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There are increasing efforts to automate clinical methods for early diagnosis of developmental disorders, among them the General Movement Assessment (GMA), a video-based tool to classify infant motor functioning. Optimal pose estimation is a crucial part of the automated GMA. In this study we compare the performance of available generic- and infant-pose estimators, and the choice of viewing angle for optimal recordings, i.e., conventional diagonal view used in GMA vs. top-down view. For this study, we used 4500 annotated video-frames from 75 recordings of infant spontaneous motor functions from 4 to 26 weeks. To determine which available pose estimation method and camera angle yield the best pose estimation accuracy on infants in a GMA related setting, the distance to human annotations as well as the percentage of correct key-points (PCK) were computed and compared. The results show that the best performing generic model trained on adults, ViTPose, also performs best on infants. We see no improvement from using specialized infant-pose estimators over the generic pose estimators on our own infant dataset. However, when retraining a generic model on our data, there is a significant improvement in pose estimation accuracy. The pose estimation accuracy obtained from the top-down view is significantly better than that obtained from the diagonal view, especially for the detection of the hip key-points. The results also indicate only limited generalization capabilities of infant-pose estimators to other infant datasets, which hints that one should be careful when choosing infant pose estimators and using them on infant datasets which they were not trained on. While the standard GMA method uses a diagonal view for assessment, pose estimation accuracy significantly improves using a top-down view. This suggests that a top-down view should be included in recording setups for automated GMA research.

There is a recent boom in the development of AI solutions to facilitate and enhance diagnostic procedures for established clinical tools. To assess the integrity of the developing nervous system, the Prechtl general movement assessment (GMA) is recognized for its clinical value in diagnosing neurological impairments in early infancy. GMA has been increasingly augmented through machine learning approaches intending to scale-up its application, circumvent costs in the training of human assessors and further standardize classification of spontaneous motor patterns. Available deep learning tools, all of which are based on single sensor modalities, are however still considerably inferior to that of well-trained human assessors. These approaches are hardly comparable as all models are designed, trained and evaluated on proprietary/silo-data sets. With this study we propose a sensor fusion approach for assessing fidgety movements (FMs) comparing three different sensor modalities (pressure, inertial, and visual sensors). Various combinations and two sensor fusion approaches (late and early fusion) for infant movement classification were tested to evaluate whether a multi-sensor system outperforms single modality assessments. The performance of the three-sensor fusion (classification accuracy of 94.5\%) was significantly higher than that of any single modality evaluated, suggesting the sensor fusion approach is a promising avenue for automated classification of infant motor patterns. The development of a robust sensor fusion system may significantly enhance AI-based early recognition of neurofunctions, ultimately facilitating automated early detection of neurodevelopmental conditions.

Hypersonic vehicles must withstand extreme conditions during flights that exceed five times the speed of sound. These systems have the potential to facilitate rapid access to space, bolster defense capabilities, and create a new paradigm for transcontinental earth-to-earth travel. However, extreme aerothermal environments create significant challenges for vehicle materials and structures. This work addresses the critical need to develop resilient refractory alloys, composites, and ceramics. We will highlight key design principles for critical vehicle areas such as primary structures, thermal protection, and propulsion systems; the role of theory and computation; and strategies for advancing laboratory-scale materials to flight-ready components.

The Prechtl General Movements Assessment (GMA) has become a clinician and researcher tool-box for evaluating neurodevelopment in early infancy. Given it involves observation of infant movements from video recordings, utilising smartphone applications to obtain these recordings seems like the natural progression for the field. In this review, we look back on the development of apps for acquiring general movement videos, describe the application and research studies of available apps, and discuss future directions of mobile solutions and their usability in research and clinical practice. We emphasise the importance of understanding the background that has led to these developments while introducing new technologies, including the barriers and facilitators along the pathway. The GMApp and Baby Moves App were the first ones developed to increase accessibility of the GMA, with two further apps, NeuroMotion and InMotion, designed since. The Baby Moves app has been applied most frequently. For the mobile future of GMA, we advocate collaboration to boost the field's progression and to reduce research waste. We propose future collaborative solutions including standardisation of cross-sites data collection, adaption to local context and privacy laws, employment of user feedback, and sustainable IT structures enabling continuous software updating., Comment: 19 pages, 3 Figures, 2 Tables

Theoretical background: early verbal development is not yet fully understood, especially in its formative phase. Research question: can a reliable, easy-to-use coding scheme for the classification of early infant vocalizations be defined that is applicable as a basis for further analysis of language development? Methods: in a longitudinal study of 45 neurotypical infants, we analyzed vocalizations of the first 4 months of life. Audio segments were assigned to 5 classes: (1) Voiced and (2) Voiceless vocalizations; (3) Defined signal; (4) Non-target; (5) Nonassignable. Results: Two female coders with different experience achieved high agreement without intensive training. Discussion and Conclusion: The reliable scheme can be used in research and clinical settings for efficient coding of infant vocalizations, as a basis for detailed manual and machine analyses., Comment: This paper is in German

Ultra-high-temperature ceramics (UHTCs) are optimal structural materials for applications that require extreme temperature resilience, resistance to chemically aggressive environments, wear, and mechanical stress. Processing UHTCs with laser-based additive manufacturing (AM) has not been fully realized due to a variety of obstacles. In this work, selective laser reaction sintering (SLRS) techniques were investigated for the production of near net-shape UHTC ceramics such as HfC, ZrC, TiC, HfN, ZrN, and TiN. Group IV transition metal and metal oxide precursor materials were chemically converted and reaction-bonded into layers of UHTCs using single-step selective laser processing in CH4 or NH3 gas that might be compatible with prevailing powder bed fusion techniques. Conversion of either metals (Hf, Zr and Ti) or metal oxides (HfO2, ZrO2, and TiO2) particles was first investigated to examine reaction mechanisms and volume changes associated with SLRS of single-component precursor systems. SLRS processing of metal or metal oxide alone produced near stoichiometric UHTC phases with yields up to 100 wt% total for carbides and nitrides. However, for single component precursors, gas-solid reactivity induced volumetric changes resulted in residual stresses and cracking in the product layer. To mitigate conversion-induced stresses, composite metal/metal oxide precursors were employed to compensate for the volume changes of either the metal (which expands during conversion) or the metal oxide precursor (which contracts)., Comment: 58 pages, 17 figures

Selective laser reaction sintering techniques (SLRS) techniques were investigated for the production of near net-shape non-oxide ceramics including SiC, Si$_3$N$_4$, and HfC/SiC composites that might be compatible with prevailing powder bed fusion additive manufacturing processes. Reaction bonded layers of covalent ceramics were produced using in-situ reactions that occur during selective laser processing and layer formation. During SLRS, precursor materials composed of metal and/or metal oxide powders were fashioned into powder beds for conversion to non-oxide ceramic layers. Laser-processing was used to initiate simultaneous chemical conversion and local interparticle bonding of precursor particles in CH4 or NH3 gases. Several factors related to the reaction synthesis process (precursor chemistry, gas-solid and gas-liquid synthesis mechanisms, precursor vapor pressures) were investigated in relation to resulting microstructures and non-oxide yields. Results indicated that the volumetric changes which occurred during in-situ conversion of single component precursors negatively impacted the surface layer microstructure. To circumvent the internal stresses and cracking that accompanied the conversion of Si or Hf (that expands upon conversion) or SiO$_x$ (that contracts during conversion), optimized ratios of the precursor constituents were used to produce near isovolumetric conversion to the product phase. The results demonstrate that under appropriate processing conditions and precursor selection, the formation of near net-shape SiC and SiC composites might be achieved through single-step AM-compatible techniques., Comment: 31 pages, 11 figures

Ultra-high-temperature ceramics (UHTCs) are candidate structural materials for applications that require resiliency to extreme temperature (>2000{\deg}C), high mechanical loads, or aggressive oxidizing environments. Processing UHTC transition metal carbides as standalone materials using additive manufacturing (AM) methods has not been fully realized due to their extremely slow atomic diffusivities that impede sintering and large volume changes during indirect AM that can induce defect structures. In this work, a two-step, reactive AM approach was studied for the formation of the ultra-high temperature ceramic TiCx. Readily available equipment including a polymer powder bed fusion AM machine and a traditional tube furnace were used to produce UHTC cubes and lattice structures with sub-millimeter resolution. This processing scheme incorporated, (1) selective laser sintering of a Ti precursor mixed with a phenolic binder for green body shaping, and (2) ex-situ, isothermal gas-solid conversion of the green body in CH4 to form TiCx structures. Reactive post-processing in CH4 resulted in up to 98.2 wt% TiC0.90 product yield and a reduction in net-shrinkage during consolidation due to the volume expansion associated with the conversion of Ti to TiC. Results indicated that reaction bonding associated with the Gibbs free energy release associated with TiC formation produced interparticle adhesion at low furnace processing temperatures. The ability to bond highly refractory materials through this type of process resulted in structures that were crack-free and resisted fracture during thermal shock testing. Broadly, the additive manufacturing approach presented could be useful for the production of many UHTC carbides that might otherwise be incompatible with prevailing AM techniques that do not include reaction synthesis., Comment: 23 pages,14 figures, one figure with link to external video

Aiming at objective early detection of neuromotor disorders such as cerebral palsy, we proposed an innovative non-intrusive approach using a pressure sensing device to classify infant general movements (GMs). Here, we tested the feasibility of using pressure data to differentiate typical GM patterns of the ''fidgety period'' (i.e., fidgety movements) vs. the ''pre-fidgety period'' (i.e., writhing movements). Participants (N = 45) were sampled from a typically-developing infant cohort. Multi-modal sensor data, including pressure data from a 32x32-grid pressure sensing mat with 1024 sensors, were prospectively recorded for each infant in seven succeeding laboratory sessions in biweekly intervals from 4-16 weeks of post-term age. For proof-of-concept, 1776 pressure data snippets, each 5s long, from the two targeted age periods were taken for movement classification. Each snippet was pre-annotated based on corresponding synchronised video data by human assessors as either fidgety present (FM+) or absent (FM-). Multiple neural network architectures were tested to distinguish the FM+ vs. FM- classes, including support vector machines (SVM), feed-forward networks (FFNs), convolutional neural networks (CNNs), and long short-term memory (LSTM) networks. The CNN achieved the highest average classification accuracy (81.4%) for classes FM+ vs. FM-. Comparing the pros and cons of other methods aiming at automated GMA to the pressure sensing approach, we concluded that the pressure sensing approach has great potential for efficient large-scale motion data acquisition and sharing. This will in return enable improvement of the approach that may prove scalable for daily clinical application for evaluating infant neuromotor functions.

Video recording is a widely used method for documenting infant and child behaviours in research and clinical practice. Video data has rarely been shared due to ethical concerns of confidentiality, although the need of shared large-scaled datasets remains increasing. This demand is even more imperative when data-driven computer-based approaches are involved, such as screening tools to complement clinical assessments. To share data while abiding by privacy protection rules, a critical question arises whether efforts at data de-identification reduce data utility? We addressed this question by showcasing the Prechtl's general movements assessment (GMA), an established and globally practised video-based diagnostic tool in early infancy for detecting neurological deficits, such as cerebral palsy. To date, no shared expert-annotated large data repositories for infant movement analyses exist. Such datasets would massively benefit training and recalibration of human assessors and the development of computer-based approaches. In the current study, sequences from a prospective longitudinal infant cohort with a total of 19451 available general movements video snippets were randomly selected for human clinical reasoning and computer-based analysis. We demonstrated for the first time that pseudonymisation by face-blurring video recordings is a viable approach. The video redaction did not affect classification accuracy for either human assessors or computer vision methods, suggesting an adequate and easy-to-apply solution for sharing movement video data. We call for further explorations into efficient and privacy rule-conforming approaches for deidentifying video data in scientific and clinical fields beyond movement assessments. These approaches shall enable sharing and merging stand-alone video datasets into large data pools to advance science and public health.