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This study advances the bidirectional relationship between residents' perceived tourism impacts and subjective wellbeing, as well as examines the consequential effects on support for tourism development. The bottom-up formative and top-down reflective structural models were proposed based on the bottom-up and top-down theories of subjective wellbeing and Social Exchange Theory. The models were empirically tested with a sample of 466 residents in Macao. Partial least squares-structural equation modelling was employed in data analysis. Results reveal the co-existence of the bottom-up and top-down effects, and also confirm the significant positive impacts of tourism benefits and wellbeing on attitudes toward tourism. Findings suggest the interplay of tourism impacts and wellbeing in forming a virtuous loop, thereby driving support for tourism through mutual enhancing effects. This study validates the bidirectionality between perceived tourism impacts and subjective wellbeing under the integrative framework of the bottom-up and top-down theories. The bidirectionality signifies that subjective wellbeing should be operationalized by scales following its formative or reflective nature under investigation. Furthermore, the bilateral linkages could be exploited by promoting perceived tourism benefits, mitigating perceived tourism costs and fostering subjective wellbeing in order to uphold residents' support for tourism for its sustainable development through the social exchange mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous works investigated particle trajectories in hard disk drives (HDDs) with the actuator arm and the head gimbals assembly at a fixed position. Actually, internal fluid field characteristics of HDDs can be greatly changed by the arm swing during track-seeking operations, which can affect particle trajectories and trapping status. In this paper, using the dynamic mesh method in a 2.5 in HDD for the first time considers the arm swing in the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. Al2O3 particle trajectories in this HDD are studied by the CFD solver FLUENT with user-defined functions. The trapping criterion for Al2O3 particles is used as a boundary condition for colliding surfaces. Simulation results reveal that the particle undergoes a larger number of collisions with the disk surface for the average seek time of 12 ms than for the average seek time of 6 ms. In addition, the faster the arm swings, the larger the number of particles that gather near the arm, and the shorter time it will take for particles to be trapped. Moreover, particle-surface collisions can successively take place many times in the helium flow. Furthermore, the particles are trapped slower in the helium-filled drive than in the air-filled drive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lubricant bridge connecting the slider and the disk will significantly deteriorate the read–write stability of the hard disk drive. This paper builds a model of disk-lubricant-slider system. The coarse-grained bead-spring model is used to represent perfluoropolyethers molecules. And the molecular dynamic method is used to study the formation time and the molecule number of the lubricant bridge under different disk rotation speeds and slider flying heights. Furthermore, the influence of lubricant bridge on the pressure acting on the slider pad is also studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]