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Optical tweezers are a means to manipulate objects with light. Optical tweezers can obtain a nanometer space, piconewton force, and a millisecond resolution; thus, they are excellently suited for studying biological processes from the single-cell to the single-molecule level. Optical tweezers can screen and manipulate tumor cells, study single molecule, and monitor cancer treatments. Thus, optical tweezers will promote the progress of cancer research and treatments.

Tumor dormancy refers to the status of disseminated cancer cells that remain in a viable yet not proliferating state for a prolonged period. Dormant cells will eventually "re-awake" resume their proliferation, and produce overt metastasis. The dormancy mechanism of cancer has attracted attention because of the close relationship between late recurrence and tumor dormancy. In this review, we illustrate the latest discoveries on the biological underpinnings of breast cancer dormancy and offer clinicians an overview of dormancy in breast cancer to guide them in the basic understanding of the complexity that underlies this process.

Objective To investigate the expression of m6A methylatransferase ZC3H13 in tissues and peripheral blood of patients with gastric cancer and its application value in gastric cancer. Methods UALCAN and GEPIA databases were used to analyze the expression difference of ZC3H13 in gastric cancer and adjacent normal tissues at transcription level; GEPIA and Kaplan-Meier Plotter databases were used to analyze the correlation between ZC3H13 expression level and OS of gastric cancer patients.ELISA was used to determine the concentration of ZC3H13 in 80 newly-diagnosed gastric cancer patients and 50 healthy controls, and to analyze its relation with clinicopathological data; IHC method was used to detect the expression level of ZC3H13 in 74 cases of cancer tissues and 40 cases of unpaired paracancerous tissues, and to analyze its relation with clinicopathological data. Results The expression of ZC3H13 in gastric cancer tissues was significantly higher than that in adjacent gastric tissues (P < 0.05).The positive rate of ZC3H13 protein in gastric cancer tissues was significantly higher than that in adjacent normal tissues (74.3%vs.52.5%, P < 0.05).Serum ZC3H13 concentration in gastric cancer group was significantly higher than that in healthy control group (P < 0.05).The expression level of ZC3H13 in gastric cancer tissues and peripheral blood was related to gender, differentiation degree, clinical stage and infiltration depth of gastric cancer (P < 0.05).Multivariate analysis showed that ZC3H13 expression was not an independent risk factor for poor prognosis of gastric cancer patients (P > 0.05).The AUC was 0.826(P < 0.05), indicating good diagnostic value.The critical value of serum ZC3H13 protein concentration was 4.87 ng/ml, and the sensitivity and specificity of ZC3H13 in the diagnosis of gastric cancer were 98.8% and 50.0%. Conclusion ZC3H13 is highly-expressed in gastric cancer tissues, and the concentration of ZC3H13 protein in peripheral blood is also significantly increased.ZC3H13 may play an important role in the occurrence and development of gastric cancer, and has certain clinical diagnostic value for gastric cancer.

Conventional clinical trials of antitumor drugs are conducted at clinical sites. In contrast, without clinical sites or site-less, digital clinical trials can be performed online. Virtual clinical trials analyze the therapeutic response of virtual patients to digital drugs using artificial intelligence and may reduce the costs of trials. Precision oncology trials based on biomarkers can invite more people to join clinical trials and guide the optimal choice of therapeutics for cancer patients. Oncology clinical trials will enter the era of digital, virtual and precision medicine.

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification of RNA is the most common internal epigenetic modification mode in eukaryotic mRNA,has been recognized as a key regulator of tumor and immune system, which is widely involved in the regulation of tumor treatment resistance, tumor microenvironment, tumor immune escape, and tumor metabolism. The specific regulatory mechanisms of m6A modification and tumor immune escape need to be further explored, mainly through direct regulation of im - mune cells or indirect regulation of tumor cells to affect the immune response and play a role as a regulator of tumor immune escape. This paper reviews the possible mechanisms of m6A modification in the process of tumor immune escape, which is to improve the application prospect of m6A modification and related modulators in tumor immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammation is one of the ten major characteristics of tumor. Neutrophil, as the main indicator reflecting the body's inflammatory status, can not only promote the development of breast cancer, but also inhibit the development of breast cancer, and is closely related to the treatment and prognosis of breast cancer. This article systematically reviews the relation between neutrophil and breast cancer, and further understands the role, mechanism and clinical value of neutrophil in breast cancer, so as to provide new methods for the treatment and prognosis of breast cancer.

Objective To explore the correlation of pretreatment NLR, LMR and PLR with clinical characteristics and prognosis of breast cancer patients. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the data of 189 patients with breast cancer. ROC curve was used to obtain the optimal cutoff values of NLR, LMR and PLR. The patients were divided into two groups according to the cutoff values, and the correlation between NLR, LMR, PLR and clinical characteristics and prognosis was analyzed. Results The optimal cutoff values of NLR, LMR and PLR were 2.4, 5.4 and 113, respectively. There was statistical significant difference in neoadjuvant chemotherapy and surgery between the high and low levels of NLR groups (all P < 0.05). There was no statistical significant difference in clinical characteristics between the high and low levels of LMR groups, as well as the high and low levels of PLR groups (all P > 0.05). Univariate analysis showed that PR expression, TNM clinical stage, NLR, LMR, PLR, surgery and endocrinotherapy were related to OS (all P < 0.05); HER2 expression, TNM clinical stage, NLR, surgery and endocrinotherapy were associated with PFS (all P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that TNM clinical stage (P=0.003) and NLR (P=0.033) were independent risk factors for OS; TNM clinical stage (P=0.002) and surgery (P=0.040) were independent prognostic factors for PFS. Conclusion Pretreatment NLR, LMR and PLR are significantly correlated with the prognosis of breast cancer patients. Only NLR is an independent risk factor, however, LMR and PLR are not yet independent prognostic factors.

Human nerves promote the initiation of a variety of solid tumor via regulating the stem cells, inducing angiogenesis, interacting immune system and modulating microbiota, and axonogenesis further drives the growth of early cancer. Nerves have emerged as an important component of the tumor microenvironment, and the control of nerves and neural signaling will be used as the novel treatment of human cancers. The article reviews the mechanisms of nerves promoting tumorigenesis.

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) inhibitors have been approved in the combination with hormone-based therapy for advanced breast cancer. In addition to endocrine therapy, the combinations of CDK4/6 inhibitors with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors, chemotherapy, immune therapy, molecular targeted agents and the other therapeutics could overcome its resistance and improve clinical benefits. CDK4/6 inhibitors-based combinational therapeutics provides a promising window for human cancer treatment.

The optogenetics approach uses a combination of genetic and optical methods to control the functions in specific cells of biological tissues. Since the control of neuronal activity by irradiating channelrhodopsin-2 with blue light was reported in 2005, the application of optogenetics in the field of oncology has been initiated. The antitumor mechanisms of optogenetics approach include controlling neuronal activity, antitumor immunity, altering intracellular ion levels, controlling cellular forces, modulating cellular signal transduction, regulating genetics and epigenetics, and discovering cancer drugs. Control of cancer using light will be light in cancer therapy.

Nanomaterials have been widely studied for their potential to become the new generation of nanocarriers in gene transfection, yet it remains still difficult to apply them efficiently and succinctly to plant cells. Poly (2-( N , N -dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA), which possesses temperature and pH dual-sensitivity, has largely been applied in animal cells, but it is rarely involved in plant cells. As a proof of concept, PDMAEMA as a gene carrier is incubated with plasmid GFP (pGFP) to explore its transfection ability in plants, and cationic polymer polyethylenimine (PEI) is used as a control. pGFP was efficiently condensed into the nanostructure by electrostatic interactions at an N/P (amino group from cationic polymers/phosphate group from plasmid DNA (pDNA)) ratio of 15; after complexation into nanocarriers, pGFP was protected from endonuclease degradation according to the DNase I digestion assay. After incubation with protoplasts and leaves, GFP was observed with confocal microscopy in plant cells. Western blot experiments confirmed GFP expression at the protein level. Toxicity assay showed PDMAEMA had a lower toxicity than PEI. These results showed that transient expression of pGFP was readily achieved in Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana benthamiana . Notably, PDMAEMA showed lower cytotoxicity than PEI upon incubation with Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. PDMAEMA exhibited great potency for DNA delivery in plant cells. This work provides us with new ideas of more concise and more effective methods for plant transformation., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 An, Cao, Zhang, Zhang, Zhou, Hu and Chen.)

Psm ES4326/ AvrRpt2 ( AvrRpt2 ) was widely used as the reaction system of hypersensitive response (HR) in Arabidopsis . The study showed that in npr1 (GFP-ATG8a) , AvrRpt2 was more effective at inducing the production of autophagosome and autophagy flux than that in GFP-ATG8a . The mRNA expression of ATG1 , ATG6 and ATG8a were more in npr1 during the early HR. Based on transcriptome data analysis, enhanced disease susceptibility 1 (EDS1) was up-regulated in wild-type (WT) but was not induced in atg4a4b (ATG4 deletion mutant) during AvrRpt2 infection. Compared with WT, atg4a4b had higher expression of salicylic acid glucosyltransferase 1 (SGT1) and isochorismate synthase 1 (ICS1) ; but less salicylic acid (SA) in normal condition and the same level of free SA during AvrRpt2 infection. These results suggested that the consumption of free SA should be occurred in atg4a4b . AvrRpt2 may trigger the activation of Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor (TIR)-nucleotide binding site (NB)-leucine rich repeat (LRR)-TIR-NB-LRR-to induce autophagy via EDS1, which was inhibited by nonexpressor of PR genes 1 (NPR1). Moreover, high expression of NPR3 in atg4a4b may accelerate the degradation of NPR1 during AvrRpt2 infection.

Objective: To explore the safety and efficacy of pegylated recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (PEG-rhG-CSF) in preventing chemotherapy-induced neutropenia in patients with breast cancer and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and to provide the basis for clinical application., Methods: According to the principle of open-label, randomized, parallel-group controlled clinical trial, all patients were randomized by 1∶1∶1 into three groups to receive PEG-rhG-CSF 100 μg/kg, PEG-rhG-CSF 6 mg, or rhG-CSF 5 μg/kg, respectively. The patients with breast cancer received two chemotherapy cycles, and the NSCLC patients received 1-2 cycles of chemotherapy according to their condition. All patients were treated with the combination chemotherapy of TAC (docetaxel+ epirubicin+ cyclophosphamide) or TA (docetaxel+ epirubicin), or the chemotherapy of docetaxel combined with carboplatin, with a 21 day cycle., Results: The duration of grade 3-4 neutropenia in the PEG-rhG-CSF 100 μg/kg and PEG-rhG-CSF 6 mg groups were similar with that in the rhG-CSF 5 μg/kg group (P>0.05 for all). The incidence rate of grade 3-4 neutropenia in the PEG-rhG-CSF 100 μg/kg group, PEG-rhG-CSF 6 mg group, and G-CSF 5 μg/kg group were 69.7%, 68.4%, and 69.5%, respectively, with a non-significant difference among the three groups (P=0.963). The incidence rate of febrile neutropenia in the PEG-rhG-CSF 100 μg/kg group, PEG-rhG-CSF 6 mg group and G-CSF 5 μg/kg group were 6.1%, 6.4%, and 5.5%, respectively, showing no significant difference among them (P=0.935). The incidence rate of adverse events in the PEG-rhG-CSF 100 μg/kg group, PEG-rhG-CSF 6 mg group and G-CSF 5 μg / kg group were 6.7%, 4.1%, and 5.5%, respectively, showing a non-significant difference among them (P=0.581)., Conclusions: In patients with breast cancer and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) undergoing TAC/TA chemotherapy, a single 100 μg/kg injection or a single fixed 6 mg dose of PEG-rhG-CSF at 48 hours after chemotherapy show definite therapeutic effect with a low incidence of adverse events and mild adverse reactions. Compared with the continuous daily injection of rhG-CSF 5 μg/kg/d, a single 100 μg/kg injection or a single fixed 6 mg dose of PEG-rhG-CSF has similar effect and is more advantageous in preventing chemotherapy-induced neutropenia.