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Background: Adipose stem cell‐derived exosomes (ADSC‐EXO) and botulinum toxin type A (BTX‐A) individually showed a therapeutic effect on skin wound repair. Aims: This study investigated their synergistic effect on promoting skin wound healing in vitro and in vivo and the underlying molecular events. Methods: ADSCs were isolated from Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats to obtain ADSC‐EXO by ultrafiltration and ultracentrifugation and were confirmed using nanoparticle tracking analysis and transmission electron microscopy. Human skin fibroblasts (HSF) were cultured and treated with or without ADSC‐EXO, BTX‐A, or their combination. Changes in cell phenotypes and protein expression were analyzed using different in vitro assays, and a rat skin wound model was used to assess their in vivo effects. Results: The isolated ADSC‐EXO from primarily cultured ADSCs had a circular vesicle shape with a 30–180 nm diameter. Treatment of HSF with ADSC‐EXO and/or BTX‐A significantly accelerated HSF migration in vitro and skin wound healing in a rat model. Moreover, ADSC‐EXO plus BTX‐A treatment dramatically induced VEGFA expression but reduced COL III and COL I levels in vivo. ADSC‐EXO and/or BTX‐A treatment significantly upregulated TGF‐β3 expression on Day 16 after surgery but downregulated TGF‐β1 expression, suggesting that ADSC‐EXO plus BTX‐A promoted skin wound healing and reduced inflammatory cell infiltration. Conclusions: The ADSC‐EXO plus BTX‐A treatment demonstrated a synergistic effect on skin wound healing through upregulation of VEGF expression and the TGF‐β3/TGF‐β1 and COL III/COL I ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which investigates the application of RNA interference targeted N gene for the viral replication of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV).

The article presents a study on the eukaryotic expression plasmid identification and contruction for the interleukin-18 (IL-18) and open reading frame 6 (ORF6) of porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus.

The article presents a study on the epidemiology of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in Yunnan, China from 2006 to 2007. The study randomly collected 5,728 samples from poultry and swine in different places between June 2006 and April 2007. The samples were synthesized based on nucleoprotein gene and variability of known H9N2 subtype avian influence viruses. It reveals the homology of hemagglutinin (HA) gene of the 12 strains examined and of the 17b strains with H9N2 subtype influenza virus.

Aim: To elucidate the role of vascular endothelial growth factor-165b (VEGF-165b) in blood-retinal barrier (BRB) injury in the rat acute glaucoma model., Methods: In this study, the rat acute high intraocular pressure (HIOP) model was established before and after intravitreous injection of anti-VEGF-165b antibody. The expression of VEGF-165b and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) in rat retina was detected by double immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting, and the breakdown of BRB was detected by Evans blue (EB) dye., Results: The intact retina of rats expressed VEGF-165b and ZO-1 protein, which were mainly located in the retinal ganglion cell layer and the inner nuclear layer and were both co-expressed with vascular endothelial cell markers CD31. After acute HIOP, the expression of VEGF-165b was up-regulated; the expression of ZO-1 was down-regulated at 12h and then recovered at 3d; EB leakage increased, peaking at 12h. After intravitreous injection of anti-VEGF-165b antibody, the expression of VEGF-165b protein was no significantly changed; and the down-regulation of the expression of ZO-1 was more obvious; EB leakage became more serious, peaking at 3d. EB analysis also showed that EB leakage in the peripheral retina was greater than that in the central retina., Conclusion: The endogenous VEGF-165b protein may protect the BRB from acute HIOP by regulating the expression of ZO-1. The differential destruction of BRB after acute HIOP may be related to the selective loss of retinal ganglion cells., (International Journal of Ophthalmology Press.)

Aim: To clarify the role of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in blood-retinal barrier (BRB) injury after acute high intraocular pressure (IOP) in rats., Methods: Forty-two Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomized into 7 groups [control (Cont), 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72h, n =6]. Except Cont group, other groups' retina tissue was obtained at corresponding time points after a model of acute high IOP have been established in rats. The expression of iNOS and tight junction protein zonula occludens (ZO)-1 was detected by Western blotting. Evans blue (EB; 3% ) was injected into the great saphenous vein to detect the leakage of EB by spectrophotometer. Nine rats were divided into Cont, 6h, 12h groups, the expression of iNOS was localized by immunofluorescence. In order to verify the role of iNOS in the damage to BRB, thirty-six rats were randomly divided into 4 groups [Cont, Cont+inhibitor (Inh), 6h and 6h+Inh, n =9]. After treatment with the iNOS-specific inhibitor 1400W, the expression of iNOS and ZO-1 and the leakage of BRB were detected again., Results: The immunofluorescence results showed that the expression of iNOS was observed in the Cont group and 6h group, but not in the 12h group. iNOS was mainly expressed in the retinal nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell layer and inner nuclear layer and that it did not colocalize with the retinal ganglion cell marker NeuN but was co-expressed with the vascular endothelial cell marker CD31. Western blotting showed that in the early period (3h, 6h) after acute high IOP, the expression of iNOS was upregulated, then the down-regulation of iNOS were tested in the follow-up timing spots. ZO-1 expression showed a continuous down-regulation after 6h. The quantitative results for EB showed that the amount of EB leakage began to increase at 3h after acute high IOP. At 6h, the leakage of EB was lower, but at 12h, the leakage of EB was highest, after which it gradually recovered but remained higher than that in the Cont group. The expression of iNOS was down-regulated after 1400W treatment. ZO-1 expression was not significantly changed in the Cont+Inh group and the 6h group, and significantly down-regulated in the 6h+Inh group, and the leakage of EB was significantly increased after 1400W treatment., Conclusion: These results suggest that the upregulation of iNOS expression in the early stage after acute high IOP may have a protective effect on BRB injury., (International Journal of Ophthalmology Press.)