4414137, {"references":["Kinberg, J. G. H. (1866) Annulata Nova. Continuatio. [Various Errantia & Sedentaria]. Ofversigt af Koniglich Vetenskapsakademiens forhandlingar, Stockholm, 22, 239 - 258.","Day, J. H. (1977) A review of the Australian and New Zealand Orbiniidae (Annelida: Polychaeta). In: Reish, K. & Fauchald, D. J., (Ed.), Essays on Polychaetous Annelids in Memory of Dr. Olga Hartman. Allan Hancock Foundation, Los Angeles, pp. 217 - 243.","Blake, J. A. (2017) Polychaeta Orbiniidae from Antarctica, the Southern Ocean, the Abyssal Pacific Ocean, and off South America. Zootaxa, 4218 (1), 1 - 145. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4218.1.1","Hartmann-Schroder, G. (1984) Zur Kenntnis des Eulitorals der australischen Kusten unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der Polychaeten und Ostracoden Gesa Hartmann-Schroder und Gerd Hartmann. Teil 10 Die Polychaeten der antiborealen Sudkuste Australiens (zwischen Albany im West en und C. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen zoologischen Museum und Institut, 81, 7 - 62."]}

Genus Naineris Blainville, 1828 Naineris Blainville, 1828: 490–491; Hartman 1957: 296; Pettibone 1957: 160.6; Zhadan et al. 2015: 792; Blake 2017: 94; Blake 2020: 25. Diagnosis (after Zhadan et al. 2015). Prostomium rounded to square in front; one achaetous peristomial ring. Thoracic neurochaetae may include crenulate capillaries, uncini and subuluncini, or crenulate capillaries only, abdominal forked notochaetae present or absent. First pair of branchiae starting on any thoracic chaetiger from 2 to 23, branchial bases widely separated mid-dorsally. Thoracic neuropodia with 0–2 podal papillae; subpodal papillae absent., Published as part of Zhadan, Anna, 2020, Review of Orbiniidae (Annelida, Sedentaria) from Australia, pp. 451-502 in Zootaxa 4860 (4) on page 479, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4860.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4414137, {"references":["Blainville, H. de (1828) s. n. Dictionnaire des Sciences naturelles, 57, 1 - 628. [https: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 25316890]","Pettibone, M. H. (1957) North American genera of the family Orbiniidae (Annelida: Polychaeta), with descriptions of new species. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 47, 159 - 167.","Zhadan, A., Stupnikova, A. & Neretina, T. (2015) Orbiniidae (Annelida: Errantia) from Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia with notes on orbiniid phylogeny. Zootaxa, 4019 (1), 773 - 801. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4019.1.27","Blake, J. A. (2017) Polychaeta Orbiniidae from Antarctica, the Southern Ocean, the Abyssal Pacific Ocean, and off South America. Zootaxa, 4218 (1), 1 - 145. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4218.1.1","Blake, J. A. (2020) New species and records of deep-water Orbiniidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from the Eastern Pacific continental slope, abyssal Pacific Ocean, and the South China Sea. Zootaxa, 4730 (1), 1 - 61. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4730.1.1"]}

Leodamas johnstonei (Day, 1934) Figure 14 Scoloplos johnstonei Day, 1934: 58–60, fig.1l a–e. Scoloplos (Leodamas) johnstonei: Hartman 1957: 290; Day 1967: 550, fig. 23.5 k–o; Day 1977: 231–232. Scoloplos (Leodamus) uniramus Day 1961: 477–479, fig. 1g–o; Day, 1967: fig. 23.6. a–f. Material examined. New South Wales: Akuna Bay, Hawkesbury River, 33°38’36”S, 151°14’12”E, November 1991, coll. C.L. Rose, depth 13.4 m, fine mud, AM W.24102, 5 specimens; Burwood Beach, 32°37’S, 151°44’E, AM W.8889, 1 specimen. Type locality. St. James, South Africa. Description. All specimens incomplete. Small worms, thoracic width 0.5–0.9 mm. Body long and slender, thorax flattened, abdomen cylindrical (Fig. 14A). Prostomium conical, long, sharply pointed (Fig. 14A, C). Thoracic chaetigers numbering 15–24. Branchiae from chaetiger 6, trianglular with tapering tips; in abdomen becoming narrow digitiform (Fig. 14 C–F). Thoracic notopodial postchaetal lobes developed from chaetiger 4, narrow digitate, in abdomen retaining same shape, equal or slightly shorter than branchiae (Fig. 14 A–E). Thoracic neuropodial postchaetal lobes weakly developed, as low ridges; posterior thoracic neuropodia with podal papillae; first podal papilla appearing in upper part of neuropodial ridge, last thoracic neuropodia with two podal papillae, in upper and lower part (Fig. 14A, B). Subpodal papillae developed on posterior thoracic and anterior abdominal segments. Last thoracic chaetiger bearing three papillae in total (Fig. 14B). Abdominal neuropodia bilobed, with outer lobe cirriform, inner lobe short and round (Fig. 14 D–F). First 10–15 abdominal parapodia with cirriform subpodal papillae, anterior segments with two papillae, following with one (Fig. 14B). Notopodia with crenulate capillaries throughout, also with forked chaetae in abdominal segments (Fig. 14G). Thoracic neuropodia with four to five rows of curved uncini; in first four rows similar in size and shape; fifth row shorter, only in lower part of neuropodia, uncini thinner and less curved (Fig. 14B). Single capillaries present in upper and middle part of posterior row only on few posterior thoracic neuropodia (Fig. 14B). Abdominal neuropodia with one stout almost straight acicula with blunt tip and bundle of capillaries and flail chaetae with sharp transition to very thin arista (Fig. 14E, F). Abdominal notopodia with capillaries and forked chaetae (Fig. 14G). Distribution. South Africa (Day 1934), Australia, Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria. Habitat. Intertidal and upper subtidal, muddy sand, mud. Remarks: Leodamas johnstonei was originally described from South Africa as Scoloplos johnstonei. Hartman (1957) transferred this species to the subgenus Leodamas. She erroneously stated the absence of podal and subpodal lobes (papillae). Later, Day described a similar species that was also described from South Africa, S. (L.) uniramus. This species differed from L. johnstonei owing to the uniramous shape of the abdominal neuropodia, smaller number of thoracic chaetigers, slenderer notopodial lobes and branchiae, and presence of flail chaetae in the abdominal neuropodia. An investigation of the Australian material showed that these two species were synonymous (Day 1977). The present study confirms the presence of flail chaetae in the Australian specimens of L. johnstonei. The shape of the abdominal neuropodia is biramous with a reduced inner lobe, which is typical for Leodamas species. However, whether the Australian and South African specimens belong to the same species needs to be confirmed., Published as part of Zhadan, Anna, 2020, Review of Orbiniidae (Annelida, Sedentaria) from Australia, pp. 451-502 in Zootaxa 4860 (4) on page 477, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4860.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4414137, {"references":["Day, J. H. (1934) On a collection of South African Polychaeta, with a catalogue of the species recorded from South Africa, Angola, Mosambique, and Madagascar. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, 39, 15 - 82. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1934. tb 00259. x","Day, J. H. (1967) A monograph on the Polychaeta of Southern Africa. Part 2. Sedentaria. In: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). British Museum of Natural History, London, pp. 459 - 878. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8596","Day, J. H. (1977) A review of the Australian and New Zealand Orbiniidae (Annelida: Polychaeta). In: Reish, K. & Fauchald, D. J., (Ed.), Essays on Polychaetous Annelids in Memory of Dr. Olga Hartman. Allan Hancock Foundation, Los Angeles, pp. 217 - 243.","Day, J. H. (1961) The Polychaet Fauna of South Africa. Part 6. Sedentary species dredged off Cape coasts with a few new records from the shore. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, 44, 463 - 560. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1961. tb 01623. x"]}

Scoloplos normalis (Day, 1977) Figures 2, 3 Leitoscoloplos normalis Day, 1977: 224–225, fig. la–d; Hutchings & Rainer 1979:761. Scoloplos normalis: Mackie 1987: 22–23, fig. 22. Material examined. New South Wales: Hunter River, Fullerton Cove, 32°50’S, 151°47’ E, 16.04.1971, coll. Australian Littoral Society, Holotype, AM W.7345 (previously examined by Mackie (1987) and Hutchings & Rainer (1979)); western shore of Shaw’s Bay, Ballina, 28°52’06”S, 153°34’54”E, intertidal, sandy mud, 02.03.1992, coll. G.D.F. Wilson, R. T. Springthorpe, L. Albertson, AM W.25968, 1 specimen. South Australia: South east of Lake Hamilton via Cummins, Hamilton Spring, 34°34’04”S, 135°16’E, 11.07.2004, coll. B. V. Timms, salt lake floodout pond, AM W.42941, 4 specimens. Type locality. Fullerton Cove, Hunter River, New South Wales. Description. Holotype with thoracic width about 2.5 mm, posteriorly incomplete (Fig. 2A). Other specimens 1.5– 2 mm width with about 80 chaetigers. Prostomium sharply conical. Proboscis everted and lobed in holotype (Fig. 2A). 15 thoracic chaetigers in holotype, 13–14 in other specimens (Figs 2 A–C, 3A, C, D). Thorax often swollen. Thoracic postchaetal lobes absent in chaetiger 1, arising as small lobes in chaetiger 2, gradually increasing in size along thorax. Notopodial lobes triangular, neuropodial lobes as low ridges with median papilla, both lobes gradually increasing in length along thorax (Figs 2B, C, 3E). No subpodal or stomach papillae. Branchiae from chaetiger 14–17 (first or second abdominal chaetiger (Fig. 3D), small, digitate, rapidly increasing in size; becoming long, slender and triangular; shorter or equal length with notopodial lamellae (Fig. 3B, I). In abdomen, notopodial postchaetal lobes abruptly increase in size, becoming more foliaceous; inner margins ciliated (Figs 2C, D, 3B, I). Anterior abdominal neuropodia weakly bilobed; outer lobe small and rapidly lost, posterior abdominal neuropodia uniramous (Figs 2B, C, D, 3F, I). Subdistal notch present at insertion of narrow subpodal flange. Subpodal papillae and interramal cirri absent. Thoracic chaetae mostly crenulate capillaries, some anterior neuropodia also with few uncini (in specimen AM W.25968 five uncini in neuropodia of chaetiger 2) (Fig. 3H). Uncini short, thin, almost straight, finely serrated. Abdominal chaetae all thin crenulated capillaries, notopodial forked chaetae not found. Pygidium with two short dorso-lateral cirri, anus terminal (Fig. 3G). Distribution. Australia, Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia. Habitat. Intertidal and upper subtidal, sandy mud. Remarks. Scoloplos normalis was originally described as part of the genus Leitoscoloplos, as the uncini in the thoracic neuropodia were overlooked (Day 1977, Hutchings & Rainer 1979). Mackie (1987) re-examined the type material, and found thoracic uncini were present and transferred S. normalis to the genus Scoloplos. Specimens examined in the present study are in agreement with previous descriptions, with small variations. These variations are: the first chaetiger with branchiae varies from 14 to 17, instead of 15–16, and the number of thoracic chaetigers is 13–15 instead of 14–15. The pygidium and anal cirri are illustrated for the first time (Fig. 3G)., Published as part of Zhadan, Anna, 2020, Review of Orbiniidae (Annelida, Sedentaria) from Australia, pp. 451-502 in Zootaxa 4860 (4) on pages 457-460, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4860.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4414137, {"references":["Day, J. H. (1977) A review of the Australian and New Zealand Orbiniidae (Annelida: Polychaeta). In: Reish, K. & Fauchald, D. J., (Ed.), Essays on Polychaetous Annelids in Memory of Dr. Olga Hartman. Allan Hancock Foundation, Los Angeles, pp. 217 - 243.","Hutchings, P. & Rainer, S. (1979) The polychaete fauna of Careel Bay, Pittwater, New South Wales, Australia. Journal of Natural History, 13, 745 - 796. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937900770561","Mackie, A. S. Y. (1987) A review of species currently assigned to the genus Leitoscoloplos Day, 1977 (Polychaeta: Orbiniidae), with descriptions of species newly referred to Scoloplos Blainville, 1828. Sarsia, 72, 1 - 28. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00364827.1987.10419701"]}

Orbinia hartmanae Day, 1977 Figure 18 Orbinia hartmanae Day, 1977: 233–234, fig. 2j–n. Material examined. New South Wales: 2.5 km east of Little Bay, 33°58’55”S, 151°16’28”E, 16.05.1972, depth 51 m, coll. Australian Museum Shelf Benthic Survey, AM W.6474, Holotype; east of Malabar, 33°58’34”S, 151°16’52” E, 31.07.1989, depth 60 m, sand, coll. Fisheries Research Institute (NSW), AM W.24304, 6 specimens. Queensland: Middle Banks, Moreton Bay, 27°13’S, 153°19’E, March 1974, depth 10–37 m, coll. W. Stephenson, AM W.7357, Paratype, 1 specimen. Western Australia: Penguin Island, 32°18’S, 115°41’E, 25.01.2000, depth 1 m, sand, coll. M. Costello, AM W.27478, 2 specimens. Type locality. East of Little Bay, New South Wales. Description. Small worms, thoracic width up to 1.3 mm (0.9 mm in holotype). Thorax swollen in anterior part, flattened in posterior part, abdomen cylindrical (Fig. 18A). Prostomium sharply conical with long, thin tapering tip (Fig. 18B, C). Thoracic chaetigers numbering 15–21 (Fig. 18A). Branchiae from chaetiger 9–10, triangular with tapering tips, becoming asymmetrical in abdomen (Fig. 18B, C, E, G, I). Thoracic postchaetal notopodial lobes developed from first chaetiger, digitate, increasing in size along thorax; in abdomen becoming narrow foliaceous, shorter than branchiae (Fig. 18B, C, E, G, I, J). Thoracic neuropodia postchaetal lobes as ridges with one papillae (mammiform) on most thoracic chaetigers, in last 4–8 chaetiger becoming bilobed, with two podal papillae (Fig. 18A, B, D, E, H). Subpodal papillae present on posterior thoracic and anterior abdominal chaetigers; in total, about 10–11 chaetigers with subpodal papillae, with up to 10 papillae per segment; their number increasing with size of worm (Fig. 18D, E, F, I, J); 1–3 stomach papillae present on two anterior abdominal chaetigers, in larger worms also in last thoracic chaetiger (Fig. 18D, F). Interramal cirrus well developed in anterior abdominal chaetigers, reaching almost same length as notopodia, also present in posterior thoracic chaetigers as prechaetal lobe (Fig. 18D, E, G, I, J). Abdominal neuropodia bilobed with outer lobes longer than inner lobes (Fig. 18J) or lobes subequal (Fig. 18A, D, G, I). Subpodal flange well developed in anterior abdominal chaetigers forming flange papilla (Fig. 18A, D, E, G, I, J). Notopodial chaetae crenulate capillaries; abdominal notopodia also with forked chaetae present. Thoracic neuropodia bearing 4–5 rows of curved serrated and smooth uncini and few capillaries in posterior row (Fig. 18 B–E, H); abdominal neuropodia bearing flail chaetae with thin aristate tips and few capillaries (Fig. 18K). Abdominal neuropodia supported by two thin non-projecting aciculae (Fig. 18I, J). Pygidium unknown. Distribution. Australia, Western Australia, Queensland, New South Wales. Habitat. Subtidal, sand. Remarks. In the original description (Day 1977), the interramal cirri were absent in Orbinia hartmanae. The present study showed that interramal cirri were present, at least on the anterior abdominal segments and last two thoracic segments as prechaetal lobes. Orbinia hartmanae belongs to group B according to Sun & Li (2018), owing to the branchiae on the middle or posterior thorax and thoracic neuropodial lobes with 1–3 papillae. Other species of this group that also have a similar number of thoracic chaetigers, interramal cirri, and flail chaetae in the abdominal neuropodia include Orbinia riseri Pettibone, 1957 from Massachusetts, Orbinia oligopapillata López P. Cladera & G. San Martín, 2006 from the Eastern Pacific coast of Panama, and Orbinia orensanzi Blake, 2017 from Argentina. Orbinia riseri was redescribed by Day (1973). This species is similar to O. hartmanae in having 18–19 thoracic chaetigers, branchiae from chaetiger 8–10, and the presence of flail chaetae (not mentioned in the original description). However, it differs from O. hartmanae owing to the higher number of subpodal and stomach papillae (total number ≤ 9 in the original description, ≤ 18 in Day’s redescription), which form a continuous row nearly reaching the midventral line. Orbinia oligopapillata is similar to O. hartmanae owing to a number of characteristics. The main differences between the two species from the original description was the presence of interramal cirri in the anterior abdominal segments and prechaetal lobes on the posterior thoracic segments in O. oligopapillata. Additionally, a smaller number of stomach papillae in O. oligopapillata was mentioned as a distinguishing character. However, Day (1977) did not notice a difference between the subpodal and stomach papillae, and the number of segments bearing stomach papillae is similar in both species. A reinvestigation of the type material of O. hartmanae revealed the presence of interramal cirri and prechaetal lobes. Therefore, the differences between these two species are not obvious and a careful study of type and non-type material is required to confirm the validity of O. oligopapillata. Orbinia orensanzi differs from O. hartmanae owing to the later beginning of the branchiae (from chaetiger 13–18) and presence of interramal cirri only in the thoracic segments. Two other species of Orbinia from the West Pacific are Orbinia vietnamensis Gallardo, 1968 from South Vietnam and Orbinia dicrochaeta Wu, 1962 from China. O. vietnamensis is similar to O. hartmanae in having 16 thoracic chaetigers and branchiae from chaetiger 10. However, it differs owing to the higher number of subpodal and stomach papillae, smaller number of uncini in the thoracic neuropodia, and absence of flailed chaetae in the abdominal neuropodia. O. dicrochaeta has 24–27 thoracic chaetigers, subuluncini in the thoracic neuropodia, and lacks flail chaetae., Published as part of Zhadan, Anna, 2020, Review of Orbiniidae (Annelida, Sedentaria) from Australia, pp. 451-502 in Zootaxa 4860 (4) on pages 483-485, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4860.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4414137, {"references":["Day, J. H. (1977) A review of the Australian and New Zealand Orbiniidae (Annelida: Polychaeta). In: Reish, K. & Fauchald, D. J., (Ed.), Essays on Polychaetous Annelids in Memory of Dr. Olga Hartman. Allan Hancock Foundation, Los Angeles, pp. 217 - 243.","Sun, Y. & Li, X. (2018) Orbinia wui, a new species from China, with redescription of O. dicrochaeta Wu, 1962 (Annelida, Orbiniidae). Zootaxa, 4403 (2), 351 - 364. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4403.2.7","Pettibone, M. H. (1957) North American genera of the family Orbiniidae (Annelida: Polychaeta), with descriptions of new species. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 47, 159 - 167.","Blake, J. A. (2017) Polychaeta Orbiniidae from Antarctica, the Southern Ocean, the Abyssal Pacific Ocean, and off South America. Zootaxa, 4218 (1), 1 - 145. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4218.1.1","Day, J. H. (1973) New Polychaeta from Beaufort, with a key to all species recorded from North Carolina. NOAA Technical Report National Marine Fisheries Service, Circular, 375, 1 - 140. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 62852","Gallardo, V. A. (1968) Polychaeta from the Bay of Nha Trang, South Viet Nam. Naga Report, 4, 35 - 279.","Wu, B. L. (1962) New Species of Polychaete Worms of the Family Orbiniidae and Paraonidae from the Yellow Sea. Acta Zoologica Sinica, 14, 421 - 426."]}

Leodamas cirratus (Ehlers 1897) Aricia cirrata Ehlers, 1897: 94–95, pl. 6, figs 148–149. Aricia ohlini Ehlers, 1900: 217–218; 1901: 167–169, pl. 21, figs 9–13. Scoloplos (Leodamas) cirratus: Hartman 1957: 290. Scoloplos (Leodamas) ohlini Hartman 1957: 287–289, plate 31, figs 6–8. Leodamas cirratus: Blake 2017: 68–71, figs 29D–H; 30. Material examined. No material examined. Type locality. Off the South East coast of Argentina. Remarks: Leodamas cirratus was described from southwest Argentina (Ehlers 1897), and Leodamas ohlini from the Strait of Magellan (Ehlers 1900, 1901). According to Hartman (1957), these two species share the presence of a single subpodal papilla on the last thoracic and anterior abdominal segments. The species differ mainly owing to the number of thoracic segments (20–21 in L. ohlini vs 26–31 in L. cirratus). Additionally, L. ohlini lacks podal papillae, whereas L. cirratus bears one podal lobe in the six last thoracic neuropodia. Leodamas ohlini was recorded from Southern California, Mexico (Hartman 1957), and New Zealand (Augener 1926). Additionally, there are records of this species from Victoria and Tasmania (Atlas of Living Australia 2020). Blake (2017), after an investigation of the type material and additional material from South America and Antarctica, redescribed L. cirratus and synonymised L. ohlini with L. cirratus. Whether the Australian and New Zealand specimens belong to this species needs to be confirmed. Sun et al. (2018, p.134) confused L. fimbriatus and L. cirratus in the key for Leodamas species stating the presence of abdominal notopodial aciculae and branchiae from 7 th chaetiger in L. cirratus, whereas these characters are diagnostic of L. fimriatus. Distribution ( based on literature). South West Atlantic, Strait of Magellan, South Orkney Islands, (Ehlers 1897, 1900, 1901; Blake 2017), Mexico (Hartman 1957), Australia (Atlas of Living Australia 2020), New Zealand (Augener 1926). Habitat. Subtidal., Published as part of Zhadan, Anna, 2020, Review of Orbiniidae (Annelida, Sedentaria) from Australia, pp. 451-502 in Zootaxa 4860 (4) on page 473, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4860.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4414137, {"references":["Ehlers, E. (1897) Polychaeten. Ergebnisse der Hamburger Magalhaensischen Sammelreise, 3, 1 - 148.","Ehlers, E. (1900) Magellanischen Anneliden gesammelt wahrend der schwedischen Expedition nach den Magellanslandern. Nachrichten der Konigliche Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen, Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse, 1900, 206 - 223.","Ehlers, E. (1901) Die Polychaeten des magellanischen und chilenischen Strandes. Ein faunistischer Versuch. Festschrift zur Feier des Hundertfunfzigjahrigen Bestehens des Koniglichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen, Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Klasse, 25, 1 - 232.","Blake, J. A. (2017) Polychaeta Orbiniidae from Antarctica, the Southern Ocean, the Abyssal Pacific Ocean, and off South America. Zootaxa, 4218 (1), 1 - 145. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4218.1.1","Augener, H. (1926) Polychaeten von Neuseeland. II. Sedentaria. Videnskabelige Meddelelser Naturhistorisk Forening i KObenhavn, 81, 157 - 294.","Atlas of Living Australia (2020) Available from: http: // www. ala. org. au (accessed 28 August 2020)"]}

Orbinia papillosa (Ehlers, 1907) Figures 19, 20 Aricia papillosa Ehlers, 1907: 16, figs.7–14. Orbinia papillosa: Day 1977: 233. Material examined. New Zealand: South Island, Christchurch, Heathcote Estuary, Banks Peninsula, 43°32’S, 172°42’E, 22.10.1961, coll. I. Estcourt, AM W.7459, 1 complete specimen. Type locality. Waiheke, Auckland, New Zealand. Description. Thoracic width 2 mm. Body long, thorax slightly flattened, abdomen cylindrical, thoracic chaetigers numbering 27 (Fig. 19A). Prostomium conical, short and wide, with sharply pointed tip (Fig. 19C, D). Branchiae from chaetiger 5, triangular with filiform tips; in abdomen becoming long, strap-like with tapering tips, longer than notopodia (Figs 19C, D, G, 20 A–C). Thoracic notopodial postchaetal lobes developed from first chaetiger, digitate, in abdomen becoming wider and lanceolate (Figs 19C, D, G, 20 A–C). Thoracic neuropodial postchaetal lobes as ridges with papillae: chaetigers 1–4 with one papilla, chaetigers 5–6 with 2 papillae, then their number increasing up to 10–12 podal papillae (Figs 19D, E, 20A). Subpodal papillae from chaetiger 20 to 33; on chaetigers 22–29 extending ventrally to near mid-ventral line (Fig. 19A, E, F). Maximum number of foot and subpodal papillae combined per segment about 35. Abdominal neuropodia bilobed with outer lobe longer than inner lobe; subpodal flange well developed, with cirriform flange papillae (ventral cirrus) and scalloped margin (Figs 19B, G, H, 20B, C). Interramal cirrus short, knob-like, not always well marked (Figs 19G, H, 20B, C). Pygidium with two long thin anal cirri (Fig. 19B). Notopodial chaetae crenulate capillaries, in abdominal notopodia also forked chaetae present (Fig. 20B). Thoracic neuropodia bearing 3–4 rows of curved to almost straight smooth uncini and few thin capillaries in upper part of posterior row (Figs 19D, 20A). Abdominal neuropodia with capillary and flail chaetae (Fig. 20B). Both rami supported by thin aciculae in abdomen (Fig. 20B, C). Distribution. Australia, Victoria, New Zealand. Habitat. Intertidal, sand, seagrass. Remarks. Orbinia papillosa was described from New Zealand (Ehlers 1907) and later recorded from Victoria by Day (1977). The specimen studied here is in agreement with the original description. The short knob-like interramal cirrus is reported for the first time for this species., Published as part of Zhadan, Anna, 2020, Review of Orbiniidae (Annelida, Sedentaria) from Australia, pp. 451-502 in Zootaxa 4860 (4) on pages 485-487, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4860.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4414137, {"references":["Ehlers, E. (1907) Neuseelandische Anneliden. II. Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen. Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse, Neue Folge, 5, 3 - 31.","Day, J. H. (1977) A review of the Australian and New Zealand Orbiniidae (Annelida: Polychaeta). In: Reish, K. & Fauchald, D. J., (Ed.), Essays on Polychaetous Annelids in Memory of Dr. Olga Hartman. Allan Hancock Foundation, Los Angeles, pp. 217 - 243."]}

Leodamas fimbriatus (Hartman, 1957) Figure 13 Scoloplos (Leodamas) fimbriatus Hartman, 1957: 293, Pl. 34, figs.1–5; Day 1977: 232–233. Material examined. Victoria: Westernport Bay, 38°22’S, 145°32’E, 1 incomplete specimen, AM W.7455. Type locality. Yorke Peninsula, South Australia. Description. Thoracic width 1.2 mm; body long, thorax flattened, abdomen cylindrical; 29 thoracic chaetigers (Fig. 13A). Prostomium long, conical with tapering tip (Fig. 13B, C). Branchiae from chaetiger 7, triangle with tapering tips; in abdomen becoming longer than notopodia (Fig. 13B, C, E, G). Thoracic notopodial postchaetal lobes developed from chaetiger 4, narrow digitate (Fig. 13B, C). Thoracic neuropodial lobes as low ridges, weakly developed on anterior segments; from chaetiger 22 podal papillae appearing at upper part of ridge; second podal papillae starting from chaetiger 26 (Fig. 13A, B, D). Subpodal papillae starting from chaetiger 24, 2–3 per segment; also present on abdominal chaetigers, three per segment in anterior abdomen, then two and then one (Fig. 13A, D). Maximally four papillae per parapodia (podal and subpodal papillae combined); all papillae digitate. Abdominal notopodial lobes shorter than branchiae, narrow digitate (Fig. 13E, G). Abdominal neuropodial lobes with cirriform outer lobe and short round inner lobe (Fig. 13E, G, H). All notopodia bearing crenulate capillaries, besides, forked chaetae present in abdominal notopodia (Fig. 13H). Thoracic neuropodia bearing 3–4 rows of smooth curved nonhooded uncini, longer and thicker on chaetigers 14–24, smaller in anterior and posterior thoracic chaetigers (Fig. 13A, B, D). In anterior thorax first row of uncini present only in dorsalmost part of neuropodia, and fourth row present only in ventralmost part of neuropodia (Fig. 13B); fourth row shorter than others also in posterior thorax (Fig. 13D). Shape of uncini differing between rows: in first row medium thick and bent, in second row with maximum thickness and also bent, in third row of medium thickness and less bent, and in fourth row slender and only slightly bent (Fig. 13F). Bundle of few capillaries present in upper part of posterior thoracic neuropodia in posterior row (Fig. 13D). Both notopodial and neuropodial lobes in abdomen supported by straight aciculae, they emerged in notopodia, projected with obtuse tip in neuropodia (Fig. 13G, H). Distribution. Australia, Victoria, South Australia. Habitat. Intertidal, sand. Remarks: Leodamas fimbriatus was described from the Yorke Peninsula, South Australia (Hartman, 1957), and redescribed by Day (1977) from Westernport Bay, Victoria. Day did not find any discrepancies with Hartman’s description and supposed that this species represents a link between Scoloplos and Orbinia. A reinvestigation of the same specimen from Victoria (AM W.7455) examined by Day (1977) showed that the distribution of thoracic uncini is slightly different from the original description. Hartman (1957) stated: “the anterior-most row is longest and has the thickest, largest, and most sharply curved uncini; those in more posterior rows are gradually slenderer”. In the specimen studied here, the anterior row is short and present only in the dorsal-most part of the neuropodia in the anterior thorax, and then becomes the same length as the other rows. Additionally, the maximum thickness of the uncini is present in the second row instead of the first. A reinvestigation of the type material is needed for the clarification of this character in L. fimbriatus. Sun et al. (2018, p.134) confused L. fimbriatus and L. cirratus in the key for Leodamas species (see above, Remarks to L. cirratus)., Published as part of Zhadan, Anna, 2020, Review of Orbiniidae (Annelida, Sedentaria) from Australia, pp. 451-502 in Zootaxa 4860 (4) on pages 475-477, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4860.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4414137, {"references":["Day, J. H. (1977) A review of the Australian and New Zealand Orbiniidae (Annelida: Polychaeta). In: Reish, K. & Fauchald, D. J., (Ed.), Essays on Polychaetous Annelids in Memory of Dr. Olga Hartman. Allan Hancock Foundation, Los Angeles, pp. 217 - 243."]}

Proscoloplos cygnochaetus Day, 1954 Figure 25 Proscoloplos cygnochaetus Day, 1954: 21, fig. 3a–f; 1967: 538, fig. 23.1e–g; Meyer et al. 2008: 879–889, fig. 1; Blake 2017: 118–120, fig. 58a–f. Proscoloplos confusus: Hartmann-Schröder 1962: 133–134, figs. 161–164. Proscoloplos bondi: Kelaher & Rouse 2003: 909–917, fig. 2. Material examined. Western Australia: King George Sound, Vancouver Peninsula, near Mistaken Island, 35°04’S, 117°56’E, 13.12.1983, intertidal, coll. H.E. Stoddart, AM W.23614, 6 specimens. New South Wales: Ben Buckler rocks at north end of Bondi Beach, coralline algal turf, 29.05.2000, coll. G. Rouse, 33°53’42”S, 151°16’48”E, AM W.29015, paratypes of P. bondi, 7 specimens. Type locality. Tristan da Cunha. Description. Body width 150–300 µm, length 2–3 mm, 22–38 chaetigers (Fig. 25A, C). Prostomium round, without eyes, two peristomial segments (Fig. 25 A–D). Transition from thorax to abdomen indistinct. Branchiae from chaetiger 6–8, oval, same length as notopodia or slightly longer (Fig. 25A, B). Notopodial postchaetal lobes digitiform, increasing towards posterior (Fig. 25A, D). Neuropodial lobes short, papilliform, almost disappearing in abdomen (Fig. 25A). Notochaetae crenulated capillaries in all segments; neurochaetae crenulated capillaries in all segments, besides swan-shaped chaetae in abdominal segments (starting from chaetiger 6–9) (Fig. 25B, E). Pygidium with four short cirri (Fig. 25A, C). Distribution (bases on literature). Chile, Argentina, South Africa, Atlantic French coast, Australia, Western Australia, New South Wales. Habitat. Intertidal and upper subtidal, sand, algae. Remarks. Proscoloplos cygnochaetus was described from the South Atlantic Ocean, Tristan da Cunha Island (Day, 1954). Since, this species has been redescribed by Kelaher & Rouse (2003) (as P. bondi), Meyer et al. (2008), and Blake (2017). Meyer et al. (2007) investigated both morphological and molecular data on three Proscoloplos species and concluded that Proscoloplos confusus Hartmann-Schröder, 1962 and Proscoloplos bondi Kelaher & Rouse, 2003 are junior synonyms of P. cygnochaetus. This was accepted by Blake (2017). The specimens studied here are in agreement with previous descriptions. The present study expands the distribution of P. cygnochaetus to Western Australia., Published as part of Zhadan, Anna, 2020, Review of Orbiniidae (Annelida, Sedentaria) from Australia, pp. 451-502 in Zootaxa 4860 (4) on page 493, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4860.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4414137, {"references":["Day, J. H. (1954) The Polychaeta of Tristan da Cunha. Results of the Norwegian Scientific Expedition to Tristan da Cunha, 1937 - 1938, 29, 1 - 35.","Meyer, A., Bleidorn, C., Rouse, G. W. & Hausen, H. (2008) Morphological and molecular data suggest a cosmopolitan distribution of the polychaete Proscoloplos cygnochaetus Day, 1954 (Annelida, Orbiniidae). Marine Biology, 153, 879 - 889. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 007 - 0860 - 4","Blake, J. A. (2017) Polychaeta Orbiniidae from Antarctica, the Southern Ocean, the Abyssal Pacific Ocean, and off South America. Zootaxa, 4218 (1), 1 - 145. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4218.1.1","Hartmann-Schroder, G. (1962) Die Polychaeten des Eulitorals. Hartmann-Schroder, G. und Gerd Hartmann. Zur Kenntnis des Eulitorals der chilenischen Pazifikkuste und der argentinischen Kuste Sudpatagoniens unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der Polychaeten und Ostracoden. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen zoologischen Museum und Institut, 60, 57 - 270.","Kelaher, B. P. & Rouse, G. W. (2003) The role of colonization in determining spatial patterns of Proscoloplos bondi sp. nov. (Orbiniidae: Annelida) in coralline algal turf. Marine Biology, 143, 909 - 917. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 003 - 1143 - 3"]}

Scoloplos simplex (Hutchings 1974) Figures 5, 6 Haploscoloplos simplex Hutchings, 1974:118, fig. 2a–d. Scoloplos (Scoloplos) simplex: Day 1977: 228–229; Hutchings & Rainer 1979: 761–762. Scoloplos (Scoloplos) difficilis Day 1977: 229–230, fig. 2a–e. Scoloplos simplex: Brown 1979: 762, fig. 1a–d. Material examined. New South Wales: entrance to the Wallis Lake, 32°17’S, 152°29’E, December 1970, sandy, fast flowing water, coll. P. Dixon, O’Gower, AM W.5246, Holotype; Towlers Bay, Pittwater, 33°37’ 30”S, 151°17’E, 19.12.1980, intertidal, sand, coll. D. Dexter, AM W.195999, 21 specimens; Careel Bay, Pittwater, 33°37’S, 151°19’E, 08.04.1996, intertidal, Zostera, coll. P.A. Hutchings, AM W.23424, 3 specimens. Tasmania: near George Town, Tamar estuary, 41°06’S, 146°49’E, February 1984, mud and sand, coll. D. Henderson, AM W.198694, 11 specimens. Comparative material examined. Queensland, Jackson Creek, mouth of Moreton Bay, 27°21’S, 153°06’E, 12.07.1973, sand flats, coll. P.A. Hutchings, C. Wallace, AM W.6038, Holotype of S. difficilis. Type locality. Wallis Lake, New South Wales. Description. Holotype complete, with thoracic width 2.3 mm, other specimens 0.5– 3 mm wide. Thoracic chaetiger numbering 16 in holotype, 12–16 in other specimens. Thorax cylindrical, occasionally slightly flattened or swollen anteriorly (Figs 5A, E, F, 6A, C, F). Branchiae from chaetiger 9–16, as small papillae; in abdomen bran- chiae rapidly increasing in size, becoming longer, narrow triangular (Figs 5 B–D, H, 6D, F, J). Thoracic notopodial postchaetal lobes absent or very small on anterior chaetigers, then increasing in size, becoming triangular in shape and-digitiform in posterior thoracic segments (Fig. 6 B–E, G). Thoracic neuropodial postchaetal lobes absent on anterior chaetigers, then arising as small, papilliform to triangular lobes, slightly increasing in size along thorax, all simple (Fig. 6 B–E, G). Abdominal notopodial lobes narrow, from foliaceous to digitate, longer than branchiae (Figs 5C, D, G, H, 6B, I, J). Abdominal neuropodia bilobed, with smaller outer lobe; in posterior segments with subpodal notch and narrow subpodal flange (Figs 5 B–D, G, H, 6B, I, J). Thoracic notochaetae all crenulate capillaries; thoracic neurochaetae divided into upper and lower fascicles; 2–3 rows of crenulate capillaries in both fascicles and slender slightly curved finely serrated uncini forming anterior row in upper fascicle (Fig. 6G, H). Abdominal chaetae all thin capillaries, forked chaetae not found. Pygidium with two short cirri, anus terminal (Fig. 5D). Distribution. Australia, Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia, Western Australia. Habitat. Intertidal and upper subtidal, sand, muddy sand, seagrass. Remarks. Scoloplos simplex was originally described as a part of the genus Haploscoloplos Monro, 1933, although the presence of uncini in the thoracic neuropodia was noted (Hutchings 1974). Day (1977) transferred this species to the genus Scoloplos, and described a similar species, Scoloplos difficilis Day, 1977 from Queensland. The only difference between these two species was the starting-point of the branchiae segment (9–11 in S. simplex vs 14–15 in S. difficilis). Hutchings & Rainer (1979) synonymised S. difficilis with S. simplex as the branchiae in the holotype of S. difficilis were found on chaetiger 11. In addition, they noticed the presence of flail chaetae in the abdominal parapodia in larger specimens of both species. The flail chaetae have not been found in the present study because only chaetae of small specimens were investigated. Scoloplos simplex and S. difficilis have overlapping distribution and same habitat, occurring intertidally and subtidally in sheltered estuarine area. A re-investigation of the holotypes of both species showed that in the holotype of S. simplex the branchiae were found on chaetiger 15 (Fig. 5A, B), whereas the holotype of S. difficilis was poorly preserved, so the position of the first branchia was difficult to determine, but presumably the branchiae start on chaetiger 10 (Fig. 5E, F). Examination of the holotype of S. difficilis reveals that the branchiae occur earlier than in S. simplex, which is the reverse of what Day (1977) states. The present study confirmed the synonymy of these two species as the starting segment of branchiae varies from chaetiger 9 to 16 even within one sample. Therefore, it cannot be used as evidence for species recognition. Moreover, the few first pairs of branchia are so small that they can only be seen in well-preserved species and with the help of staining., Published as part of Zhadan, Anna, 2020, Review of Orbiniidae (Annelida, Sedentaria) from Australia, pp. 451-502 in Zootaxa 4860 (4) on pages 460-464, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4860.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4414137, {"references":["Hutchings, P. A. (1974) Polychaeta of Wallis Lake, New South Wales. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 98, 175 - 195.","Day, J. H. (1977) A review of the Australian and New Zealand Orbiniidae (Annelida: Polychaeta). In: Reish, K. & Fauchald, D. J., (Ed.), Essays on Polychaetous Annelids in Memory of Dr. Olga Hartman. Allan Hancock Foundation, Los Angeles, pp. 217 - 243.","Hutchings, P. & Rainer, S. (1979) The polychaete fauna of Careel Bay, Pittwater, New South Wales, Australia. Journal of Natural History, 13, 745 - 796. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937900770561","Brown, B. (1979) A redescription of Scoloplos simplex (Hutchings, 1974) (Polychaeta: Orbiniidae) from Australia. Proceedings of The Biological Society of Washington, 92, 762 - 768.","Monro, C. C. A. (1933) On a collection of Polychaeta from Dry Tortugas, Florida. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 10, 12 (69), 244 - 269. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933308655413"]}

Scoloplos acutissimus Hartmann-Schr��der 1991 Scoloplos acutissimus Hartmann-Schr��der, 1991: 48���49, figs 73���80. Scoloplos acutissimus: Zhadan et al. 2015: 779���781, figs 1, 2, 12A. Leodamas acutissimus: Blake 2017: 49, 50, 55. Material examined. Queensland: Gladstone, mangrove tidal creek; fine sand with silt and many plant fragments, Holotype, ZMH P���20562; Lizard Island, August 2013: Vicki���s Reef, 14��41���17���S, 145��26���35���E, SCUBA diving, depth 5���7 m, muddy sand, coll. N. Budaeva, A. Zhadan, AM W.44248, 1 specimen; Off Casuarina Beach, 14��40���46���S, 145��26���49���E, snorkeling, depth 0.5 m, sand, seagrass, coll. K. Meissner, N. Budaeva, A. Murray, AM W.46090, 3 specimens; off Casuarina Beach, 14��40���46���S, 145��26���49���E, intertidal, fine sand, coll. M. Capa, J. Parapar, Q. Parapar, M. T. Aguado, AM W.46091, 6 specimens; AM W.46092, off Casuarina Beach, in front of Lizard Island Research Station, 14��40���46���S, 145��26���49���E, intertidal, sand, coll. J. Parapar, Q. Parapar, P.A. Hutchings, P. Rodgers, 12 specimens; Casuarina Beach, 14��40���46���S, 145��26���49���E, intertidal, sand and seagrass, coll. T. Alvestad, N. Budaeva, AM W.46096, 20 specimens; off Casuarina Beach, near Big Vicki���s reef, 14��40���53���S, 145��26���31���E, depth 10 m, van Veen grab, coll. N. Budaeva, T. Alvestad, A. Zhadan, AM W.46097, 3 specimens; Casuarina Beach, 14��40���46���S, 145��26���49���E, intertidal, sand and seagrass, coll. V. I. Radashevsky, A. Zhadan, AM W.44940, 6 specimens; Mangrove Beach, 14��40���47���S, 145��27���44���E, intertidal, sand, coll. N. Budaeva, T. Alvestad, AM W.44942, 3 specimens. Type locality. Gladstone, Queensland. Description (after Zhadan et al. 2015). Body long, slender; thorax slightly flattened, abdomen cylindrical. Colour in life pale yellowish-brown with red blood vessels and yellow gut content. Thoracic width up to 0.9 mm. Prostomium sharply conical with drawn out tapering tip. Peristomium with pair of dorso-lateral nuchal organs. Thoracic chaetigers numbering 14���20 (usually 17���19). Branchiae starting from penultimate thoracic chaetiger, usually chaetiger 16���18 (13 in smallest specimen). First branchiae small and digitiform; becoming larger and triangular in anterior abdomen; then long, strap-like, markedly wider and longer than notopodia, in middle and posterior abdomen. Thoracic postchaetal lobes well developed from chaetiger 1 (neuropodia) or 2 (notopodia). Notopodial lobes short and papilliform in anterior thorax; gradually increasing in length, becoming digitiform, as long as branchiae in posterior thorax. Lateral organs below notopodia of all segments well developed. Thoracic neuropodial postchaetal lobes round papilliform, in posterior thorax becoming elongated and arising from low ridge, more developed below papilla (mammiform shape). No subpodal or stomach papillae. Abdominal notopodial lobes narrow, lanceolate, shorter than branchiae. Abdominal neuropodia supported by one thin acicula and bilobed with subequal lobes; inner lobe rounded, slightly longer and thicker than outer one. Parapodial flange well developed, with deep notch and round upper margin without flange papilla. Ciliated dorsal organs with two short ciliated strips present mid-dorsally. Thoracic notopodia bearing only crenulate capillary chaetae; neuropodia with 3���4 anterior rows of uncini and one posterior row of capillaries, neuropodial lobe located on same level as capillary chaetae in middle of row; uncini in anterior chaetigers slightly curved, serrated with 4 denticles; in posterior thoracic chaetigers uncini almost straight, smooth, hooded, very short in anterior row; in one or two last thoracic chaetigers uncini replaced by capillary chaetae. In abdomen both rami bearing thin capillaries, besides forked chaetae present in notopodia and flail chaetae in neuropodia. Pygidium with two long anal cirri. Distribution. Australia, Queensland. Habitat. Intertidal and upper subtidal, sand, possibly with silt and plant parts. Remarks. Scoloplos acutissimus was described from Gladstone, Queensland, and recently redescribed and illustrated based on type material and specimens from Lizard Island, Queensland (Zhadan et al. 2015). Blake (2017) transferred S. acutissimus to the genus Leodamas, group B., Published as part of Zhadan, Anna, 2020, Review of Orbiniidae (Annelida, Sedentaria) from Australia, pp. 451-502 in Zootaxa 4860 (4) on pages 454-455, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4860.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4414137, {"references":["Hartmann-Schroder, G. (1991) Zur Kenntnis des Eulitorals der australischen Kusten unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der Polychaeten und Ostracoden. Teil 16. Die Polychaeten der subtropisch-tropischen bis tropischen Ostkuste Australiens zwischen Maclean (New South Wales) und Gladstone (Queensland) sowie von Heron Island (Grosses Barriere-Riff). Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen zoologischen Museum und Institut, 88, 17 - 71.","Zhadan, A., Stupnikova, A. & Neretina, T. (2015) Orbiniidae (Annelida: Errantia) from Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia with notes on orbiniid phylogeny. Zootaxa, 4019 (1), 773 - 801. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4019.1.27","Blake, J. A. (2017) Polychaeta Orbiniidae from Antarctica, the Southern Ocean, the Abyssal Pacific Ocean, and off South America. Zootaxa, 4218 (1), 1 - 145. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4218.1.1"]}

Genus Leitoscoloplos Day, 1977 Leitoscoloplos Day, 1977: 218, fig. 1a–g; Mackie 1987: 2; Eibye-Jacobsen 2002: 79; Hernández-Alcántara & Solís-Weiss 2014: 142–143; Zhadan et al. 2015: 785; Blake 2017: 17; Blake 2020: 6. Diagnosis (after Zhadan et al. 2015). Prostomium pointed, conical; one achaetous peristomial ring. Thoracic neurochaetae with only crenulated capillaries; abdominal forked notochaetae present or absent. Branchiae simple or branched, either present from posterior thoracic, transitional or abdominal chaetigers, or absent. Interramal cirri present or absent. Posterior thoracic neuropodia with up to six podal papillae. Subpodal and stomach papillae absent, or with up to eight subpodal papillae per parapodium and with numerous stomach papillae in the posterior thorax / anterior abdomen. Remarks. The main characteristic distinguishing Leitoscoloplos from Scoloplos and other orbiniid genera is the absence of uncini in the thoracic neuropodia in Leitoscoloplos species. The non-monophyly of Leitoscoloplos was suggested by Mackie (1987) and later confirmed through molecular-genetic analysis (Bleidorn et al. 2009; Zhadan et al. 2015).

Scoloplos cylindrifer Ehlers, 1904 Figure 1 Scoloplos cylindrifer Ehlers, 1904: 45–46, pl.VI, figs 16–19. Haploscoloplos cylindrifer: Monro 1939: 124–125, fig. 13. Scoloplos (Leodamas) dendrobranchus: Hartman 1957: 291–293, figs 1–3. Scoloplos (Scoloplos) cylindrifer: Day 1975: 197–198; Hartmann-Schröder 1981: 47–48, figs 101–105. Leodamas cylindrifer: Blake 2017: 49, 51–52, 55, 58, 78. Material examined. New South Wales: Coffs Harbour, Coffs Harbour jetty, 30°18’24”S, 153°08’30”E, 09.03.1992, depth 8.5 m, coll. S.J. Keable, Diopatra tubes at base of jetty pilings, AM W.25967, 2 specimens; Newcastle, West Basin Berth 2, 32°55’S, 151°46’ E, 25.08.1997, intertidal, scraping, coll. CSIRO—CRIMP, AM W.29871, 1 specimen (previously identified as S. novaehollandiae); Neutral Bay, Port Jackson, 33°50’42”S, 151°13’06”E, September 1908, AM W.43432, 1 specimen (previously identified as S. novaehollandiae); Murrumbulga Point, Twofold Bay, 37°04’42”S, 149°53’06”E, intertidal, gravel & algal washings, 09.10.1984, coll. P.A. Hutchings, S.J. Keable, J. van der Velde, AM W.201399, 1 specimen. Commonwealth Territory: Jervis Bay, Murrays Beach, 35°07’30”S, 150°45’30”E, 1972, coll. NSW State Fisheries, AM W.17586, 1 specimen (previously identified as S. novaehollandiae); Jervis Bay, Murrays Beach, 35°07’30”S, 150°45’30”E, 17.10.1972, coll. NSW State Fisheries, Posidonia, sand, AM W.17587, 1 specimen (previously identified as S. novaehollandiae). South Australia: South of Streaky Bay, Seagull Lake, 32°57’43”S, 134°12’16”E, 12.03.2012, intertidal, coll. B. V. Timms, beach, AM W.40555, 7 specimens. Type locality. South Island, New Zealand. Description. Large worms, with thoracic width up to 3.8 mm, length more than 50 mm, more than 200 segments (Fig. 1A). Body cylindrical, thorax often swollen in anterior part, segments short (Fig. 1A, C). Prostomium sharply conical (Fig. 1B, C, E). Thoracic chaetigers numbering 16–18 (12 in one smaller specimen). Branchiae from chaetiger 16–20 (last thoracic or first or second abdominal segment) as small triangle papillae, gradually increasing in size and becoming narrow triangular, shorter than notopodial lobes; in middle and posterior abdomen branchiae dichotomously branched with 3–4 branches (Fig. 1B, C, F, J). In smaller worms branched branchia present only close to pygidium, with two short branches. Thoracic postchaetal lobes developed from first chaetiger, both triangular, notopodial longer than neuropodial (Fig. 1 B–E, G). No subpodal or stomach papillae. Abdominal notopodial postchaetal lobes foliaceous; neuropodial lobes uniramous, triangular (Fig. 1F, J). Pygidium with fimbriated margin and two short anal cirri (Fig. 1I). Chaetae crenulated capillaries in all parapodia; straight weakly serrated uncini also present in thoracic neuropodia, forming anterior row curving under numerous capillary chaetae and continuing dorsally as short posterior row (Fig. 1C, E, G). One projecting acicular chaeta in abdominal neuropodia; forked chaetae not seen (Fig. 1J). Distribution. Australia, Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria, Tasmania, New South Wales, New Zealand. Habitat. Intertidal and upper subtidal, seagrass, algae, polychaete tubes, mixed sediments. Remarks. For the detailed history of the species see Blake (2017, pp. 51–52). In addition, Blake (2017) moved Scoloplos cylindrifer to the genus Leodamas, group B. The specimens examined in the present study are in agreement with the descriptions by Hartman (1957), Day (1975), and Hartmann-Schröder (1981)., Published as part of Zhadan, Anna, 2020, Review of Orbiniidae (Annelida, Sedentaria) from Australia, pp. 451-502 in Zootaxa 4860 (4) on pages 455-457, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4860.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4414137, {"references":["Ehlers, E. (1904) Neuseelandische Anneliden. Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse, 3, 1 - 80.","Monro, C. C. A. (1939) Polychaeta. B. A. N. Z. Antarctic Research Expedition Reports, Series B Zoology and Botany, 4, 87 - 156.","Day, J. H. (1975) On a collection of Polychaeta from intertidal and shallow reefs near Perth, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum, 3, 167 - 208.","Hartmann-Schroder, G. (1981) Zur Kenntnis des Eulitorals der australischen Kusten unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der Polychaeten und Ostracoden. Teil 6. Die Polychaeten der tropisch-subtropischen Westkuste Australiens (zwischen Exmouth im Norden und Cervantes im Suden). Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen zoologischen Museum und Institut, 78, 19 - 96.","Blake, J. A. (2017) Polychaeta Orbiniidae from Antarctica, the Southern Ocean, the Abyssal Pacific Ocean, and off South America. Zootaxa, 4218 (1), 1 - 145. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4218.1.1"]}

Leodamas australiensis (Hartmann-Schr��der, 1979) comb. nov. Figure 11 Not Scoloplos dubia: Tebble, 1955: 123���124, fig. 26a���c. Scoloplos (Leodamas)? dubia: Gallardo, 1968: 93���94, Pl. XXXIX, figs. 4���5, Pl. XL, figs. 1���3. Scoloplos (Leodamas) rubra australiensis Hartmann-Schr��der, 1979: 131���132, figs 276���282. Scoloplos (Leodamas) dubia: Eibye-Jacobsen, 2002: 89���91, fig. 8A���D. Leodamas dubia: Zhadan et al. 2015: 789-792, figs 7A���K, 8A���K. Leodamas dubius: Blake, 2017: 50, 53, 56. Material examined. Queensland: Weipa, South Channel, 12��40���S, 141��57���E, AM W.30590, 01.10.1999, coll. CRC Reef Research Centre Ltd, benthic grab, 1 specimen; Lizard Island, August 2013: off Casuarina Beach, 14��40���46���S, 145��26���49���E, snorkeling, depth 0.5 m, sand, seagrass, coll. K. Meissner, N. Budaeva, A. Murray, AM W.45480, 1 specimen; off Casuarina Beach, in front of Lizard Island Research Station, 14��40���46���S, 145��26���49���E, intertidal, sand, coll. J. Parapar, Q. Parapar, P.A. Hutchings, P. Rodgers, AM W.44579, 3 specimens; Casuarina Beach, 14��40���46���S, 145��26���49���E, intertidal, sand, coll. P.A. Hutchings, P. Rodgers, J. Zanol Silva, N. Budaeva, AM W.46094, 10 specimens; AM W.44762, 5 specimens; AM W.44765, 1 specimen; Mangrove Beach, close to mangroves, 14��40���48���S, 145��27���46���E, intertidal, muddy sand, coll. N. Budaeva, T. Alvestad, AM W.45479, 1 specimen, AM W.44941, posterior fragments; Mangrove Beach, 14��40���47���S, 145��27���44���E, intertidal, sand, coll. N. Budaeva, T. Alvestad, AM W.46098, 7 specimens; AM W.45478, 1 specimen; Halifax Bay, 19��10���S, 146��38���E, Jan 1977, depth 5 m, coll. Queensland Nickel Pty Ltd, van Veen grab, AM W.43434, 4 specimens; Halifax Bay, 19��10���S, 146��38���E, Jan 1977, depth 5 m, coll. Queensland Nickel Pty Ltd, van Veen grab, AM W.43437,1 specimen; Halifax Bay, 19��07���S, 146��33���E, Jan 1977, depth 2 m, coll. Queensland Nickel Pty Ltd, van Veen grab, AM W.43438, 1 specimen. Additional material examined: Scoloplos dubia Tebble, 1955, Holotype (NHM 1953.3.1.1230) and four paratypes (NHM 1953.3.1.1231-1234), off Accra, Ghana, West Africa, depth 3.6��� 11 m. Type locality. Port Hedland, Western Australia. Description. Small worms, thoracic width 0.6���0.9 mm. Body long and slender, thorax flattened, abdomen cylindrical (Fig. 11 A���C). Prostomium sharply conical (Fig. 11B). Thoracic chaetigers numbering 15���18 (Fig. 11A). Branchia from chaetiger 6, triangular with broad base and tapering tips; in abdomen becoming longer, same length or slightly shorter than notopodia (Fig. 11A, C, E, H, J). Thoracic postchaetal notopodial lobes developed from chaetiger 2, digitate; in abdomen becoming long, narrow foliaceous (Fig. 11A, C, E, H, J). Thoracic postchaetal neuropodial lobes as low ridges, in one specimen (AM W.30590) with single papilla in last thoracic chaetiger (Fig. 11A, C, D). No subpodal papillae. Abdominal neuropodia with outer lobe cirriform, inner lobe reduced; no subpodal notch and flange (Fig. 11E, H). Thoracic neurochaetae represented by almost straight uncini with pointed tips arranged in 3���5 rows and few capillaries in posterior row; anterior and superior uncini thicker than posterior and inferior; anterior row present only in dorsal part, and posterior only in ventral part of neuropodia (Fig. 11C, D, F, G). In abdomen both rami supported by thick aciculae; usually 2���3, thinner, straight and not projected in notopodia; thick, strongly projecting and hooked in neuropodia; degree of curvature of neuropodial aciculae differs between segments and even in two sides of one segment; it varies from almost straight to 180�� (Fig. 11 H���J). Abdominal chaetae crenlated capillaries in both rami, abdominal notopodia also bearing forked chaetae (Fig. 11I). Pygidium with four short cirri. Distribution. (based on literature) Andaman Sea, South China Sea. Australia, Western Australia, Queensland. Habitat. Intertidal and upper subtidal, sand, muddy sand, seagrass. Remarks: Leodamas australiensis was described from Port Hedland (Western Australia) as L. rubra australiensis Hartmann-Schr��der, 1979. The main differences between the stem species L. rubra Webster, 1879, described from Virginia (West Atlantic), are the smaller number of thoracic chaetigers (23 vs 24���25) and strongly curved abdominal neuropodial aciculae. Later, L. rubra australiensis was synonymised with Leodamas dubius (Tebble, 1955) described from Ghana, West Africa (Eibye-Jacobsen 2002). Earlier, Gallardo (1968), with some doubt, referred the posterior ends of Leodamas specimens from Vietnam to L. dubius, because of the characteristic strongly curved abdominal aciculae. These projecting neuroaciculae were regarded as a diagnostic character distinguishing L. dubius and L. rubra australiensis from other Leodamas species. The important difference between these species is the starting-point of the branchiae segment: from 6 th chaetiger in L. rubra australiensis and from 7 th chaetiger in L. dubius. Zhadan et al. (2015) redescribed L. dubius based on material from Lizard Island, Queensland; they also followed the synonymy with L. rubra australiensis, although they noticed that specimens from the West African and Indo-Pacific regions likely represent different species. This position was supported by Blake (2017). Even within one specimen, the shape of the abdominal neuropodial aciculae varies greatly, as noted by Eibye-Jacobsen (2002), Zhadan et al. (2015), and Blake (2017); it can be less curved and does not always have the characteristic appearance. We investigated type and non-type specimens of L. dubius from West Africa which aligned with Tebble���s description. All specimens have branchiae starting from the 7 th chaetiger. The shape and distribution of the thoracic neuropodial uncini are similar in both species, the type specimens of L. dubius have fewer rows of uncini. Forked chaetae were not found in the abdominal notopodia in L. dubius, as indicated in the original description. Similarly, forked chaetae were not found in specimens from Thailand (Eibye-Jacobsen 2002), whereas they were present in specimens from Vietnam (Gallardo, 1968) and Australia (Hartmann-Schr��der 1979; Zhadan et al. 2015; present study). Blake (2017) indicated the absence of abdominal notoacicula in L. dubius, despite its inclusion in the original species description. In the specimens from West Africa, very thin notoacicula could be seen when parapodia are examined in detail. The presence of 2���3 notoaciculae has been reported in Hartmann-Schr��der (1979) and in the present study; they were not mentioned in Gallardo (1967) or Zhadan et al. (2015). From the above information, it can be concluded that L. australiensis should be raised to a full species. The main difference between L. australiensis and L. dubius is the starting-point of the branchiae at 6 th chaetiger in L. australiensis instead of 7 th in L. dubius. The characteristics of both species are given in Table 1. The specimens studied in the present work differ from the descriptions by Hartmann-Schr��der (1979) and Eibye-Jacobsen (2002) owing to the fewer number of thoracic chaetigers (max 18 instead of 21���23) and absence of podal papillae in most specimens. These differences could probably be attributed to the smaller size of the specimens studied here., Published as part of Zhadan, Anna, 2020, Review of Orbiniidae (Annelida, Sedentaria) from Australia, pp. 451-502 in Zootaxa 4860 (4) on pages 471-472, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4860.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4414137, {"references":["Hartmann-Schroder, G. (1979) Die Polychaeten der tropischen Nordwestkuste Australiens (zwischen Derby im Norden und Port Hedland im Suden). In: Hartmann-Schroder, G. and Hartmann, G. Zur Kenntnis des Eulitorals der australischen Kusten unter besonder Berucksichtigung der Polychaeten und Ostracoden (Teil 2 und Teil 3). Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen zoologischen Museum und Institut, 76, 77 - 218.","Tebble, N. (1955) The polychaete fauna of the Gold Coast [= Ghana]. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Series Zoology, 3, 59 - 148.","Gallardo, V. A. (1968) Polychaeta from the Bay of Nha Trang, South Viet Nam. Naga Report, 4, 35 - 279.","Eibye-Jacobsen, D. (2002) The Orbiniidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) of the BIOSHELF Project, Andaman Sea, Thailand. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication, 24, 77 - 99.","Zhadan, A., Stupnikova, A. & Neretina, T. (2015) Orbiniidae (Annelida: Errantia) from Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia with notes on orbiniid phylogeny. Zootaxa, 4019 (1), 773 - 801. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4019.1.27","Blake, J. A. (2017) Polychaeta Orbiniidae from Antarctica, the Southern Ocean, the Abyssal Pacific Ocean, and off South America. Zootaxa, 4218 (1), 1 - 145. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4218.1.1","Webster, H. E. (1879) The Annelida Chaetopoda of the Virginian coast. Transactions of the Albany Institute, 9, 202 - 269. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11296"]}

Naineris laevigata (Grube, 1855) Figure 16 Aricia laevgata Grube, 1855: 112–113, plate IV, fig. 6–8. Naineris laevigata: Hartman, 1957: 297–298, plate 35, figs. 1–8; Day 1967: 539–540, fig. 23.2 a–f; Day 1977: 237. Material examined. Western Australia: Cottesloe Beach, 9.5 km west of Perth, 31°59’S, 115°45’E, 14.02.1970, depth 0.5 m, coll. H. Paxton, in calcaerous algae and Idanthyrsus (Sabellariidae) tubes, AM W.4365, 4 specimens. Type locality. Mediterranean Sea. Description. Body moderately long, cylindrical, thorax swollen in anterior part, slightly flattened in posterior; thoracic width 0.7–2.8 mm (Fig. 16A, B). Prostomium round or conical-round, flattened dorso-ventrally (Fig. 16B, C). Thoracic chaetigers numbering 11–18 (Fig. 16B). Branchiae from chaetiger 5–8, small triangular in thoracic chaetigers; in abdomen rapidly increasing in size, becoming long and wide, triangular with tapering tips, longer than notopodia (Fig. 16C, E, F, H). Thoracic notopodial postchaetal lobes developed from first chaetiger, wide foliaceous; in abdomen of same size and shape (Fig. 16 B–F, H). Thoracic neuropodial postchaetal lobes triangular with wide bases and tips forming round papillae in upper part; in abdomen becoming smaller, triangular (Fig. 16B, D–H). No subpodal, stomach or flange papillae, subpodal flange, interramal cirrus. Pygidium with papillate margin and four short cirri (Fig. 16E). Notopodial chaetae crenulate capillaries, in abdominal notopodia forked chaetae present (Fig. 16F, H, I). Thoracic neuropodia bearing three kinds of chaetae: crenulate capillaries, uncini, which can be thick smooth or thin curved and serrated, and thick curved subuluncini with long pointed tips (Fig. 16F, G). Abdominal neuropodia bearing thin capillaries and 3–4 projecting slightly curved aciculae (Fig. 16H). Distribution. Tropical waters in Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans; Australia, Western Australia, New South Wales, Victoria, New Zealand. Habitat. Intertidal, muddy sand, algae, sabellariid tubes. Remarks. Naineris laevigata was described from the Mediterranean Sea. This species has a large morphological variability and wide distribution in tropical waters (Hartman 1957). Whether all populations belong to one species needs to be confirmed by thorough investigations of material from different localities. The specimens stud- ied here are in agreement with previous descriptions: Hartman (1957) based on material from Florida, Galapagos Islands, Hawaiian Islands and Peru; Day (1967) on material from South Africa., Published as part of Zhadan, Anna, 2020, Review of Orbiniidae (Annelida, Sedentaria) from Australia, pp. 451-502 in Zootaxa 4860 (4) on page 480, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4860.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4414137, {"references":["Grube, A. E. (1855) Beschreibungen neuer oder wenig bekannter Anneliden. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, Berlin, 21, 81 - 136. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 13989","Day, J. H. (1967) A monograph on the Polychaeta of Southern Africa. Part 2. Sedentaria. In: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). British Museum of Natural History, London, pp. 459 - 878. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8596","Day, J. H. (1977) A review of the Australian and New Zealand Orbiniidae (Annelida: Polychaeta). In: Reish, K. & Fauchald, D. J., (Ed.), Essays on Polychaetous Annelids in Memory of Dr. Olga Hartman. Allan Hancock Foundation, Los Angeles, pp. 217 - 243."]}

Genus Proscoloplos Day, 1954 Proscoloplos Day, 1954: 21; Day 1967: 536; Kelaher & Rouse 2003: 911; Solis-Weiss & Fauchald 1989: 781. Diagnosis. Prostomium round, no eyes. Two achaetous peristomial segments. Branchiae from chaetiger 4–11. Notochaetae crenulated capillaries only. Neurochaetae crenulated capillaries and “swan-shaped” hooks. Pygidium with four short cirri.

Protoariciella cf. heterosetosa Hartmann-Schröder, 1962 Figure 26 Protoariciella heterosetosa Hartmann-Schröder, 1962: 131–133, fig. 157–160. Material examined. Queensland: Lizard Island, off Chinamans Head, 14°40’S, 145°27’E, depth 7 m, 08.01.1977, coll. P.A. Hutchings, P.B. Weate, AM W.43257, 1 specimen on SEM stub. Type locality. Taltal, Chile. Description. Specimens entire, body length 7–8 mm, 66–70 chaetigers, width 0.3–0.4 mm (Fig. 26A, B, K). Prostomium short, round, without eyes; two peristomial segments (Fig. 26B, K). Transition from thorax to abdomen indistinct (Fig. 26A, K). Branchiae from chaetiger 8; narrow triangular shorter than notopodia in anterior and posterior part, longer in middle; absent on five posteriormost segments (Fig. 26 B–D, F). Notopodial postchaetal lobes digitiform; neuropodial lobes shorter, triangle in anterior part, digitiform with widened base in posterior (Fig. 26C, D, F, J–I, L, M). Pygidium without cirri (Fig. 26C). Notochaetae long crenulated capillaries in all segments, in abdominal notopodia also 1–2 forked chaetae present (Fig. 26C, D, F–H, J, M). Neurochaetae long and short crenulated capillaries and 2–4 straight serrated uncini in thorax, crenulated capillaries and one curved smooth hook in abdomen (Fig. 26D, E, G–I, L, M). All uncini unidentate. Remarks. Protoariciella heterosetosa was described from Taltal (Chile, East South Pacific). It differs from other Protoariciella species owing to a combination of the following characters: branchiae starting from chaetiger 8, short rounded anterior parapodial lobes, pygidium without cirri, one forked chaeta in the posterior notopodia, unidentate neuropodial uncini, and is serrated in the anterior segments but smooth in the posterior segments. The specimens studied here are similar regarding the starting-point of the branchiae segment and shape/distribution of the chaetae, except for the number of forked chaetae in the middle and posterior notopodia, which can be two instead of one. Our specimens differ in terms of the absence of eyes, shape of the anterior parapodial lobes, which are digitiform in notopodia, and triangular instead of rounded neuropodia. Previously, one species of Protoariciella was described from Australia: Protoariciella australiensis Hartmann-Schröder, 1981. It differed from other species of the genus owing to the branchiae starting from chaetiger 6, presence of forked chaetae in all abdominal notopodia, unidentate uncini, some hooded uncini, and pygidium with 4 short cirri. The specimens studied here differ owing to the starting-point of the branchiae segment (8 vs. 6), branchiae longer than notopodial lobes, absence of anal cirri, and absence of hoods in all posterior uncini. Another species reported from the West Pacific is Protoariciella tuamotuensis Hartmann-Schröder, 1992. It differs from P. australiensis and from our specimens by the presence of branchiae from chaetiger 5, presence of subuluncini in the posterior notopodia, and shape of the parapodial lobes, which are long and finger-shaped in both the notopodia and neuropodia. The specimens studied here likely represent a new species; but due to the few poorly preserved specimens and the limited knowledge of the important taxonomic characters in this genus, it is not described as a new species., Published as part of Zhadan, Anna, 2020, Review of Orbiniidae (Annelida, Sedentaria) from Australia, pp. 451-502 in Zootaxa 4860 (4) on pages 494-496, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4860.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4414137, {"references":["Hartmann-Schroder, G. (1962) Die Polychaeten des Eulitorals. Hartmann-Schroder, G. und Gerd Hartmann. Zur Kenntnis des Eulitorals der chilenischen Pazifikkuste und der argentinischen Kuste Sudpatagoniens unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der Polychaeten und Ostracoden. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen zoologischen Museum und Institut, 60, 57 - 270.","Hartmann-Schroder, G. (1981) Zur Kenntnis des Eulitorals der australischen Kusten unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der Polychaeten und Ostracoden. Teil 6. Die Polychaeten der tropisch-subtropischen Westkuste Australiens (zwischen Exmouth im Norden und Cervantes im Suden). Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen zoologischen Museum und Institut, 78, 19 - 96.","Hartmann-Schroder, G. (1992) Zur Polychaetenfauna der Polynesischen Inseln Huahine (Gesellschafts inseln) und Rangiroa (Tuamotu-Inseln). Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen zoologischen Museum und Institut, 89, 49 - 84."]}

Phylo fimbriatus (Moore, 1903) Figure 23 Aricia fimbriata Moore, 1903: 464–467, Pl. 24, figs 31–35; Phylo fimbriatus: Hartman 1957: 267; Day 1977: 234–235, fig. 3a-e. Material examined. Victoria: Westernport Bay, 38°22’S, 145°32’E, 20.11.1973, depth 13 m, coll. J. Kudenov, AM W.7444, 1 specimen; same locality, 26.11.1973, depth 10 m, coll. J. Kudenov, AM W.7445, 1 specimen. Both specimens were previously examined by J. Day. Type locality. Suruga Bay, Honshu Island, Japan. Description. Both specimens studied incomplete, thoracic width 2.4 mm and 1.2 mm. Thorax flattened, consisting of 17 and 14 chaetigers correspondingly; abdomen cylindrical (Fig. 23A, C, G). Prostomium conical, with sharply pointed tip (Fig. 23A, C). Branchiae from chaetiger 5, triangular with tapering tips; in abdomen becoming long and triangular, longer than notopodia in anterior segments, shorter than notopodia in posterior segments (Fig. 23A, D, G, H, I). Thoracic notopodial postchaetal lobes developed from first chaetiger, digitate, become branched in 2–7 lobes beginning from second (in smaller specimen from fourth) chaetiger; in anterior abdomen also branched, then becoming long digitate (Fig. 23A, D, G, H, I). Thoracic postchaetal neuropodia lobes as ridges with 2–9 papillae; subpodal papillae present on 2 last thoracic and 2–3 first abdominal chaetigers, up to 5 papillae per segment (Fig. 23B, C, E, F). Abdominal neuropodia bilobed with outer lobe longer then inner; subpodal flange well developed with long flange papillae (ventral cirri) (Fig. 23D, G, H–J). Interramal cirri well developed, longer than neuropodia (Fig. 23H, I). Notopodial chaetae crenulate capillaries, in abdominal notopodia also forked chaetae present (Fig. 23H, I, K). Thoracic neuropodia with 3–5 rows of curved smooth uncini and few thin capillaries in posterior row; five posterior thoracic neuropodia bearing thick dark spines in upper part of anterior row; in smaller specimen spines absent (Fig. 23B, C, E, F). Abdominal neuropodia with capillary and flail chaetae (Fig. 23L). Both notopodia and neuropodia in abdomen supported by thin straight aciculae (Fig. 23 H–J). Distribution. North Japan, Australia, Victoria. Habitat. Subtidal. Remarks. Phylo fimbriatus was described from North Japan (Moore, 1903) and later recorded from Victoria (Day, 1977). This species is easily distinguishable from other Phylo species by the characteristic branched notopodial lobes. The specimens studied here are in agreement with previous descriptions but should be confirmed by molecular studies., Published as part of Zhadan, Anna, 2020, Review of Orbiniidae (Annelida, Sedentaria) from Australia, pp. 451-502 in Zootaxa 4860 (4) on page 490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4860.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4414137, {"references":["Moore, J. P. (1903) Polychaeta from the coastal slope of Japan and from Kamchatka and Bering Sea. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 55, 401 - 490.","Day, J. H. (1977) A review of the Australian and New Zealand Orbiniidae (Annelida: Polychaeta). In: Reish, K. & Fauchald, D. J., (Ed.), Essays on Polychaetous Annelids in Memory of Dr. Olga Hartman. Allan Hancock Foundation, Los Angeles, pp. 217 - 243."]}

Genus Leodamas Kinberg, 1866 Leodamas Kinberg, 1866: 252; Blake 2000: 448; Zhadan et al. 2015: 786���789; Blake 2017: 48���52 (partim). Scoloplos (Leodamas): Hartman 1957: 284���285; Pettibone 1957: 160; Day 1973: 84; Eibye-Jacobsen 2002: 87. Diagnosis (after Zhadan et al. 2015). Prostomium acutely pointed, usually prolonged; one achaetous peristomial ring. Thoracic neuropodia bearing large and numerous hooks accompanied by few or no crenulated capillaries, abdominal forked notochaetae present or absent, abdominal neuropodia possess robust emergent aciculae. Branchiae simple or branched, first present from chaetiger 5���7. Thoracic neuropodial podal papillae, subpodial papillae, stomach papillae present or absent. Remarks. Blake (2017) undertook a morphological revision of the genus Leodamas and divided it into two groups, A and B. Group B includes species with branchiae on the posterior thoracic chaetiger or anterior abdominal chaetiger (12���40) and thoracic neuropodial uncini in 1���2 vertical rows. Some of the species in this group were previously referred to as Scoloplos. In the present paper, these species are still regarded as belonging to Scoloplos (see Remarks of the genus Scoloplos)., Published as part of Zhadan, Anna, 2020, Review of Orbiniidae (Annelida, Sedentaria) from Australia, pp. 451-502 in Zootaxa 4860 (4) on pages 469-470, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4860.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4414137, {"references":["Kinberg, J. G. H. (1866) Annulata Nova. Continuatio. [Various Errantia & Sedentaria]. Ofversigt af Koniglich Vetenskapsakademiens forhandlingar, Stockholm, 22, 239 - 258.","Blake, J. A. (2000) A new genus and species of polychaete worm (Family Orbiniidae) from methane seeps in the Gulf of Mexico, with a review of the systematics and phylogenetic interrelationships of the genera of Orbiniidae. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 41, 435 - 449.","Zhadan, A., Stupnikova, A. & Neretina, T. (2015) Orbiniidae (Annelida: Errantia) from Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia with notes on orbiniid phylogeny. Zootaxa, 4019 (1), 773 - 801. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4019.1.27","Blake, J. A. (2017) Polychaeta Orbiniidae from Antarctica, the Southern Ocean, the Abyssal Pacific Ocean, and off South America. Zootaxa, 4218 (1), 1 - 145. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4218.1.1","Pettibone, M. H. (1957) North American genera of the family Orbiniidae (Annelida: Polychaeta), with descriptions of new species. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 47, 159 - 167.","Day, J. H. (1973) New Polychaeta from Beaufort, with a key to all species recorded from North Carolina. NOAA Technical Report National Marine Fisheries Service, Circular, 375, 1 - 140. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 62852","Eibye-Jacobsen, D. (2002) The Orbiniidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) of the BIOSHELF Project, Andaman Sea, Thailand. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication, 24, 77 - 99."]}

Leitoscoloplos latibranchus Day, 1977 Figure 10 Leitoscoloplos latibranchus Day, 1977:225–226, fig. 1e–g; Mackie 1987: 12–13, fig. 12a–e. Material examined. Queensland: Calliope River, Gladstone, 23°51’S, 151°10’E, coll. P. Saenger, AM W.199322, many specimens. South Australia: mouth of the Murray River, 35°32’S, 138°50’ E, 31.12.1971, coll. P.A. Hutchings, under boulders in mud, AM W.7347, Holotype and paratyes AM W.7356, 8 specimens, all from same locality. Type locality. Murray River Heads, South Australia. Description. Small worms, thoracic width 0.8 mm, body length about 20 mm in holotype (Fig. 10A, B). Body cylindrical, thorax only slightly flattened; 16–17 thoracic chaetigers (Fig. 10 A–D). Branchiae from chaetiger 19–21 as small, triangular lamellae, then increasing in size and becoming broad and low triangular, often with tips drawn towards medial line of body, branchiae becoming narrower near pygidium (Fig. 10D, F, G, I). Thoracic postchaetal lobes absent on most thoracic segments, becoming noticeable only in posterior thorax as small papillae (Fig. 10E, H). No subpodal or stomach papillae. Abdominal notopodial lobes short, thin, foliaceous, shorter than branchiae (Fig. 10E, F, I). Neuropodial lobes weakly bilobed in anterior segments, then outer lobes reduced and lobes becoming uniramous (Fig. 10E, F, I). Subpodal notch and narrow flange present. Pygidium with two dorso-lateral anal cirri (Fig. 10G). Chaetae crenulate capillaries in all parapodia, no uncini or forked chaetae present (Fig. 10H, I). Distribution. Australia, Queensland, South Australia. Habitat. Mud. Remarks. Leitoscoloplos latibranchus differs from the other species of the genus by the presence of short and broad branchiae. The studied specimens are in agreement with the descriptions by Day (1977) and Mackie (1987). The present study expands the distribution of L. latibranchus to Queensland., Published as part of Zhadan, Anna, 2020, Review of Orbiniidae (Annelida, Sedentaria) from Australia, pp. 451-502 in Zootaxa 4860 (4) on page 469, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4860.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4414137, {"references":["Day, J. H. (1977) A review of the Australian and New Zealand Orbiniidae (Annelida: Polychaeta). In: Reish, K. & Fauchald, D. J., (Ed.), Essays on Polychaetous Annelids in Memory of Dr. Olga Hartman. Allan Hancock Foundation, Los Angeles, pp. 217 - 243.","Mackie, A. S. Y. (1987) A review of species currently assigned to the genus Leitoscoloplos Day, 1977 (Polychaeta: Orbiniidae), with descriptions of species newly referred to Scoloplos Blainville, 1828. Sarsia, 72, 1 - 28. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00364827.1987.10419701"]}

Scoloplos dayi Hartmann-Schröder & Hartmann, 1980 Scoloplos dayi Hartmann-Schröder & Hartmann, 1980:67–68, figs 74–78. Scoloplos dayi: Zhadan et al., 2015:781–785, figs 2, 3, 12B. Material examined. Western Australia: Exmouth, Town Beach, sand: Holotype, HZM P–16373; Exmouth-Gulf, fine sand: Paratype, HZM P–16374. Queensland: Lizard Island, August 2013: Off Casuarina Beach, 14°40’46”S, 145°26’49”E, snorkeling, depth 0.5 m, sand, seagrass, coll. K. Meissner, N. Budaeva, A. Murray, AM W.44249, 2 specimens; same station, AM W.45477, 1 specimen; off Watson’s Bay, 14°39’41”S, 145°26’27”E, SCUBA diving, depth 14 m, sandy mud, AM W.45476, 1 specimen; off Casuarina Beach, in front of Lizard Island Research Station, 14°40’46”S, 145°26’49”E, intertidal, sand, coll. J. Parapar, Q. Parapar, P.A. Hutchings, P. Rodgers, AM W.46093, 3 specimens; Casuarina Beach, 14°40’46”S, 145°26’49”E, intertidal, sand, coll. P.A. Hutchings, P. Rodgers, J. Zanol Silva, N. Budaeva, AM W.46095, 9 specimens; same station, AM W.44764, 1 specimen. Type locality. Exmouth: Town Beach, Western Australia. Description (after Zhadan et al., 2015). Body cylindrical; anterior thorax often swollen; posterior thorax slightly wider than abdomen. Colour in life orange-brown with red blood vessels, ventral part of abdomen grey. Thoracic width up to 2.2 mm. Prostomium sharply conical. Peristomium with a pair of dorso-lateral nuchal organs. Thoracic chaetigers numbering 21–26 (usually 24–25). Branchiae from chaetiger 8 (rarely 9–11) as minute papillae, gradually increasing in size; in chaetiger 17–20 becoming large, triangular with tapering tips; in abdomen long narrow triangular, as long as notopodia or slightly longer. Thoracic post-chaetal lobes present from chaetiger 1, first neuropodial lobe very small; both notopodial and neuropodial lobes gradually increasing in size, becoming digitiform; in anterior thorax similar in size, in posterior thorax notopodial lobes longer. Lateral organs developed at base of notopodia. Neuropodial lobes becoming bilobed from chaetiger 10–12, in some specimens 13–14. No subpodal or stomach papillae. Abdominal notopodial lobes narrowly foliaceous, with slightly swollen basal part. Abdominal neuropodial lobes supported by two thin aciculae and bilobed; with elongate triangular lobes, inner lobe 2–3 times longer than outer. Subpodal flange well developed, upper edge forming flange papilla (ventral cirrus) in all abdominal segments. Low interramal papilla present between rami in some specimens. Ciliated dorsal organs with two curved ciliated strips present mid-dorsally in each segment. Thoracic notopodia bearing only crenulated capillary chaetae; all thoracic neuropodia with an anterior J-shaped row of slightly curved hooded uncini and 3–4 rows of crenulated capillary chaetae; uncini smooth or slightly serrated. Crenulated capillary chaetae accompanied by forked chaetae in abdominal notopodia and flail chaetae in abdominal neuropodia. Pygidium with two anal cirri. Distribution. Australia, Western Australia, Queensland. Habitat. Intertidal and upper subtidal, sand, sandy mud. Remarks. Scoloplos dayi was described from the Northwest coast of Australia, and then redescribed and illustrated based on type material and specimens from Lizard Island, Queensland (Zhadan et al. 2015). Scoloplos dayi is similar to Leitoscoloplos bifurcatus (Hartman 1957), and these two species inhabited the same environments on Lizard Island (Zhadan et al. 2015). The only differences between these two species are the presence of thoracic uncini (sometimes very short and inconspicuous) and flange papillae in S. dayi. In general, this species also has more thoracic chaetigers (21–26, usually 24–25), but this character overlaps with L. bifurcatus., Published as part of Zhadan, Anna, 2020, Review of Orbiniidae (Annelida, Sedentaria) from Australia, pp. 451-502 in Zootaxa 4860 (4) on page 457, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4860.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4414137, {"references":["Hartmann-Schroder, G. & Hartmann, G. (1980) Zur Kenntnis des Eulitorals der australischen Kusten unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der Polychaeten und Ostracoden. G. Hartmann, Teil 5: Die Ostracoden der Ordnung Podocopida G. W. Muller, 1894 der warmtemperierten und subtropisch- tropischen Kustenabsc. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 77, 111 - 204.","Zhadan, A., Stupnikova, A. & Neretina, T. (2015) Orbiniidae (Annelida: Errantia) from Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia with notes on orbiniid phylogeny. Zootaxa, 4019 (1), 773 - 801. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4019.1.27"]}

Phylo novazealandiae Day, 1977 Figure 24 Phylo novazealandiae Day, 1977: 235–237, fig. 3f–j. Material examined. New Zealand: Pauatahanui, 41°S, 174°E, May 1960, coll. I. Estcourt, AM W.7447, 3 specimens, paratypes. Type locality. Tasman Bay, New Zealand. Description. All specimens studied incomplete. Thoracic width 2, 2.4, and 2.8 mm. Prostomium bluntly conical (Fig. 24 C–E). Thoracic chaetigers numbering 15 (Fig. 24A, C, D, E). Branchiae from chaetiger 5, wide triangular, foliaceous, in abdomen becoming long triangular with widened base and tapering tips, longer than notopodia (Fig. 24C, E, J, K). Thoracic notopodial postchaetal lobes developed from first chaetiger, from digitiform to foliaceous, in abdomen becoming elongate, in anterior part, foliaceous with wide base, in posterior narrow digitate (Fig. 24A, C, E, I, J). Thoracic postchaetal neuropodial lobes as ridges with up to 9 papillae, upper papillae larger than lower (Fig. 24B, D, E, G). Subpodal papillae present on last thoracic and first two abdominal chaetigers, few stomach papillae only in first two abdominal chaetigers (Fig. 24A, B, D, E). Abdominal neuropodia bilobed with subequal short lobes; subpodal flange developed, with papilla (ventral cirrus). Interramal cirrus small, shorter than neuropodia (Fig. 24B, E, F, J). Notopodial chaetae crenulate capillaries, in abdominal notopodia also forked chaetae present (Fig. 24J). Thoracic neuropodia bearing 2–3 rows of thin curved serrated uncini and posterior row of capillaries; posterior thoracic chaetigers bearing very thick brown straight spines, upper one longer than others (Fig. 24B, D, E, G–I). Abdominal neurochaetae thin capillaries; both rami supported by thin straight aciculae in abdomen. Distribution. New Zealand. Habitat. Subtidal. Remarks. The specimens studied here are in agreement with the description by Day (1977)., Published as part of Zhadan, Anna, 2020, Review of Orbiniidae (Annelida, Sedentaria) from Australia, pp. 451-502 in Zootaxa 4860 (4) on page 490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4860.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4414137, {"references":["Day, J. H. (1977) A review of the Australian and New Zealand Orbiniidae (Annelida: Polychaeta). In: Reish, K. & Fauchald, D. J., (Ed.), Essays on Polychaetous Annelids in Memory of Dr. Olga Hartman. Allan Hancock Foundation, Los Angeles, pp. 217 - 243."]}

Key to Australian and New Zealand Orbiniidae 1 Two achaetous segments after the prostomium; border between thorax and abdomen indistinct; small worms............. 2 - One achaetous segment after the prostomium; medium-size and large worms; border between thorax and abdomen more or less clear (subfamily Orbiniinae)............................................................................. 3 2 Abdominal segments bear capillaries and possibly forked chaetae in notopodium, capillaries and uncini in neuropodia........................................................................................... Protoariciella spp. - Abdominal segments bear capillaries and swan-shaped chaetae, no uncini or forked chaetae................................................................................................. Proscoloplos cygnochaetus Day, 1954 3 Prostomium pointed................................................................................... 4 - Prostomium rounded to square in front (Naineris)........................................................... 22 4 Not more than four podal papillae and subpodal or stomach papillae combined on posterior thorax..................... 5 - More than four podal papillae and subpodal or stomach papillae combined on posterior thorax....................... 18 5 No uncini among thoracic neurochaetae; thorax usually rounded in section. No subpodal or stomach papillae on posterior thorax (Leitoscoloplos)................................................................................... 6 - At least some uncini present among thoracic neurochaetae; thorax usually flattened; none to three subpodal papillae on posterior thorax........................................................................................... 8 6 Only one podal papilla on posterior thoracic neuropodia...................................................... 7 - Two podal papillae from neuropodium 10–11; thorax with 18–22 chaetigers; branchiae start from chaetiger 8–9....................................................................................... L. bifurcatus (Hartman, 1957) 7 Branchiae from chaetiger 19–21, short and broadly lamellate on abdomen; abdominal neuropodia uniramous with a conical inner lobe and strongly reduced outer lobe............................................. L. latibranchus Day, 1977 - Branchiae start from chaetiger 12–16; thorax with 13–15 chaetigers; abdominal neuropodia strongly bilobed with inner lobe longer than outer.................................................................. L. bilobatus Mackie, 1987 8 Branchiae from chaetiger 8 or later; abdominal neuropodia with 1–2 thin embedded aciculae; a few, or occasionally up to 4 rows of uncini among thoracic neurochaetae (Scoloplos)...................................................... 9 - Branchiae from chaetiger 5–7; three to five rows of uncini in thoracic neuropodia, capillaries few or absent; abdominal neuropodia with one thick protruding acicula (Leodamas)......................................................... 14 9 Branchiae starting from last thoracic or first abdominal segment, dichotomously branched from mid-abdomen onwards; thorax with 15–18 chaetigers, abdominal neuropodial lobes uniramous............................ S. cylindrifer Ehlers, 1904 - Branchiae not branched............................................................................... 10 10 Posterior thoracic neuropodia bilobed (with two podal papillae), in abdominal chaetigers flange papillae (ventral cirri) present; 20–24 thoracic chaetigers, branchiae from chaetiger 8–9.................. S. dayi Hartmann-Schröder & Hartmann, 1980 - All thoracic neuropodia with one podal papilla; no flange papillae (ventral cirri) in abdomen........................ 11 11 Thorax of 20 or more chaetigers; branchiae starting from chaetiger 8; abdominal neuropodia with two subequal lobes.............................................................................. S. novaehollandiae (Kinberg, 1866) - Thorax of less than 20 chaetigers........................................................................ 12 12 Thoracic neuropodia bear 2–4 anterior rows of uncini and one row of capillaries; abdominal neuropodia bilobate with subequal lobes; bear capillaries and flail chaetae; in abdominal notopodia capillaries and forked chaetae present. Prostomium with very long pointed tip, 17–20 thoracic chaetigers, branchiae from penultimate thoracic segment................................................................................................ S. acutissimus Hartmann-Schröder 1991 - Thoracic neuropodia with few uncini forming no more than half row; abdominal neuropodia with outer lobes much smaller than inner or completely reduced, no more than 17 thoracic chaetigers.............................................. 13 13 Prostomium short, with sharp or blunt tip; thorax with 13–15 chaetigers; branchiae from chaetiger 14–17 (first or second abdominal chaetiger); anterior abdominal neuropodia weakly bilobed; rudimentary outer lobe rapidly lost so neuropodia become uniramous; abdominal neuropodia with capillaries only, notopodia also bear forked chaetae........ S. normalis (Day, 1977) - Prostomium long, with sharp tapering tip; thorax with 13–17 chaetigers; branchiae present as minute papillae from chaetiger 9–13; always well developed on first abdominal segment; abdominal neuropodia distinctly biramous with inner lobe longer than outer; bear capillaries and flail chaetae; no forked chaetae in abdominal notopodia........ S. simplex (Hutchings 1974) 14 Thoracic and anterior abdominal notopodial lobes with at least three branches; 17 thoracic chaetigers................................................................................................. L. dendrocirrus (Day, 1977) - Thoracic and abdominal notopodial lobes not branched...................................................... 15 15 Branchiae from chaetiger 7; 3-4 subpodal papillae in posterior thoracic and anterior abdominal segments............................................................................................. L. fimbriatus (Hartman, 1957) - Branchiae from chaetiger 6............................................................................ 16 16 No subpodal or stomach papillae on posterior thorax or anterior abdomen; thoracic neuropodia without podal papillae or with one papilla on the last thoracic neuropodia; abdominal neuroaciculae distally curved 90°to 180°......................................................................................... L. australiensis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1979) - Subpodal papillae present at thorax-abdomen junction....................................................... 17 17 Thoracic neuropodia with one or no podal papillae; one subpodal papillae on last thoracic and anterior abdominal chaetigers; 20–32 thoracic chaetigers; abdominal neuroaciculae straight................................ L. cirratus (Ehlers 1897) - Posterior thoracic neuropodia with 1–2 podal papillae and 1–2 subpodal papillae, two anterior abdominal chaetigers with two subpodal papillae, next 10–15 with one; thorax with 15–24 chaetigers; abdominal neuroaciculae vary from straight to slightly curved........................................................................... L. johnstonei (Day, 1934) 18 No heavy spines among neurochaetae on posterior thoracic segments (Orbinia)................................... 19 - A few heavy spines (often elongated) among neurochaetae on posterior thoracic segments (Phylo).................... 20 19 Branchiae from chaetiger 8. Thorax with 15–21 chaetigers with a maximum of three podal papillae, ten subpodal and three stomach papillae................................................................... O. hartmanae Day, 1977 - Branchiae from chaetiger 5. Thorax with 26 to 32 chaetigers with about 10 podal papillae and numerous stomach papillae................................................................................. O. papillosa (Ehlers, 1907) 20 Thoracic and anterior abdominal notopodia branched.................................... P. fimbriatus (Moore, 1903) - Thoracic and abdominal notopodia not branched........................................................... 21 21 Thorax with 16–18 chaetigers; interramal cirrus longer than the neuropodium..................... P. felix Kinberg, 1866 - Thorax with 15 chaetigers; interramal cirrus shorter than the neuropodium.................. P. novazealandiae Day, 1977 22 Two podal papillae on posterior thoracic neuropodia; interramal cirrus present; one bidentate neuroaciculum................................................................................................ N. victoriae Day, 1977 - One podal papilla on all thoracic neuropodia; no interramal cirrus; three to five blunt neuroaciculae................... 23 23 Prostomium rounded in front; 11–19 thoracic chaetigers with branchiae from chaetiger 5–9...... N. laevigata (Grube, 1855) - Prostomium square in front; 30–38 thoracic chaetigers; branchiae from chaetiger 6............ N. australis Hartman, 1957, Published as part of Zhadan, Anna, 2020, Review of Orbiniidae (Annelida, Sedentaria) from Australia, pp. 451-502 in Zootaxa 4860 (4) on pages 453-454, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4860.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4414137, {"references":["Day, J. H. (1954) The Polychaeta of Tristan da Cunha. Results of the Norwegian Scientific Expedition to Tristan da Cunha, 1937 - 1938, 29, 1 - 35.","Day, J. H. (1977) A review of the Australian and New Zealand Orbiniidae (Annelida: Polychaeta). In: Reish, K. & Fauchald, D. J., (Ed.), Essays on Polychaetous Annelids in Memory of Dr. Olga Hartman. Allan Hancock Foundation, Los Angeles, pp. 217 - 243.","Mackie, A. S. Y. (1987) A review of species currently assigned to the genus Leitoscoloplos Day, 1977 (Polychaeta: Orbiniidae), with descriptions of species newly referred to Scoloplos Blainville, 1828. Sarsia, 72, 1 - 28. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00364827.1987.10419701","Ehlers, E. (1904) Neuseelandische Anneliden. Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse, 3, 1 - 80.","Hartmann-Schroder, G. & Hartmann, G. (1980) Zur Kenntnis des Eulitorals der australischen Kusten unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der Polychaeten und Ostracoden. G. Hartmann, Teil 5: Die Ostracoden der Ordnung Podocopida G. W. Muller, 1894 der warmtemperierten und subtropisch- tropischen Kustenabsc. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 77, 111 - 204.","Kinberg, J. G. H. (1866) Annulata Nova. Continuatio. [Various Errantia & Sedentaria]. Ofversigt af Koniglich Vetenskapsakademiens forhandlingar, Stockholm, 22, 239 - 258.","Hartmann-Schroder, G. (1991) Zur Kenntnis des Eulitorals der australischen Kusten unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der Polychaeten und Ostracoden. Teil 16. Die Polychaeten der subtropisch-tropischen bis tropischen Ostkuste Australiens zwischen Maclean (New South Wales) und Gladstone (Queensland) sowie von Heron Island (Grosses Barriere-Riff). Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen zoologischen Museum und Institut, 88, 17 - 71.","Hutchings, P. A. (1974) Polychaeta of Wallis Lake, New South Wales. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 98, 175 - 195.","Hartmann-Schroder, G. (1979) Die Polychaeten der tropischen Nordwestkuste Australiens (zwischen Derby im Norden und Port Hedland im Suden). In: Hartmann-Schroder, G. and Hartmann, G. Zur Kenntnis des Eulitorals der australischen Kusten unter besonder Berucksichtigung der Polychaeten und Ostracoden (Teil 2 und Teil 3). Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen zoologischen Museum und Institut, 76, 77 - 218.","Ehlers, E. (1897) Polychaeten. Ergebnisse der Hamburger Magalhaensischen Sammelreise, 3, 1 - 148.","Day, J. H. (1934) On a collection of South African Polychaeta, with a catalogue of the species recorded from South Africa, Angola, Mosambique, and Madagascar. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, 39, 15 - 82. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1934. tb 00259. x","Ehlers, E. (1907) Neuseelandische Anneliden. II. Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen. Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse, Neue Folge, 5, 3 - 31.","Moore, J. P. (1903) Polychaeta from the coastal slope of Japan and from Kamchatka and Bering Sea. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 55, 401 - 490.","Grube, A. E. (1855) Beschreibungen neuer oder wenig bekannter Anneliden. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, Berlin, 21, 81 - 136. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 13989"]}

Genus Orbinia Quatrefages 1866 Orbinia Quatrefages 1866: 288; Hartman 1957: 256; Blake 2017: 86; Sun & Li 2018: 352. Orbinia (Orbinia) Pettibone 1957: 160. Diagnosis (after Blake 2017; Sun & Li 2018). Prostomium conical, pointed, peristomium with 1 achaetous ring. Branchiae from chaetiger 5–20. Posterior thoracic chaetigers with postchaetal papillae (2–many) and subpodial papillae (3–many), usually forming ventral encircling fringe of 5 or more papillae. Thoracic neurochaetae including uncini or subuluncini, and crenulated capillaries; neuropodial modified spines absent; forked chaetae and flail chaetae present or absent in abdominal parapodia., Published as part of Zhadan, Anna, 2020, Review of Orbiniidae (Annelida, Sedentaria) from Australia, pp. 451-502 in Zootaxa 4860 (4) on page 483, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4860.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4414137, {"references":["Quatrefages, A. (1866) Histoire naturelle des Anneles marins et d'eau douce. Annelides et Gephyriens. Vol. 2. Librarie Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, 336 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 122818","Blake, J. A. (2017) Polychaeta Orbiniidae from Antarctica, the Southern Ocean, the Abyssal Pacific Ocean, and off South America. Zootaxa, 4218 (1), 1 - 145. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4218.1.1","Sun, Y. & Li, X. (2018) Orbinia wui, a new species from China, with redescription of O. dicrochaeta Wu, 1962 (Annelida, Orbiniidae). Zootaxa, 4403 (2), 351 - 364. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4403.2.7","Pettibone, M. H. (1957) North American genera of the family Orbiniidae (Annelida: Polychaeta), with descriptions of new species. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 47, 159 - 167."]}

Protoariciella cf. oligobranchia Hobson, 1976 Figure 27 Protoariciella oligobranchia Hobson, 1976: 591–593, fig. 1 a–g. Material examined. Queensland: Lizard Island, fringing reef between Bird Islet and South Island, 14°40’S, 145°28’E; depth 12 m, 06.11.1976, coll. P.A. Hutchings, AM W.43255, 1 specimen on SEM stub; Lizard Island, off Chinamans Head, 14°40’S, 145°27’E, depth 7 m, 08.01.1977, coll. P.A. Hutchings & P.B. Weate, 1 specimen. Type locality. Canada, British Columbia. Description. Specimens entire, body length 7–8 mm, 58–67 chaetigers, width 0.25–0.3 mm (Fig. 27A, J). Prostomium short, round, without eyes; two peristomial segments (Fig. 27B, D). Transition from thorax to abdomen indistinct (Fig. 27A, B, D, J). Branchiae from chaetiger 5; triangular with pointed tips; longer than notopodia in anterior part, shorter or same length in middle; absent on posteriormost segments (Fig. 27 B–D). Notopodial postchaetal lobes triangle-digitiform; neuropodial lobes oval with broad bases (Fig. 27B, D, E, G, H). Pygidium with four short cirri (Fig. 27C). Notochaetae crenulated capillaries in all segments, in abdominal notopodia also forked chaetae present (Fig. 27G, I, K–M). Neurochaetae crenulated capillaries and few curved serrated uncini in thorax, crenulated capillaries and straight or slightly curved smooth or partially finely serrated hooks in abdomen; some hooks bidentate both in thorax and abdomen (Fig. 27 E–H, K–M). Remarks. Protoariciella oligobranchia was described from British Columbia (Canada, East Pacific) (Hobson, 1976). It differs from other species of the genus owing to the starting-point of the branchiae segment (chaetiger 4–5, not 6–8), absence of branchiae from many posterior segments, and chaetal characteristics (bidentate uncini and forked chaetae in each segment). The specimens studied here are similar, with branchiae starting on chaetiger 5 and the presence of bidentate uncini. But based only on the literature. However, they differ owing to having fewer forked chaetae, as there are only 1–2 present in the middle and posterior notopodia and are absent in the anterior notopodia. It was not possible to establish the number of posterior abranchiate segments because of the poor condition of the worms. The specimens studied here likely represent a new species; but due to the few poorly preserved specimens and the limited knowledge of the important taxonomic characters in this genus, it is not described as a new species., Published as part of Zhadan, Anna, 2020, Review of Orbiniidae (Annelida, Sedentaria) from Australia, pp. 451-502 in Zootaxa 4860 (4) on page 496, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4860.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4414137, {"references":["Hobson, K. D. (1976) Protoariciella oligobranchia new species (Orbiniidae) and six new records of Orbiniidae, Questidae, and Paraonidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 54, 591 - 596. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 76 - 069"]}

Naineris australis Hartman, 1957 Figure 15 Naineris grubei australis Hartman, 1957: 303–304, pl. 39, figs 1–4; Day 1977: 238; Hutchings & Rainer 1979: 761; Hartmann- Schröder & Hartmann 1980: 66; Zhadan et al. 2015: 793-797, figs 9–11, 12D. Naineris grubei: Day 1977: 237–238. Naineris australis: Blake 2017: 103. Material examined. Queensland: Lizard Island, August 2013: Casuarina Beach, 14°40’46”S, 145°26’49”E, intertidal, sand, coll. P.A. Hutchings, P. Rodgers, J. Zanol Silva, N. Budaeva, AM W.44763; Off Casuarina Beach, in front of Lizard Island Research Station, 14°40’46”S, 145°26’49”E, depth 1 m, snorkelling, fine sand, coll. K. Mei- ssner, T. Alvestad, AM W.44038. New South Wales: Pittwater, Careel Bay, 33°37’S, 151°19’E, 08.04.1996, coll. P.A. Hutchings, intertidal, Zostera, AM W. 23421, 1 specimen; Rozelle Bay, Port Jackson, Sydney, 33°52’ 24”S, 151°10’30”E, March 1986, depth 6 m, fine mud, coll. M. Lincoln-Smith, AM W.22470, 4 specimens; Cararma Inlet, Jervis Bay, 35°00’S, 150°46’30”E, December, 1988, intertidal, coll. L. Howitt, AM W.22627, 1 specimen. Type locality. South Australia. Description. Large worms, thoracic width 1.6–5.7 mm. Body long, thorax flattened, abdomen cylindrical (Fig. 15A). Prostomium short and wide, rectangular (Fig. 15B). Thoracic chaetigers numbering 30–38 (Fig. 15A). Branchiae from chaetiger 6, narrow triangular, in abdomen becoming long with tapering tips, longer than notopodia (Fig. 15B, E). Thoracic notopodial postchaetal lobes from first chaetiger, digitate to triangular; in abdomen becoming long narrow foliaceous with tapering tips (Fig. 15B, D, E). Thoracic neuropodial postchaetal lobes as ridges with one papilla, situated in middle part of ridge on anterior chaetigers; from chaetiger 7 lobe shifting to uppermost part of ridge (Fig. 15 A–C). Abdominal neuropodia simple narrow triangular; subpodal flange not developed (Fig. 15E). No subpodal, stomach, or flange papillae; no interramal cirrus. Notopodial chaetae crenulate capillaries, in abdominal notopodia also forked chaetae present; thoracic neuropodia bearing subuluncini with thick base and sharply tapering tips and thin curved serrated uncini in superior position, and 2–3 rows of capillaries; abdominal neuropodia with capillaries only (Fig. 15 C–E). Both rami supported by two straight aciculae in abdomen (Fig. 15E). Distribution. Australia, Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Western Australia. Habitat. Intertidal and upper subtidal, sandy mud, mud, seagrass. Remarks. Naineris grubei australis was described from Adelaide, South Australia, and later found in Victoria, New South Wales, and Western Australia (Hutchings & Rainer 1979; Hutchings & Murray 1984; Hartmann- Schröder 1980). Recently, the species was redescribed and illustrated based on specimens from Lizard Island, Queensland (Zhadan et al., 2015). Blake (2017) re-examined specimens of N. grubei and raised N. grubei australis to a full species because of the difference in neurochaetal structure. The distribution of N. grubei is restricted to Ecuador, Peru, and Chile, whereas N. australis is restricted to Australian waters., Published as part of Zhadan, Anna, 2020, Review of Orbiniidae (Annelida, Sedentaria) from Australia, pp. 451-502 in Zootaxa 4860 (4) on pages 479-480, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4860.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4414137, {"references":["Day, J. H. (1977) A review of the Australian and New Zealand Orbiniidae (Annelida: Polychaeta). In: Reish, K. & Fauchald, D. J., (Ed.), Essays on Polychaetous Annelids in Memory of Dr. Olga Hartman. Allan Hancock Foundation, Los Angeles, pp. 217 - 243.","Hutchings, P. & Rainer, S. (1979) The polychaete fauna of Careel Bay, Pittwater, New South Wales, Australia. Journal of Natural History, 13, 745 - 796. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937900770561","Zhadan, A., Stupnikova, A. & Neretina, T. (2015) Orbiniidae (Annelida: Errantia) from Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia with notes on orbiniid phylogeny. Zootaxa, 4019 (1), 773 - 801. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4019.1.27","Blake, J. A. (2017) Polychaeta Orbiniidae from Antarctica, the Southern Ocean, the Abyssal Pacific Ocean, and off South America. Zootaxa, 4218 (1), 1 - 145. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4218.1.1","Hutchings, P. & Murray, A. (1984) Taxonomy of Polychaetes from the Hawkesbury River and the southern estuaries of New South Wales, Australia. Records of the Australian Museum, 3, 1 - 118. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0812 - 7387.3.1984.101"]}

Protoariciella (?) sp. A Figure 28 Material examined. Queensland: Lizard Island, off Chinamans Head, 14°40’S, 145°27’E, depth 7 m, 28.07.1977, coll. P.A. Hutchings, AM W.43256, 1 specimen on SEM stub. Description. Specimen incomplete posteriorly, in poor condition. Body length about 5 mm, 42 chaetigers, width 170 µm (Fig. 28A, B, G). Transition from thorax to abdomen indistinct (Fig. 28A, G). Prostomium short, round, without eyes; two indistinctly separated peristomial segments (Fig. 28B, C). Large ventral bulb (Fig. 28C, G). Branchiae absent at least on six anterior chaetigers, present at least on some middle segments; cirriform, same length with notopodia (Fig. 28E). Notopodial postchaetal lobes digitiform; neuropodial lobes reduced (Fig. 28B, D, E). Notochaetae short and long crenulated capillaries in anterior segments, long capillaries only in posterior notopodia (Fig. 28D, E, H, I); forked chaetae absent. Neurochaetae capillaries in thorax, crenulated and smooth capillaries and one curved serrated hook in abdomen (Fig. 28 C–E, F, I). Remarks. The specimen studied here differ greatly from other Protoariciella specimens owing to the absence of uncini in the thoracic neuropodia, absence of forked chaetae, and single serrated hook in the abdominal neu- ropodia. This possibly represents a new genus, but the poor condition of the single specimen does not allow the establishment of a genus with certainty. The chaetal pattern is similar to that of Paraorbiniella paucibranchiata Rullier, 1974, described from Cuba. However, this species only has a few pairs of branchiae in the anterior segments, whereas our specimen has branchiae in some abdominal segments. The specimen studied here likely represents a new species; but due to the few poorly preserved specimens and the limited knowledge of the important taxonomic characters in this genus, it is not described as a new species., Published as part of Zhadan, Anna, 2020, Review of Orbiniidae (Annelida, Sedentaria) from Australia, pp. 451-502 in Zootaxa 4860 (4) on page 498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4860.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4414137, {"references":["Rullier, F. (1974) Quelques annelides polychetes de Cuba recueillies dans des eponges. Travaux du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle \" Grigore Antipa \", 14, 9 - 77."]}

Genus Scoloplos Blainville, 1828 Scoloplos Blainville, 1828: 493. Scoloplos (Scoloplos) Hartman 1957: 280; Pettibone 1957: 160; Day 1973: 84; Mackie 1987: 20; Zhadan et al., 2015: 779. Diagnosis (after Zhadan et al. 2015). Prostomium pointed, conical; single achaetous peristomial ring. Thoracic neuropodia bearing crenulated capillaries and hooks arranged in one or more rows; abdominal forked and flailed notochaetae present or absent. Abdominal neuropodia lack robust emergent aciculae. Branchiae simple or branched, from chaetiger 8 or later. 1–2 thoracic neuropodial podal papillae, 0–2 thoracic subpodal papillae, 0–4 abdominal subpodal papillae, stomach papillae absent. Remarks. The genus Scoloplos is large and heterogenous, is not monophyletic, and includes different genetic clades (Bleidorn et al. 2009; Zhadan et al. 2015). All morphological characteristics of the species comprising this genus are highly variable. Undoubtedly, Scoloplos will be divided into several different genera after phylogenetic analysis of Orbiniidae using both molecular and morphological characteristics. Blake (2017) transferred several Scoloplos species to the genus Leodamas, which is not accepted in this paper, because these species could belong to other clades for the reasons listed above and systematic decisions should be postponed until new molecular data are obtained., Published as part of Zhadan, Anna, 2020, Review of Orbiniidae (Annelida, Sedentaria) from Australia, pp. 451-502 in Zootaxa 4860 (4) on page 454, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4860.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4414137, {"references":["Blainville, H. de (1828) s. n. Dictionnaire des Sciences naturelles, 57, 1 - 628. [https: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 25316890]","Pettibone, M. H. (1957) North American genera of the family Orbiniidae (Annelida: Polychaeta), with descriptions of new species. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 47, 159 - 167.","Day, J. H. (1973) New Polychaeta from Beaufort, with a key to all species recorded from North Carolina. NOAA Technical Report National Marine Fisheries Service, Circular, 375, 1 - 140. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 62852","Mackie, A. S. Y. (1987) A review of species currently assigned to the genus Leitoscoloplos Day, 1977 (Polychaeta: Orbiniidae), with descriptions of species newly referred to Scoloplos Blainville, 1828. Sarsia, 72, 1 - 28. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00364827.1987.10419701","Zhadan, A., Stupnikova, A. & Neretina, T. (2015) Orbiniidae (Annelida: Errantia) from Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia with notes on orbiniid phylogeny. Zootaxa, 4019 (1), 773 - 801. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4019.1.27","Bleidorn, C., Hill, N., Erseus, C. & Tiedemann, R. (2009) On the role of character loss in orbiniid phylogeny (Annelida): Molecules vs. morphology. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 52, 57 - 69. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2009.03.022","Blake, J. A. (2017) Polychaeta Orbiniidae from Antarctica, the Southern Ocean, the Abyssal Pacific Ocean, and off South America. Zootaxa, 4218 (1), 1 - 145. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4218.1.1"]}

Leitoscoloplos bifurcatus (Hartman, 1957) Figure 8 Haploscoloplos bifurcatus Hartman, 1957: 277���279. Leitoscoloplos bifurcatus: Day 1977: 223���224; Hutchings & Rainer 1979: 760���761; Mackie 1987: 13���14, fig. 14a���f; Zhadan et al., 2015: 786, figs 5, 6. Material examined. Northern Territory: Darwin Harbour, Mandorah, 12��26���54���S, 130��45���56���E, 06.07.1993, muddy sand, coll. P.A. Hutchings, AM W.25435, 1 specimen. Queensland: Lizard Island, August 2013: off Casuarina Beach, 14��40���46���S, 145��26���49���E, snorkeling, depth 0.5 m, sand, seagrass, coll. K. Meissner, N. Budaeva, A. Murray, AM W.46089, 1 specimen; off Casuarina Beach, 14��40���46���S, 145��26���49���E, intertidal, fine sand, coll. M. Capa, J. Parapar, Q. Parapar, M. T. Aguado, AM W.44299, 2 specimens; Casuarina Beach, 14��40���46���S, 145��26���49���E, intertidal, sand, coll. P.A. Hutchings, P. Rodgers, J. Zanol Silva, N. Budaeva, AM W.44761, 4 specimens; Mangrove Beach, 14��40���47���S, 145��27���44���E, intertidal, sand, coll. N. Budaeva, T. Alvestad, AM W.44938, 1 specimen. New South Wales: Towlers Bay, Pittwater, 33��37���30���S, 151��17���E, April 1992, depth 12 m, coll. C.L. Rose, fine mud, AM W.24101, 5 specimens; Port Hacking, Artificial Reef, 08.01.1975, 34��04���S, 151��08���E, AM W.43442, 1 specimen; east of Marley, 34��08���05��� S, 151��09���39��� E, 31.07.1989, sand, depth 60 m, coll. Fisheries Research Institute (NSW), AM W.24302, 1 specimen; Bass Point, 34��36���S, 150��54���E, 01.02.1990, Smith-McIntyre Grab, depth 50 m, coll. The Ecology Lab for RMI/ Pioneer Project, AM W.22967, 1 specimen. Type locality. Encounter Bay, South Australia. Description. Body cylindrical, thorax wider than abdomen, slightly flattened in posterior part; abdomen cylindrical. Thoracic width 2���4.4 mm (Fig. 8A, B). Prostomium sharply conical. Peristomium bearing pair of dorsolateral nuchal organs. Thoracic chaetigers numbering 18���22 (Fig. 8A, B, D). Branchiae from chaetiger 8 as minute papillae, becoming prominent from chaetiger 16; in abdomen digitate-triangular, shorter or equal to notopodial lobes in anterior abdomen, becoming 1.5���2 times longer than notopodia in posterior abdomen (Fig. 8B, E, F, G). Thoracic postchaetal lobes developed from first chaetiger, gradually increasing in size, narrow triangle, equal size or neuropodia longer in anterior thorax, notopodia lobes longer in middle and posterior thorax (Fig. 8 A���D). Neuropodial lobes becoming bilobed from chaetiger 10���12 (Fig. 8A, C, D). No subpodal or stomach papillae. Abdominal notopodial lobes digitate, triangular; neuropodia bilobed with inner lobe longer than outer, with two dark aciculae (Fig. 8 D���G). Subpodal notch and flange present. No flange papillae. Chaetae crenulate capillaries in all parapodia, abdominal notopodia also bearing forked chaetae (Fig. 8H). Pygidium with two anal cirri. Distribution. Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia. Habitat. Intertidal and upper subtidal, sand, mud, seagrass. Remarks. Leitoscoloplos bifurcatus was described from South Australia and later reported from Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, and the Northern Territory (Hutchings & Rainer 1979). Recently, this species was redescribed and illustrated based on specimens from Lizard Island, Queensland (Zhadan et al. 2015). The specimens investigated in the present study generally are consistent with previous descriptions; forked chaetae in abdominal notopodia are noted for the first time here. Leitoscoloplos bifurcatus is similar to S. dayi regarding general appearance, shape of thoracic neuropodia, and the first segment with branchiae. The differences between these two species are listed with the account for S. dayi (above)., Published as part of Zhadan, Anna, 2020, Review of Orbiniidae (Annelida, Sedentaria) from Australia, pp. 451-502 in Zootaxa 4860 (4) on page 466, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4860.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4414137, {"references":["Day, J. H. (1977) A review of the Australian and New Zealand Orbiniidae (Annelida: Polychaeta). In: Reish, K. & Fauchald, D. J., (Ed.), Essays on Polychaetous Annelids in Memory of Dr. Olga Hartman. Allan Hancock Foundation, Los Angeles, pp. 217 - 243.","Hutchings, P. & Rainer, S. (1979) The polychaete fauna of Careel Bay, Pittwater, New South Wales, Australia. Journal of Natural History, 13, 745 - 796. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937900770561","Mackie, A. S. Y. (1987) A review of species currently assigned to the genus Leitoscoloplos Day, 1977 (Polychaeta: Orbiniidae), with descriptions of species newly referred to Scoloplos Blainville, 1828. Sarsia, 72, 1 - 28. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00364827.1987.10419701","Zhadan, A., Stupnikova, A. & Neretina, T. (2015) Orbiniidae (Annelida: Errantia) from Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia with notes on orbiniid phylogeny. Zootaxa, 4019 (1), 773 - 801. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4019.1.27"]}