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The transaction cost approach is used to explain why small non-industrial private forest (NIPF) ownerships are increasing in the U.S. We argue that the number of small NIPF owners have increased because: 1) a significant amount of forestland is no longer used economically if primarily for timber production, but rather for non-timber forest products and environmental services (particularly where population density is high), 2) when a person makes frequent use of non-timber products and services, owning forestland is more efficient for them because it saves the transaction costs involved in getting them from the market, 3) forestland parcelization takes place when non-timber value increases faster than timber value, and 4) marginal value for non-timber product is diminishing much faster than that for timber production. The paper also discusses implications of the parcelization of NIPF ownerships on forest management.

The Sichuan Basin is the earliest natural gas discovery and utilization area in the world, where China's modern natural gas industry started. Through nearly 7 decades of development, a natural gas industrial system with complete upstream, midstream and downstream industry chain has been established, and its natural gas production has been among the top in China for half a century. And it has played an important role in the process of improving the primary energy consumption structure and constructing a “beautiful China”. The evaluation result of national oil and gas resources in the 13th Five-Year Plan shows that the natural gas resource extent in the Sichuan Basin is 39.94 × 1012 m3, ranking the first in petroliferous basins of China. In addition, the proven rate of natural gas resource is only 15% and it is still in the early and middles stages of exploration. Therefore, the Sichuan Basin has great potential in natural gas exploration and development. The natural gas production in the Sichuan Basin in 2020 is 565 × 108 m3 (including all production enterprises of PetroChina and Sinopec in the Sichuan Basin), taking the first place in China major gas producing areas. Over the next decade, the China puts forward new development concepts from the perspective of development circumstances. The construction of Chengdu–Chongqing economic circle will be promoted and a national natural gas strategic production base with yearly gas production of 1000 × 108 m3 will be built up in the Sichuan Basin, which marks a new golden development age of natural gas industry in the Sichuan Basin. From the perspective of development potential, deep and ultra-deep marine carbonate gas reservoirs, deep shale gas and continental tight sandstone gas will be the key exploration and development fields to search for giant gas fields in the Sichuan Basin. It is recommended to strengthen core technology researches according to the thoughts of “coordinated development of marine and continental, conventional and unconventional, structural and lithologic” and relying on theoretical and technological progress. In the future, it will enter a booming development period when the quality of natural gas resources will be continuously improved and the production rate will be increased continuously. In the meantime, take advantage of the opportunities of prosperity development to break through the development bottleneck of increasingly complex work objects, incomplete pipeline network system and insufficient high end and high additional value industries. Under the situation of normalized low oil price, construct a new-type industrial system with the coordinative development of natural gas production, transportation, storage and marketing and the innovation and efficiency improvement in the whole industrial chain. It is predictable that the natural gas industry in the Sichuan Basin will start in a new peak growth period and a high-quality development period in the next decade, and its yearly natural gas production will exceed 1000 × 108 m3, and the yearly natural gas production of PetroChina Southwest Oil & Gasfield Company will reach 800 × 108 m3 in 2030. Obviously, the Sichuan Basin will be a world-class natural gas production and supply base.

In this paper, we use the U.S. softwood lumber import demand model as a case study to show that the effects of past trade policies are sensitive to the data sample used in empirical analyses. We conclude that, to be consistent with the purpose of analysis of policy and to ensure all else being equal, policy impacts can only be judged by using data up to the time when the policy is terminated. Key words: policy analysis, time-series data, time element, U.S.-Canada, softwood lumber trade dispute. Dans cet article, nous utilisons la demande de bois d'oeuvre resineux importe par les Etats-Unis comme etude de cas pour montrer que les effets des politiques commerciales passees dependent de l'echantillon de donnees utilise dans les analyses empiriques. Nous arrivons a la conclusion que pour etre coherant avec le but de l'analyse d'une politique et s'assurer que toutes choses sont egales par ailleurs, les impacts d'une politique ne peuvent etre evalues qu'en utilisant des donnees qui s'echelonnent dans le temps jusqu'au moment oU cette politique prend fin. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles : analyse de politiques, serie temporelle de donnees, element temporel, differend canado-americain sur le commerce du bois d'oeuvre resineux., Introduction Economists and policy analysts attempting to assess the impacts of public policy often use time-series regression methods. Sometimes, the time-series data they use are very long and cover several [...]

In this paper, we evaluate the market and welfare effects of the 2006 United States (U.S.)--Canada Softwood Lumber Agreement (SLA 2006) based on a U.S. import demand model for Canadian softwood lumber. We find that SLA 2006 reduces the U.S. lumber imports from Canada by 7.78% in the months when export taxes took effect. The welfare analysis based on a partial equilibrium framework shows that U.S. lumber producers gained $1.6 billion and U.S. consumers lost $2.3 billion in 9 years under SLA 2006. Key words: Canadian lumber, the softwood lumber trade dispute, welfare, cointegration, vector error correction model. Dans cet article, nous evaluons les effets de marche et les impacts sociaux de l'Accord canado-americain sur le bois d'reuvre resineux de 2006 sur la base d'un modele de demande d'importation de bois d'reuvre resineux canadien. Cet accord a reduit de 7,78 % les importations americaines de bois d'reuvre en provenance du Canada dans les mois qui ont suivi l'entree en vigueur des taxes a l'exportation. L'analyse des impacts sociaux dans un cadre d'equilibre partiel montre que les producteurs americains de bois d'reuvre ont realise des gains de 1,6G$etque les consommateurs americains ont perdu 2,3 G $ sur neuf ans dans le cadre de cet accord. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles: bois d'reuvre canadien, differend commercial du bois d'reuvre resineux, bien-etre, cointegration, modele vectoriel de correction d'erreurs., As the 2006 United States (U.S.)--Canada Softwood Lumber Agreement (hereafter referred to as SLA 2006) expired on 12 October 2015, the fourth episode--Lumber IV--of the long-lasting softwood lumber trade dispute [...]