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Recent advancements in wireless communication have markedly increased data throughput and decreased latency in progressing toward sixth‐generation (6G) networks, wherein the terahertz (THz) waveband offers significant potential. However, conventional THz sensors often suffer from high noise, low responsivity, and low spectrum efficiency, limiting their effectiveness for THz applications. Here, to address these challenges, a magnetic‐enhanced frequency‐selective is developed THz sensor by depositing an Au‐enhanced active layer of MoTe2 on a designed 3D printing high‐depth micro‐helical stepped structure. This sensor, featuring four characteristic frequency points and an effective area of 107.12 mm2, demonstrated noticeable improvements under a 0.145 mT magnetic field at 0.1 THz: optical responsivity improved by 413.23% (from 3.32 to 17.03 MV W−1), noise equivalent power decreased by 80.51% (from 49.16 to 9.58 pW Hz−1/2), and the detectivity reached 3.30 × 1010 cm·Hz1/2·W−1. This work highlights the potential of integrating 3D microstructures with novel topological materials for practical 6G communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Perineural invasion is a common path for cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) metastasis, and it is highly correlated with postoperative recurrence and poor prognosis. It is often an early event in a disease that is commonly diagnosed in advanced stages, and thus it could offer a timely therapeutic and diagnostic target if better understood. This article systematically reviews the progress of CCA neural invasion-related molecules. Methods Studies were identified by searching MEDLINE and PubMed databases for articles from January 1990 to December 2009, using the keywords "cholangiocarcinoma," "perineural invasion," "nerve growth factor"(NGF), "neural cell adhesion molecule" (NCAM), "matrix metalloproteinase"(MMP), "neurotransmitter," "acetylcholine" (Ach), and "transforming growth factor" (TGF)." Additional papers and book chapters were identified by a manual search of references from the key articles. Results From above we found that the molecules NGF, NCAM, MMP, Ach and TGF may have prognostic significance in, and offer clues to the mechanism of CCA neural invasion. Conclusions Cholangiocarcinoma's increasing worldwide incidence is especially poignant in view of both the lacking effective therapies, and the fact that it is commonly diagnosed in advanced stages. As CCA neural invasion often appears early, more complete characterization of its molecular pathology could lead to the identification of targets for the diagnosis and therapy of this devastating malignancy.

Perineural invasion (PNI) can be found in a variety of malignant tumors. It is a sign of tumor metastasis and invasion and portends the poor prognosis of patients. The pathological description and clinical significance of PNI are clearly understood, but exploration of the underlying molecular mechanism is ongoing. It was previously thought that the low-resistance channel in the anatomic region led to the occurrence of PNI. However, with rapid development of precision medicine and molecular biology, we have gradually realized that the occurrence of PNI is not the result of a single factor. The latest study suggests that PNI of cancer is a continuous and multistep process. A specific peripheral microenvironment, also called the perineural niche, is formed by neural cells, supporting cells, recruited inflammatory cells, altered extracellular matrix, blood vessels, and immune components in the background of carcinoma. Various soluble signaling molecules and their receptors comprise a complex signal network, which achieves the interaction between nerve and tumor. Nerve cells and tumor cells can interact directly or through the opening and closing of the signal transduction pathways and/or the recognition and response of the ligands and receptors. The information is transferred to the targets accurately and effectively, leading to the specific interactions between the nerve cells and the malignant tumor cells. PNI occurs through changes in nerve cells and supporting cells in the background of cancer; change and migration of the perineural matrix; enhancement of the viability, mobility, and invasiveness of the tumor cells; injury and regeneration of nerve cells; interaction, chemotactic movement, contact, and adherence of the nerve cells and the tumor cells; escape from autophagy, apoptosis, and immunological surveillance of tumor cells; and so on. Certainly, exploring the mechanism of PNI clearly has great significance for blocking tumor progression and improving patient survival. The current review aims to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of PNI, which may help us find a strategy for improving the prognosis of malignant tumors., Competing Interests: None.

Objective: To investigate the expression of ZBTB8A (zinc finger and BTB domain containing 8A) in gastric cancer tissues and its clinical significance., Methods: Level of ZBTB8A mRNA in human normal gastric cell line GES-1, human gastric cancer cell line SGC7901 and MGC803 was detected by real-time PCR. Levels of ZBTB8A mRNA and protein in cancer tissues, adjacent cancer tissues from 104 cases with primary gastric cancer and normal gastric mucosal tissues from 40 cases without malignant gastric diseases were detected by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Association between ZBTB8A expression and clinicopathology was analyzed., Results: ZBTB8A mRNA expressions in SGC7901, MGC803 and GES-1 cells were 0.00138±0.00015, 0.00158±0.00021, 0.00036±0.000055, respectively, and differences among SGC7901, MGC803 and GES-1 were significant respectively (all P<0.05). ZBTB8A mRNA expression was significantly up-regulated in cancer tissues as compared to adjacent cancer tissues and normal tissues (0.0152±0.0126 vs. 0.0070±0.0061 and 0.0079±0.0036, all P>0.05), while no significant difference was found between adjacent cancer tissues and normal tissues (P>0.05). ZBTB8A expression was significantly associated with invasive depth, lymph node metastasis, tumor stage, and degree of adenocarcinoma differentiation (all P<0.05), but not with age, gender, histological type,gross type (all P>0.05)., Conclusion: ZBTB8A may be a potential carcinogenic factor in gastric carcinoma, and may also be involved in gastric adenocarcinoma cell differentiation, cancer invasion and metastasis.

Objective: To explore the clinical significance of protein expression and gene amplification of HER2 in gastric cancer., Methods: Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) method were used to detect protein expression and gene amplification of HER2 in 80 specimens of gastric cancer patients., Results: Protein expression of HER2 was negative in 51 cases, (+) in 12 cases, (++) in 12 cases, (+++) in 5 cases, and the positive expression rate was 21.3% (17/80). Seven (8.8%) cases had gene amplification of HER2, including gene critical amplification in 3 (3.8%) cases. The result of IHC was positively correlated with CISH (P<0.05), and the coincidence rate was 85.0% (68/80). HER2 positive expression rate was higher in the gastroesophageal junction carcinoma, poorly differentiated and stage III-IIII gastric cancer (all P<0.05)., Conclusion: The gastric cancer tissue has high positive rate of protein expression and gene amplification of HER2, which is closely correlated to the development of gastric cancer.

The molecular structure and spectral properties of a novel acylhydrazone ligands 2-hydroxy-naphthaldehyde-5-chloro-salicyloylhydrazone (H3L) and its Sn metal complexes [(n-Bu2)Sn(HL)] in solution, crystal and thin films were investigated by using steady state and time resolved fluorescence spectrum. The experimental results show that for H3L, compared with it in solution, the fluorescence intensity is enhanced as it is crystal and thin films, the fluorescence peak is red-shift, and the excited state lifetime is longer. The transition energies of the unimolecule is 240.2 kJ x mol(-1). For (n-Bu2)Sn(HL), the fluorescence intensity is stronger as it is crystal than it is in solution and the fluorescence peak is red-shilft, the excited state lifetime is longer. The fluorescence is quenched as it is in thin films. The transition energies of the unimolecule is 230.4 kJ x mol(-1). The fluorescence intensity of (n-Bu2)Sn(HL) is four times higher than the H3L. The excited state lifetime of (n-Bu2) Sn(HL) is longer than H2L too. In theory, these phenomena could be explained by that with the increase of the conjugated system and the rigid construction, the fluorescence intensity is stronger and the excited state lifetime is longer.

Objective: To investigate the outcomes of surgical treatment and the prognostic factors of long-term survival for obstructing left colorectal cancer., Methods: Clinicopathological and follow-up data of 93 patients with obstructing left colorectal cancer undergoing surgical treatment from January 2001 to December 2006 in the Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Qingdao University were analyzed retrospectively., Results: There were 53 males and 40 females. The median age was 61 years old. Fifty-one patients had concurrent medical condition. Radical resection was performed in 67 patients, including one-stage resection (n=21), Hartmann procedure (n=35), and Miles procedure (n=11). Surgery was palliative in 26 patients, including diverting stoma (n=14), bypass surgery (n=7), and palliative resection (n=5). All the 93 patients were followed up. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates were 94%, 59%, and 38%, respectively. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that radical resection, TNM staging, and preoperative level of carcinoembryonic antigen were independent prognostic factors (all P<0.05)., Conclusions: Radical resection, TNM stage, and preoperative CEA level are prognostic factors of obstructing left colorectal cancer. Early diagnosis, radical resection, and selection of appropriate surgical procedure are helpful to prolong survival time of patients with obstructing left colorectal cancer.

Aim: To explore the expression and function of slug, a transcriptional repressor, in human intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (IHCC) and identify its role in IHCC progression., Methods: Expression of slug was detected in 36 cases of IHCC and 12 cases of normal intrahepatic bile ducts and liver parenchyma by immunohistochemistry. The patients were divided into low slug expression group (< 20% of carcinoma cells stained) and high slug expression group (> or = 20% of carcinoma cells stained). Slug expression was correlated with clinicopathological parameters of IHCC patients. The patients were defined as short-term survivors if their survival time was < 12 mo and as long-term survivors if their survival time was > or = 12 mo., Results: Slug was not expressed in normal liver epithelium samples, lowly expressed in 15 tissue samples (10 -, 5 +) and highly expressed in 21 tissue samples (16 ++; 5 +++) from IHCC patients. The survival rate of patients with a low slug expression was 33.3% (n = 5) and 66.7% (n = 10), respectively. The survival rate of patients with a high slug expression was 61.9% (n = 13) and 38.1% (n = 8), respectively (P = 0.02). Lymph node metastasis was found in 4 (26.7%) out of the 15 patients with a low slug expression and in 14 (66.7%) out of the 21 patients with a high slug expression, respectively. The incidence rate of lymph node metastasis increased with the increasing slug expression level (P = 0.003), and higher in patients with a high slug expression than in those with a low slug expression. Slug expression did not significantly correlate with the tumor size and stage or histologic grade, or with the gender and age of patients, Conclusion: Slug expression is a novel prognostic marker for IHCC with lymph node metastasis.

Background: Many diseases can cause obstructive jaundice and then lead to a series of pathologic disorders. Thus preoperative assessment of liver function is of utmost importance. Traditional assessment is to monitor related indicators of liver function, but it is invasive and needs to be performed repeatedly. Color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI) was used to monitor blood flow of the hepatic artery and portal vein, a non-invasive method which can be used repeatedly., Methods: Twenty cases of obstructive jaundice were detected by CDFI and changes of liver function were measured after operation. The variables of hemodynamic monitoring included peak flow rate and mean blood flow in the hepatic artery proper at the peak of the contraction period; the inner diameter of blood vessels, the peak flow rate, and the congestion index, the blood flow in the main portal vein., Results: The average peak flow rate in the hepatic artery of patients with obstructive jaundice was significantly higher than that of normal people; both the inner diameter and congestive index of the portal vein were significantly larger than those of normal people. But the mean blood flow and peak flow rate in the portal vein were lower than those of normal people., Conclusions: CDFI is an ideal and non-invasive method for evaluating liver hemodynamics in obstructive jaundice. If the increase of hepatic arterial flow is more significant than the decrease of the blood flow in the portal vein, hepatic functional recovery after operation is smoother, suggesting a better prognosis. If the increase of the hepatic arterial flow is less significant than the decrease of the blood flow in the portal vein, hepatic functional recovery after operation may not be smooth, suggesting a worse prognosis.

Background: Research has revealed a shift towards Th2 in many types of malignant tumor, but the state of Th1/Th2 is not clear in patients with primary hepatic cancer (PHC). This study was designed to determine the expression of Th1- versus Th2-type cytokines in primary hepatic cancer and the adjacent liver tissue in order to provide evidence for treatment of the Th1/Th2 shift., Methods: Samples were collected from 11 patients with PHC. The gene expression of Th1/Th2 cytokines was detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using IFN-gamma and IL-2 as Th1-type cytokine genes, and IL-4 and IL-10 as Th2-type cytokine genes., Results: Th1-type cytokines were expressed in 7/11 PHCs and 9/11 adjacent liver tissues, while Th0 type cytokines occurred in 4/11 PHCs and 2/11 adjacent liver tissues., Conclusion: Th1-type cytokines are expressed predominantly in primary hepatic cancer and the adjacent liver tissue.

Objective: To study the expression of Smad4 and transforming growth factor-beta(1) (TGFbeta(1)), transforming growth factor-beta receptor II (TGFbetaRII) in cholangiocarcinoma tissue and its relationship with the biological behaviour and prognosis of the disease., Methods: The expressions of Smad4, TGFbeta(1) and TGFbetaRII were detected by immunohistochemical technique in 47 specimens of cholangiocarcinoma and the normal bile duct tissue adjacent to the tumor. The expressions of Smad4, TGFbeta(1) and TGFbetaRII were compared with the clinical stages and pathological grades of the patients., Results: The expression of TGFbeta(1) was positive in 36 cholangiocarcinomas (76.6%), which was higher than that in the normal tissue adjacent to the lesion. The positive expressions of Smad4 and TGFbetaRII were 14 (29.8%) and 28 (59.6%) in the carcinoma tissues, respectively (P < 0.05). The expression of TGFbeta(1) was related to the clinical stage, metastasis of lymph node and liver of the tumor (P < 0.05), but not with the histological grade (P > 0.05). There was positive correlation between TGFbetaRII expression and the clinical stage (P < 0.05), but no correlation between the TGFbetaRII expression and histological grade or metastasis of lymph node and liver (P > 0.05). The expression of Smad4 was associated with the histological grade, clinical stage and metastasis of lymph node and liver (P < 0.05)., Conclusions: The expressions of Smad4, TGFbeta(1) and TGFbetaRII correlate with the histological grading, clinical staging and metastasis of the lymph node and liver in cholangiocarcinoma. Combined detection of Smad4, TGFbeta(1) and TGFbetaRII may be helpful in the determination of the malignant degree and the prognosis of this disease.

Background: The major causive factors of gallbladder carcinoma are very complex. Cholecystitis with gallstone was reported one of the most important factors. Many research revealed that cholecystitis or gallstone can give rise to epithelial hyperplasia of gallbladder mucusa or canceration secondarily. In this study, 46 patients were detected in order to find the relationship between infection of different bacteria and formation of gallbladder carcinoma., Methods: Using the common gene primer of bacteria 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), we detected bacterial gene fragments of gallbladder carcinoma tissues in 46 patients by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Relative bile was also detected by PCR in 18 patients who underwent operations, including U-tube drainage (1), right or left biliary tube drainage (4), radical cholecystectomy (9), and cholecystorrhaphy (4). The tissue fragments of gallbladder carcinoma from the remaining 28 patients were paraffin slices., Results: The positive rate of bacterial DNA in gallbladder carcinoma tissue was 78.3% (36/46). The sequence of 16S ribosomal RNA gene fragments amplified by PCR was approximately 371 base pairs (bp). Multiple kinds of standard bacterial gene fragments obtained from 36 patients included Colibacillus, B.fragilis, Klebsiella, C.perfringens and Clostridium, with a positive rate of 78.3% (36/46). Among the 36 patients, 14 patients with gallbladder carcinoma received operation and their relative bile at operation was detected bacterial gene fragments with a positive rate of 77.8% (14/18). This result was close to that in gallbladder carcinoma tissues., Conclusions: Our results suggested that there might be a relationship between occurrence of gallbladder carcinoma and infection of different kinds of bacteria, especially anaerobic bacteria C.perfringens. This reminds us that the gallbladder mucosa stimulated by anaerobic and aerobic bacteria might be the principal cause for the development of carcinoma.

Objective: To detect bile anaerobic bacteria and antibiotic susceptibility in 59 patients with gallstones who had had cholecystectomy., Methods: BACT/ALERT 120 microbe detection system and SCEPTOR microbe detection system were used to detect bile anaerobic bacteria, antibiotic susceptibility., Results: The ratio of anaerobic bacteria to the patients examined was 52.5% (31/59). Obligate anaerobe bile culture showed positive results in 4 patients. B. fragilis (37.8%) was the major type of anaerobic bacteria in bile. Most (81.8%) of anaerobic bacteria were sensitive to metronidazole, and imipenem was suitable for beta-lactamase bacteria., Conclusions: Culture of anaerobic bacteria in logarithmic phase can improve the positive rate of the culture. There are some relations between anaerobic infection and gallstone formation.

Gastrointestinal fistula as a serious complication could lead to imbalance of nutrition or death. Duodenal fistula after orthotopic liver transplantation is rare and its treatment is complicated. On April 28, 200, we performed orthotopic liver transplantation for a patient at our hospital. Eight days after operation duodenal fistula developed, but cured after 13-day treatment.