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Dimensional regulation in polyoxometalates is an effective strategy during the design and synthesis of polyoxometalates-based high proton conductors, but it is not available to date. Herein, the precise regulation of dimensionality has been realized in an unprecedented gigantic molybdenum blue wheel family featuring pentagonal {(W)Mo5} motifs through optimizing the molar ratio of Mo/W, including [Gd2Mo124W14O422(H2O)62]38− (0D-{Mo124W14}, 1), [Mo126W14O441(H2O)51]70− (1D-{Mo126W14}n, 2), and [Mo124W14O430(H2O)50]60− (2D-{Mo124W14}n, 3). Such important {(W)Mo5} structural motif brings new reactivity into gigantic Mo blue wheels. There are different numbers and sites of {Mo2} defects in each wheel-shaped monomer in 1–3, which leads to the monomers of 2 and 3 to form 1D and 2D architectures via Mo–O–Mo covalent bonds driven by {Mo2}-mediated H2O ligands substitution process, respectively, thus achieving the controllable dimensional regulation. As expected, the proton conductivity of 3 is 10 times higher than that of 1 and 1.7 times higher than that of 2. The continuous proton hopping sites in 2D network are responsible for the enhanced proton conductivity with lower activation energy. This study highlights that this dimensional regulation approach remains great potential in preparing polyoxometalates-based high proton conductive materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) antagonism inhibits cocaine self-administration and reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying this action are poorly understood. Here we report a presynaptic glutamate/cannabinoid mechanism that may underlie this action. Systemic or intra-nucleus accumbens (NAc) administration of the mGluR5 antagonist 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)-pyridine (MPEP) dose-dependently reduced cocaine (and sucrose) self-administration and cocaine-induced reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior. The reduction in cocaine-taking and cocaine-seeking was associated with a reduction in cocaine-enhanced extracellular glutamate, but not cocaine-enhanced extracellular dopamine (DA) in the NAc. MPEP alone, when administered systemically or locally into the NAc, elevated extracellular glutamate, but not DA. Similarly, the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist, rimonabant, elevated NAc glutamate, not DA. mGluR5s were found mainly in striatal medium-spiny neurons, not in astrocytes, and MPEP-enhanced extracellular glutamate was blocked by a NAc CB1 receptor antagonist or N-type Ca++ channel blocker, suggesting that a retrograde endocannabinoid-signaling mechanism underlies MPEP-induced glutamate release. This interpretation was further supported by our findings that genetic deletion of CB1 receptors in CB1-knockout mice blocked both MPEP-enhanced extracellular glutamate and MPEP-induced reductions in cocaine self-administration. Together, these results indicate that the therapeutic anti-cocaine effects of mGluR5 antagonists are mediated by elevation of extracellular glutamate in the NAc via an endocannabinoid-CB1 receptor disinhibition mechanism.

Multiple kernel methods less consider the intrinsic manifold structure of multiple kernel data and estimate the consensus kernel matrix with quadratic number of variables,which makes it vulnerable to the noise and outliers within multiple candidate kernels.This paper first presents the clustering method via kernelized local regression(CKLR).It captures the local structure of kernel data and employs kernel regression on the local region to predict the clustering results.Moreover,this paper further extends it to perform clustering via the multiple kernel local regression(CMKLR).We construct the kernel level local regression sparse coefficient matrix for each candidate kernel,which well characterize the kernel level manifold structure.We then aggregate all the kernel level local regression coefficients via linear weights and generate the consensus sparse local regression coefficient,which largely reduces the number of candidate variables and becomes more robust against noises and outliers within multiple kernel data.Thus,the proposed method CMKLR avoids the above two limitations.It only contains one additional hyper parameter for turning.Extensive experimental results show that the clustering performance of the proposed method on benchmark data set is better than that of 10 state-of-the-art multiple kernel clustering methods.

Neuropeptides may exert trophic effects during development, and then neurotransmitter roles in the developed nervous system. One way to associate peptide‐deficiency phenotypes with either role is first to assess potential phenotypes in so‐called constitutive knockout mice, and then proceed to specify, regionally and temporally, where and when neuropeptide expression is required to prevent these phenotypes. We have previously demonstrated that the well‐known constellation of behavioral and metabolic phenotypes associated with constitutive pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating peptide (PACAP) knockout mice are accompanied by transcriptomic alterations of two types: those that distinguish the PACAP‐null phenotype from wild‐type (WT) in otherwise quiescent mice (cPRGs), and gene induction that occurs in response to acute environmental perturbation in WT mice that do not occur in knockout mice (aPRGs). Comparing constitutive PACAP knockout mice to a variety of temporally and regionally specific PACAP knockouts, we show that the prominent hyperlocomotor phenotype is a consequence of early loss of PACAP expression, is associated with Fos overexpression in hippocampus and basal ganglia, and that a thermoregulatory effect previously shown to be mediated by PACAP‐expressing neurons of medial preoptic hypothalamus is independent of PACAP expression in those neurons in adult mice. In contrast, PACAP dependence of weight loss/hypophagia triggered by restraint stress, seen in constitutive PACAP knockout mice, is phenocopied in mice in which PACAP is deleted after neuronal differentiation. Our results imply that PACAP has a prominent role as a trophic factor early in development determining global central nervous system characteristics, and in addition a second, discrete set of functions as a neurotransmitter in the fully developed nervous system that support physiological and psychological responses to stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was to explore the effect of different energy level diets on growth performance, serum biochemical index, rumen fermentation parameters and rumen microflora of Gobi Short-tail pregnant ewe. Sixty healthy Gobi Short-tail pregnant ewes with similar age, body condition and weight (43.64 ± 2.19) kg were selected and randomly divided into three groups, with four replicates in each group and five ewes in each replicate. Ewes in each group were fed diets with different energy levels. The metabolic energy of control group was 7.98 MJ/kg. Metabolic energy of test group 1 was 6.37 MJ/kg. The metabolic energy of test group 2 was 4.77 MJ/kg. The pre trial period was 15 d, and the trial period was 45 d. The results showed that the final weight and average daily gain of ewes in test group 2 were extremely lower than those in other two groups (P<0.01). The serum ALB content of ewes in test group 1 and test group 2 was significantly lower than that in control group (P<0.05), the serum BUN content was extremely lower than that in control group (P<0.01), and ALT activity of ewes in test group 2 was significantly higher than that in other groups (P<0.05). The rumen ammonia nitrogen content of ewes in test group 1 and test group 2 was extremely lower than that in control group (P<0.01). The relative abundances of Bacteroides, Verrucomicrobiota and Rikenellaceae in rumen of test group 1 and test group 2 were extremely higher than those in control group (P<0.01), the relative abundances of Erysipelotrichaceae UCG-002 were extremely lower than those in control group (P<0.01), and the relative abundances of Firmicutes and Prevotella were significantly lower than those in control group (P<0.05). Rumen Bacteroides of ewes in test group 1 were extremely lower than those in other two groups (P<0.01). The study indicates that proper reduction of dietary energy level can ensure the normal life activities of pregnant ewes, reduce the feeding cost of shed feeding in winter and spring, improve the breeding efficiency of farmers and herdsmen, excessive reduction of dietary energy level will have a negative impact on pregnant ewes to some extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]