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Existing literature has explored how different firm behaviours and strategies in different institutional contexts result in variegation in network structures. Based on those studies, this paper first examines how networks have been shaped by China's institutional transition in general and the process of marketisation in particular. Furthermore, we stress that the rise of networks in China's film industry has in return boosted the development of private firms and subsequently pushed forward the process of marketisation in this industry. Empirical results show that private firms have benefitted more from the complementarity between direct knowledge spillovers via inter‐firm networks and indirect knowledge spillovers via inter‐city networks, while state‐owned enterprises are incapable of coping with the competition effects stemming from inter‐city networks and fail to benefit from trans‐local knowledge spillovers in networks. Our main contribution is thus to direct attention to the interaction between network dynamics and institutional transition, which remains underexplored in the current literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While existing studies have mapped out various networks with some visualization techniques, we move one step forward by examining if city/firm performance is dependent not only on intra-city networks, as proposed by the clustering literature, but also on inter-city networks, the core concept in the world city network literature. Our second contribution is to investigate the complementarity between inter- and intra-city networks, and how it could affect the performance of firms and cities. In doing so, we provide some preliminary evidence that studies on clustering and the world city network could benefit from having more dialogues with each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the problem of high viscosity of deep eutectic solvents (DESs), the viscosities of a series of choline chloride-based DESs and DESs-H2O were determined, and their extraction efficiencies were obtained for the extraction of polyphenols in palm samples. Tailoring the DESs by the addition of water successfully adjusted their viscosity from thousand to single-digit mPa s and aided the extraction of polyphenols from samples, by changing the hydrogen-bonding interactions of DESs. Among the compounds investigated, choline chloride–oxalic acid–water of DESs-H2O with various molar ratios with 1:0.1–1:50 showed the greatest change in viscosity with 3617–2 mPa s, and effectively extracted most of the target compounds of polyphenols (52.1 μg mL−1 for protocatechuic acid, 7.3 μg mL−1 for catechins, 34.0 μg mL−1 for epicatechin and 6.2 μg mL−1 for caffeic acid) from samples. The results confirm that tailoring with water can successfully adjust the viscosity and extraction efficiency of DESs, for effective extraction of bioactive compounds from samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]