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Juan Li,1 Yuanyuan Zhai,1 Bowen Xiao,2 Xiaoying Xia,3 Jingyao Wang,1 Yanan Zhao,1 Li Ye,1 Yan Li1 1Shanghai Institute of Early Childhood Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China; 2Psychology Department, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; 3School of Early Childhood Education, Shanghai Normal University Tianhua College, Shanghai, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Yan Li, Shanghai Institute of Early Childhood Education, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China, Email liyan@shnu.edu.cnIntroduction: Maternal distress increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, significantly impacting children’s media use. The purpose of this study was to explore the influence mechanism of maternal COVID-19 distress on preschoolers’ problematic media us through a moderated mediation model; specifically, we examined the possible mediating roles of parenting stress and negative instrumental use of media in parenting and the moderating role of supportive co-parenting.Methods: An online survey was conducted in a sample of 1357 children (Mage = 4.01, SD = 1.06; 47.4% boys) and their parents from six public kindergartens in Shanghai, China. The mothers provided information by completing measures on their levels of distress related to COVID-19, parenting stress levels, digital parenting practices, and perception of supportive co-parenting from their partners. Additionally, both parents rated their children’s problematic media use.Results: (1) maternal COVID-19 distress was significantly and positively related to children’s problematic media use; (2) this relationship was sequentially mediated by parenting stress and parents’ negative instrumental use of media in parenting; and (3) supportive co-parenting moderated the serial mediation path by reducing the effect of maternal COVID-19 distress on parenting stress.Conclusion: The findings provide some support and guidance for preventing children’s problematic media use and enhancing parental adaptation during the COVID-19 pandemic or in potentially adverse situations.Keywords: maternal COVID-19 distress, children’s problematic media use, parenting stress, negative instrumental use of media in parenting, supportive co-parenting

A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Systems Engineering, University of Regina. xvii, 185 p. Temperature extremes are among the most studied features in the climate research community using both the observed datasets and the simulated outputs from climate models. Such extremes often lead to irreversible societal, ecological, and economic consequences across the globe. Moreover, projected results from climate models have also indicated that changes in future temperature-related extremes will become more frequent and intense with global warming. Therefore, comprehensive knowledge of long-term changes in the observed temperature extremes cannot only help to detect, attribute, and project climate change but can also enhance the development of effective mitigation and adaptation strategies (at regional or site-specific scales) towards the management of catastrophe caused by the extremes. In this dissertation, the observed spatial and temporal variations in temperature extremes are first analyzed at a hemispheric scale based on the newly developed HadEX3 dataset; the impact of large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns on dynamic changes in temperature extremes has also been examined. Then, future changes in extreme temperature variables at a much smaller scale (e.g., local scale) are investigated through a stepwise clustered downscaling method. Based on the downscaled results, future changes in the properties of moderate and severe heatwave conditions are further analyzed. Comparisons of the projected temperature variables and future heatwaves among different climate models provide valuable information on the ability of the models in simulating the long-term variations of temperature extremes. This research can be used to provide a scientific basis and valuable information to prepare for future changes in extreme heat conditions and mitigate the negative impacts of temperature-related extremes on society and the environment. Student yes

Dissolution or alteration of feldspars is controlled by many factors such as the crystal structure (e.g., Al/Si ordering), temperature, pH, surface area, organic acids, chemical affinity, and precipitation of secondary minerals. The effects of Al/Si ordering (i.e., the degree of Al/Si order) on the percentage of feldspar dissolution (i.e., the extent of feldspar alteration) have not been studied. In this study, the degree of Al/Si order of different types of K-feldspars (eleven specimens including one sanidine sample, five orthoclase samples and five microcline samples) were investigated and determined by both X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) method. Further dissolution experiments of K-feldspar samples were operated under the hydrothermal condition for exploring the effects of Al/Si ordering on their dissolution. The degree of Al/Si order between XRPD and FTIR shows a good positive correlation (Pearson���s R =0.94726). The degree of Al/Si order is slightly positively correlated with the percentage of K-feldspars dissolution, and this presents a useful guide for people who are going to utilize K-feldspar as the fertilizer using a hydrothermal alkaline method and try to pick up those samples including orthoclase or microcline from an economic view point., Periodico di Mineralogia, Vol. 90 No. 3 (2021)

Additional file 3. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of biological processes for miRNAs that are enriched in supernatant of apoptotic cortical neurons. Color refers to significance (FDR, false discovery rate), while size indicates the corresponding number of associated genes. S/N, supernatant.

Additional file 11. Intrathecal pre-treatment with LPS enhances miR-298-5p- and miR-100-5p-induced neurodegeneration and microglial accumulation. 1 ��g LPS was injected intrathecally into C57BL/6 mice. After 16 h, mice were injected intrathecally with 10 ��g of miR-298-5p, miR-100-5p, or control oligoribonucleotide (LPS alone, n = 4; LPS + control oligo, n = 4; LPS + miR-298-5p, n = 4; LPS + miR-100-5p, n = 4). Naive mice and mice solely injected with control oligoribonucleotide, miR-100-5p, or miR-298-5p were included in this experimental set-up (naive, n = 4; control oligo, n = 4; miR-298-5p, n = 4; miR-100-5p, n = 4). After 3 d, brain sections were immunostained with NeuN or Iba1 antibody, and with DAPI. Representative images of brain sections labeled with NeuN antibody (a), Iba1 antibody (c), and DAPI (a, c) are shown. Scale bar, 50 ��m; inserts, scale bar, 10 ��m. NeuN+ (b) and Iba1+ (d) cells in the cerebral cortex were quantified. Data are shown as mean �� SD. P values for relevant groups as determined using the Student���s t-test are shown in (b) and (d). n.s., not significant.

Additional file 5. Low dose response of miR-100-5p- and miR-298-5p-treated microglia and HEK293 hTLR7/8 reporter cells. (a) Images of C57BL/6 microglia incubated with 5 ��g/ml of miR-100-5p or miR-298-5p, or PBS (control) for 4 h. Subsequently, cells were fixed and immunolabeled with Iba1 antibody, while nuclei were visualized with DAPI. Compared to control, miRNA-treated microglia displayed an amoeboid morphology, indicating an activated state. Scale bar, 30 ��m. (b) Microglia were incubated with indicated doses of miR-100-5p or miR-298-5p for 24 h. Loxoribine (1 mM) and LPS (100 ng/ml) served as positive control. Unstimulated condition served as negative control. Subsequently, supernatants were analyzed by TNF-�� ELISA. Data are represented as mean �� SD, n = 3. (c) HEK-Blue cells co-expressing human TLR7 (left, center) or human TLR8 (right), and an NF-��B/AP1-inducible secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) reporter gene were incubated with various doses of miR-100-5p or miR-298-5p, as indicated, for 24 h. Loxoribine (1 mM), R848 (100 ng/ml), or TNF-�� (100 ng/ml) served as positive control. Unstimulated HEK-Blue TLR-expressing cells and HEK-Blue Null1 or Null1-k cells served as negative control. Data are expressed as fold change of optical density of the SEAP protein normalized to unstimulated control. Data are represented as mean �� SD, n = 3. *P

Additional file 9. miR-298-5p and miR-100-5p enter neurons and co-localize to their endosomal compartment and TLR7. (a) Enriched C57BL/6 cortical neurons were incubated with 40 ��g/ml pHrodo Red Dextran serving as endosomal marker for 20 min. Subsequently, neurons were exposed to 5 ��g/ml of Alexa488-labeled miR-298-5p or Alexa488-labeled miR-100-5p, and fixed after 4 h. Scale bar, 10 ��m. (b) Neurons exposed to the fluorescence-tagged miRNAs, as described above, were fixed and immunolabeled with TLR7 antibody. Scale bar, 20 ��m. (a, b) Cells were analyzed by confocal microscopy with sequential analysis. Representative images of neurons incubated with the indicated fluorescent miRNAs (488 nm, green) and pHrodo Red Dextran or TLR7 (552 nm, red) are shown (left panel). Diagrams depict fluorescence intensities of the marked ROI in neurons for the sequential analysis used (pHrodo Red Dextran/TLR7: red line; fluorescent miRNA: green line, right panel).

Additional file 6. Extracellular miR-100-5p and miR-298-5p increase microglial phagocytic activity. Microglia from C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 5 ��g/ml of the indicated miRNAs, LPS (100 ng/ml), or solvent control (PBS). After 2 h, microglia were incubated with red fluorescent beads of 1 ��m size for 1 h. Subsequently, cells were labeled with Iba1 antibody, and nuclei were visualized with DAPI (Scale bar, 30 ��m, left). Bead-linked red fluorescence within Iba1-positive image areas was quantified using FiJi software. Fluorescence intensity (FI) was expressed in arbitrary units (a.u., right). Data are represented as mean �� SD. n = 3. *P

Additional file 7. Microscale thermophoresis measurement of let-7g-5p and specificity control. Binding affinity measurements of the purified polyhistidine-tagged human TLR8 protein and (a) let-7g-5p and (b) miR-298-5p using microscale thermophoresis (MST). (b) The hTLR8 protein fragment was incubated with the control peptide before start of the measurement. (a, b) TLR8-let-7g-5p and TLR8-miR-298-5p interaction was monitored by titrating oligonucleotides from 500 ��M to 30 nM against 50 nM RED-tris-NTA-labeled hTLR8-protein measured with the NanoTemper Monolith NT.115 MST device. Kd values were calculated from dose response curves, which were obtained from titration experiments (n = 4). Data are expressed as mean �� SD.

Additional file 8. let-7g-5p and miR-672-5p induce neuronal injury in vitro. (a, b) Co-cultures of C57BL/6 (wild-type, WT) microglia and neurons were incubated with 5 ��g/ml of indicated miRNAs for 5 d. Mutant control oligonucleotide and unstimulated cells were used as negative control. Cells were subsequently immunostained with NeuN antibody and stained with TUNEL assay and DAPI. Quantification of NeuN (depicted as relative neuronal viability, left)- and TUNEL (right)-positive cells in co-cultures. Data are expressed as mean �� SD, n = 4. *P