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Aboveground biomass is an important indicator used to characterize the growth status of crops, as well as an important physical and chemical parameter in agroecosystems. Aboveground biomass is an important basis for formulating management measures such as fertilization and irrigation. We selected four irrigated wheat fields in a region near Kaifeng, Henan Province, for this study. The terrain in that region was undulating and had spatial differences. We used a low-altitude unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) remote sensing platform equipped with a multispectral camera, thermal infrared camera, and RGB camera to simultaneously obtain different remote sensing parameters during the key growth stages of wheat. Based on the extracted spectral reflectivity, thermal infrared temperature, and digital elevation information, we calculated the spatial variability of remote sensing parameters and growth indices under different terrain characteristics. We also analyzed the correlations between vegetation indices, temperature parameters, structural topographic parameters and aboveground biomass. Three machine learning methods were used, including the multiple linear regression method (MLR), partial least squares regression method (PLSR) and random forest regression method (RFR). We compared the aboveground biomass (AGB) estimation capability of single-modal data versus multimodal data fusion frameworks. The results showed that slope was an important factor affecting crop growth and aboveground biomass. We therefore analyzed several remote sensing parameters for three different slope scales. We found significant differences among them for soil water content, water content of plants, and aboveground biomass at four growth stages. Based on the strength of their correlation with aboveground biomass, seven vegetation indices (NDVI, GNDVI, NDRE, MSR, OSAVI, SAVI, and MCARI), four canopy structure parameters (CH, VF, CVM, SLOPE) and two temperature parameters (NRCT, CTD) were selected as the final input variables for the model. There was some variability in the accuracy of the models at different growth stages. The average accuracy of the models was anthesis stage > booting stage > filling stage > jointing stage. For the single-modal data framework, the model constructed with the vegetation indices was better than the aboveground biomass model constructed using the temperature or structure parameters, and the highest accuracy was obtained with an RFR model based on vegetation indices at the anthesis stage (R2 = 0.713). For the double modal data fusion approach, the highest accuracy resulted at the anthesis stage, using the structural parameters combined with the vegetation indices of the RFR model (R2 = 0.842). Even higher accuracies were obtained using the multimodal data fusion approach with an RFR model based on vegetation indices, temperature parameters and structure parameters at the anthesis stage (R2 = 0.897). By introducing terrain factors and combining them with the RFR algorithm to effectively integrate multimodal data, the complementary and synergistic effects between different remote sensing information sources could be fully exerted. The accuracy and stability of the aboveground biomass estimation models were effectively improved, and a high-throughput phenotype acquisition method was explored, which provides a reference and basis for real-time monitoring of crop growth and decoding the correlation between genotype and phenotype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The law of fire occurring in the reaction of self-reactive substances is unique, when heated, comparing with common solid combustibles. In this paper, the possible thermal runaway reaction of Isoniazid storage was studied. Combined with the analysis of Isoniazid thermal stability characteristics, Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) was used to simulate the Isoniazid storage fire. The temperature distribution of Isoniazid storage was obtained. According to the simulation results, the temperature field of Isoniazid storage was analyzed by regression. The law of temperature distribution with height, time and distance from the center of ceiling was obtained. It was found that the ceiling temperature was highest at different heights. On the ceiling, the temperature was highest in the center. From the center to the sides, the temperature tended to drop. Therefore, when setting up the self-spraying fire extinguishing system, the sprinkler head protection roof needs to be set up, and for the stack center position, the sprinkler head should be protected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A new kind of partially coherent crescent-like beams with off-axis vortex is proposed. • The partially coherent crescent-like beams with off-axis vortex is experimentally generated. • The intensity pattern of such off-axis vortex beam possesses additional dark cores. • The off-axis vortex provides an additional degree of freedom for focus shaping. Based on the integral superposition method of constructing partially coherent beam model, a partially coherent crescent-like multi-vortex-correlated Schell-mode beam is first proposed. Numerical simulation results show that the beam possesses a crescent-like intensity distribution with multiple off-axis vortices on the source plane. By means of digital holography, the spatial light modulator was loaded with holograms, which realized experimentally the generation of this beam. The experimental normalized intensity distribution is basically consistent with the theoretical results. Adjusting the parameter N 0 , off-axis distance s and phase angle φ 0 , one can precisely control the number and position of multiple off-axis vortices. The results obtained are of importance for adjusting the beam centroid and studying vortex optics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corresponding to the atmospheric transmission windows of the electromagnetic spectrum in the low terahertz range, the mode coupling and dispersion characteristics of two helically corrugated waveguides (HCW) in the frequency ranges of 90 GHz–100 GHz and 260 GHz–265 GHz are studied. Through analytic calculations and numerical simulations, dispersion curves and structural parameters of the two frequency ranges waveguides are obtained. A novel method was proposed to obtain the dispersion of the HCW from the eigenwave solution using a periodic boundary condition. The HCW in a frequency range of 90 GHz–100 GHz was fabricated and its dispersion performance was measured. By comparing the measured results with the theoretical and the simulated results, the validity of the analytical and simulation method is verified. Limited to our machining capability, the dispersion of the 260 GHz–265 GHz HCW was only simulated and calculated and it was found that the results agree well with each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Radiation force of a special correlated beam with multiple vortices is first derived. • Four focused hollow spots with obvious boundaries are obtained in the focal plane. • The gradient force and capture stability range increase with the increase of topological charge. • Multiple vortex beams have more capture points than the beams without vortices. In order to explore the potential application of a superimposed Hermite-Gaussian correlated Schell-model beams with off-axis multi-vortices in optical trapping, based on the generalized Collins formula, the focused beam intensity and radiation force on particles are derived in detail. Numerical results show that the gradient force and capture stability range increase with the increase of topological charge. By changing the vortex off-axis distance, the precise position control of the particles can be made. Adjusting the number of vortices can control the existence of vortex singularity on the side lobe of the beam, and generate or close the optical potential well or optical cage in real time. By selecting the appropriate beam order, two kinds of particles with different refractive indexes can be captured. The beams are expected to be applied to optical trapping of multiple particles at different positions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Volcanic eruptions can release a large amount of volatiles, including sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide, into the atmosphere and trigger regional and/or global perturbations of the climate and environment. However, the potential effect of the Linzizong volcanism, the most intense and widespread magmatism in southern Tibet, is not yet known. Here, the systematic results of fieldwork, spatial distribution analysis (area and volume), and zircon U Pb age dating of 54 samples are reported from the Linzizong volcanic rocks (Dianzhong, Nianbo and Pana Formations) in the Linzhou and Pangduo basins, southern Tibet. Our new zircon U Pb ages of 40 samples and compilations of previous data indicated that the Pana Formation erupted rapidly ca. 52–50 Ma, consistent with the coeval "flare-up" (∼51 Ma) of the Gangdese batholith. The average eruption fluxes of the lower (Dianzhong Formation), middle (Nianbo Formation), and upper (Pana Formation) parts of the Linzizong volcanic sequence are 11.8, 1.44, and 3994 km3/Ma, respectively. Evidence including the high average eruption flux (3994 km3/Ma), large magnitude (M = 8.80), and Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI = 8) of the Pana Formation in the Linzhou and Pangduo basins suggests that this may represent a "supereruption" event in the Early Eocene. The rapid eruption of the Pana Formation was pervasive across the Tibetan Plateau and potentially extends to Sumatra, Southeast Asia, with consequences for the release of a large amount of CO 2 that could drive the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO). • Pana Formation in the Linzhou and Pangduo basins records a potential supereruption event (manitude value, M = 8.80). • Carbon flux of the Early Eocene rapid eruption of the Pana Formation was well constrained by two different methods. • Rapid eruption of the Pana Formation (∼ 52–50 Ma) in southern Tibet may be the dominant mechanism driving the EECO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyperspectral remote sensing can quickly, nondestructively and accurately monitor crop water concentration and provide technical support for winter wheat growth monitoring, drought assessment, and variable irrigation. In this study, canopy spectral reflectance, leaf water concentration (LWC), leaf nitrogen concentration (LNC), leaf area index (LAI), and leaf dry matter (LDM) of four wheat cultivars were measured under different irrigation and nitrogen treatments, and the effects of nitrogen treatment and growth period on spectral reflectance and LWC were analyzed. Canopy spectral reflectance for different growth periods, irrigation, and nitrogen treatments showed significant changes, leading to the phenomena of "nitrogen treatment differentiation" and "growth period differentiation" for the normalized difference spectral index [NDSI (762, 1458, 2301)] and normalized difference infrared index (NDII) monitoring models. To reduce the influence of nitrogen treatment and growth period on the LWC estimation model, a modified normalized difference water index (mNDWI) was constructed by introducing the nitrogen factor (ratio of left and right peak area, RIDA) into the optimized combination of water-sensitive bands [ND (815, 1080), ND (1585, 1740), and ND (2030, 2260)]. Compared with NDSI (762, 1458, 2301), the R2 of mNDWI was improved by 36.2%–41.1% under different nitrogen levels and 18.6%–22.4% in different growth periods; this effectively reduced the impact of nitrogen status on LWC monitoring and realized the unified modeling and accurate inversion of LWC for the entire growth period. The new index mNDWI, especially mNDWI (815, 1080) and mNDWI (2030, 2260), can effectively monitor the LWC status of wheat under different cultivation conditions, which is important for the real-time diagnosis of plant moisture to guide precision field irrigation applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we prove the following result. Suppose that E is an arbitrary non-empty closed set of real numbers . Then for any positive λ (), there exists an algebroid function (not meromorphic) w( z) of order λ in the unit disc, such that every point , , on the unit circle is a Borel point of order λ of w( z) and w( z) has no other Borel point of order λ. This result generalizes the related results of a meromorphic function due to Lo Yang, Guanghou Zhang, Daochun Sun and Zongsheng Gao. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the factors that may affect the feasibility of performing elliptical anisotropy analysis on azimuthal PP- and PS-wave data in HTI media, with the aim of using the modeling results as guidance in real seismic data application. Our results reveal that there is an offset limitation for both PP- and PS-waves in elliptical anisotropy fitting, and that PS-waves show a wider applicable offset range and larger observable azimuthal anisotropy than PP-waves. The major axis of the elliptical fit to the amplitudes of the R-component is perpendicular to the fracture strike, which is opposite to that in PP-wave analysis. The azimuthal interval travel time of PS-waves shows a nearly elliptical distribution and the major axis of the fit ellipse is perpendicular to the fracture strike, which is same as that in PP-wave analysis. For data within the applicable offset range, the anisotropic magnitude obtained from amplitude and travel time attributes of PP- and PS-waves exhibits a dependence on fracture density, and the major to minor axis ratio of the fit ellipse may be used to infer the relative distribution of fracture densities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Gangdese arc underwent the most intense magmatic flare-up of southern Tibet in the early Eocene (peaked at ∼50 Ma), generating widespread plutonic and volcanic rocks both along and across the arc. However, the dynamic mechanism for the magmatic flare-up is mysterious. This paper systematically analyzed the petrology, mineralogy, geochronology, and geochemistry of the early Eocene volcanic and intrusive rocks in the Pangduo basin in the eastern Gangdese arc. These rocks yielded identical zircon U Pb ages of ∼50 Ma and similar isotopic compositions. The low-silica (< 60 wt%) rocks, including basalt andesite and trachyandesite, result from low degree (2–3%) partial melting of garnet-bearing lithospheric mantle. Based on textural observations and geochemical studies, coupled with Rhyolite-MELTS modeling and zircon trace elements Rayleigh fractionation models, the following research results were obtained. The high-silica rhyolite, ignimbrite, and granite porphyry are the product of limited melt extraction, while the quartz monzonite belongs to the associated residual silicic cumulates. The quartz monzonitic porphyry and trachydacite show a widespread dissolution structure and high formation temperature of ∼850 °C. Whole-rock geochemical mixing model results indicate that they are generated by mixing products of mafic magma, high-silica melts, and remelting melts of quartz monzonite. The volcanic and intrusive rocks in the Pangduo basin are considered as a volcanic-plutonic complex, resulting from the synergistic effect of melt extraction and cognate magma mixing. Both the complex magmatic processes and the early Eocene magmatic flare-up are attributed to mafic magma injection. • The Pangduo volcanic-plutonic complex with various rock types is well exposed in the Pangduo basin, southern Tibet. • The rhyolitic ignimbrite and the quartz monzonite are extracted melts and corresponding residual cumulates, respectively. • Melt extraction and magma mixing via mafic magma injection promote the large-scale magma formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The radiance of sky brightness differs principally with wavelength passband. Atmospheric scattering of sunlight causes the radiation in the near-infrared band. The Antarctic is a singular area of the planet, marked by an unparalleled climate and geographical conditions, including the coldest temperatures and driest climate on Earth, which leads it to be the best candidate site for observing in infrared bands. At present, there are still no measurements of night-sky brightness at DOME A. We have developed the Near-Infrared Sky Brightness Monitor (NISBM) in the J ,  H , and K s bands for measurements at DOME A. The instruments were installed at DOME A in 2019 and early results of NIR sky brightness from 2019 January–April have been obtained. The variation of sky background brightness with solar elevation and scanning angle is analysed. The zenith sky flux intensity for the early night at DOME A in the J band is in the 600–1100 μJy arcsec−2 range, that in the H band is between 1100 and 2600 μJy arcsec−2, and that in the K s band is in the range ∼200–900 μJy arcsec−2. This result shows that the sky brightness in J and H bands is close to that of Ali in China and Mauna Kea in the USA. The sky brightness in the K s band is much better than that in Ali, China and Mauna Kea, USA. This shows that, from our early results, DOME A is a good site for astronomical observation in the K s band. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Limited research has looked at the physical activity (PA) among Chinese children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities. Methods: The Children's Leisure Activities Study Survey‐Chinese version was applied in evaluating PA levels among children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities. Results: The data indicated that only 29.5% of children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities met the PA recommendation. Boys engaged in significantly more MVPA and had higher energy expenditure than girls during weekdays and the whole week. The general trend in PA levels demonstrated a downtrend with the growth of age of children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities. The students aged 6–12 years old performed more MVPA and had greater energy expenditure compared with those 13–15 and 16–18 years old. Conclusion: The level of PA among Chinese children and youths with intellectual disabilities is remarkably low, and there is a large gap compared with the PA recommendation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The orogenic process and crustal growth of the Changning–Menglian Palaeo-Tethys orogenic belt in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau is not fully understood. Triassic Caojian rhyolites and granites occur extensively in this orogenic belt and represent important constraints for this issue. This study aims to examine the relationships between the Triassic Caojian rhyolites and granites and to gain a better understanding of their possible petrogenesis. The study used zircon U–Pb geochronology, trace element analyses and Sr–Nd–Hf isotope data to better understand the relationships and possible origin of the rhyolites and granites. Recent zircon U–Pb ages indicated that the Caojian rhyolites were emplaced at 227.2 Ma, whereas age estimates for Caojian granites were slightly older (233.4–236.9 Ma). The Caojian rhyolites are enriched in large-ion lithophile elements and high-field-strength elements, with elevated FeOtot/MgO and Ga/Al ratios. However, they are significantly depleted in Ba, Sr, Eu, P and Ti. These geochemical characteristics indicate that they have an A-type affinity. Furthermore, the Caojian granites comprise biotite monzogranites and granodiorites and show unfractionated composition. Mineralogically, the Caojian granites were found to contain diagnostic I-type minerals such as hornblende. Geochemical data suggest that the petrogenesis of the Triassic Caojian rhyolites is characterized by rejuvenation of crystal mush represented by the Triassic Caojian granites. The necessary thermal input was supplied by mafic magma. This magmatic evolution was likely related to lithospheric delamination and upwelling of the asthenosphere during the Mid- to Late Triassic, forming post-collisional I-type granites and A-type volcanics in the Changning–Menglian Palaeo-Tethys orogenic belt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The Mengku dacites, Lincang granites and diorites are spatially and temporally related. • The Triassic Mengku dacites is characterized by rejuvenation of the Lincang crystal mush. • The thermal input was supplied by mafic magma represented by the Lincang diorites. • Magmatic evolution was related to mantle upwelling in the post-collisional setting. The tectono-magmatic event of the Changning-Menglian Paleo-Tethys orogen is an important process for understanding the tectonic evolution of the SE Tibetan Plateau. This orogen is composed of Changning-Menglian suture, Lancang group, Lincang batholith, and Yunxian volcanics. The Lincang batholith and its volcanic counterparts are part of Triassic magmatism in this orogen. The botholith is composed of biotite monzogranite, granodiorite and diorite. The Middle to Late Triassic volcanics include Manghuai rhyolite, Xiaodingxi basalt and Mengku dacite. The Mengku dacite is volcanic dome in west of the batholith. Lincang biotite monzogranite and Mengku dacite have similar geochemistry and are characterized by negative ε Hf (t) values (–13.2 to –5.2) and ε Nd (t) values (–14.7 to –8.8), whereas diorite dikes within the Lincang batholith have slightly high ε Hf (t) values (–8.3 to –4.9) and ε Nd (t) values (–6.9 to –6.7). Manifestations of resorption textures in quartz and reverse compositional zoning in feldspars are recognized from Mengku dacite. We consider that Mengku dacites resemble the erupted Lincang biotite monzogranite as they occur in the same tectonic settings and have similar geochemical features and mineral assemblages dominated by plagioclase, alkali-feldspar, quartz, and biotite. The evolution of the Mengku dacite magma is characterized by the rejuvenation of crystal mush represented by the Lincang batholith. The required thermal input was supplied by mafic magma, represented by diorite dikes and enclaves within the Lincang batholith. The Middle to Late Triassic magmatic event in this orogen likely resulted from lithospheric delamination and upwelling of the asthenosphere in a post-collisional environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A dynamic model for a hydro-turbine governing system is established that accounts for the periodic excitation caused by the dynamic transfer coefficient. The dynamic analysis shows that the turbine regulation system produces bursting oscillatory behaviors when its transmission coefficient changes. The bursting oscillation behavior can adversely affect its stable operation. In response to this challenge, a prescribed performance sliding mode controller based on the time-varying tangent barrier Lyapunov function is proposed. Specifically, a time-varying constraint function of the exponential decay type is initially established. This function is then combined with the prescribed performance constraint function and the dynamic sliding surface to construct the time-varying tangent barrier Lyapunov function. In addition, to ensure that the system output exhibits a slight overshoot and fast-tracking speed at the initial time while satisfying the steady-state index, the relevant parameters of the time-varying constraint function are presented. Finally, the stability of the proposed controller is rigorously proven, verifying the effectiveness of the controller under five working conditions. The simulation results demonstrate that the prescribed performance sliding mode control based on the time-varying tangent barrier Lyapunov function can enable the hydro-turbine governing system to quickly break away from the bursting oscillation state. The proposed control strategy achieves faster convergence times for the rotor angle and generator speed (0.3 s) as well as the guide vane opening (0.3 s) than the ordinary sliding mode controller. The proposed strategy is also superior in controlling the steady-state error, which means that the proposed controller has a faster response speed, higher control accuracy, and optimized transient performance of the system than the traditional controller. • The hydro-turbine regulation system under periodic excitation exhibits bursting oscillations. • Prescribed performance control to handle state constraint problems. • Indirect constraints on the state are achieved by constraining the sliding surface. • The controller still has better performance when the parameters change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large-scale wind power penetration in power systems will significantly increase the market risk faced by the conventional strategic generators. In this environment, the conventional generators with different risk preferences will balance their market profits and risks through different strategic behaviors. Using the mean-variance utility theory, a supply function equilibrium model for electricity wholesale markets with wind power generation was developed taking account of the conventional generators' risk preferences. The analytical solution of this model is also presented. The impacts of the uncertainty in wind power output and the conventional generator's risk preference on generators' strategic behaviors and market equilibrium were investigated by theoretical analysis. Numerical examples were used to verify the reasonableness of the theoretical analysis. It is shown that under the presence of risk-averse generators, the equilibrium market price will increase with increasing the uncertainty in wind power output. In addition, as the conventional generators become more risk averse, the equilibrium market price will also increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Taenia pisiformis is one of the most common intestinal parasites in canines, and leads to serious economic losses in the rabbit breeding industry. Exosome-like vesicles from parasites play crucial roles in host-parasite interactions by transferring cargo from parasites to host cells and by modulating host immunological response through inducing production of host-derived cytokines. Nevertheless, the mechanism by which exosome-like vesicles from T. pisiformis cysticercus regulate the macrophage immune response remains unknown. Methods: Using ultracentrifugation, we isolated exosome-like vesicles from excretory/secretory products (ESP) of T. pisiformis cysticercus. The morphology and size of purified vesicles were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). The components of proteins and miRNAs within these vesicles were identified by proteomic analysis and high-throughput small RNA sequencing. The biological function of targets of exosomal miRNAs was predicted by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis. Moreover, the expression of Th1- and Th2-type immune response associated cytokines in RAW264.7 macrophages were evaluated by qPCR and ELISA. We found that exosome-like vesicles were typical cup-shaped vesicles with diameters from 30 to 150 nm. A total of 87 proteins were identified by proteomic analysis, including proteins prominently associated with exosome-like vesicles biogenesis and vesicle trafficking. 41 known miRNAs and 18 novel miRNAs were identified in the exosome-like vesicles. Eleven selected miRNAs, including 7 known miRNAs (miR-71-5p, miR-10a-5p, miR-let-7-5p, miR-745-3p, miR-219-5p, miR-124-3p and miR-4989-3p) and 4 novel miRNAs (novel-mir-3, novel-mir-7, novel-mir-8 and novel-mir-11) were validated to exist in metacestiodes and exosome-like vesicles of T. pisiformis cysticercus by qPCR. The functions of most targets of exosomal miRNAs were mainly associated with signal transduction and the immune system. Additionally, T. pisiformis cysticercus-derived vesicles induced the production of IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13 and Arg-1, but downregulated the expression of IL-12, IFN-γ and iNOS in RAW264.7 macrophages. Conclusions: We demonstrated that proteins and miRNAs enclosed within exosome-like vesicles from T. pisiformis cysticercus have immunomodulatory functions. Furthermore, exosome-like vesicles were shown to induce the macrophage Th2-type immune response in vitro. Our study suggests that exosome-like vesicles play an important role in the interaction between cysticerci and their hosts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) transplantation technology as a promising option for male fertility preservation has received increasing attention, along with efficient SSC purification technology as a necessary technical support; however, the safety of such application in patients with tumors remains controversial. Methods: In this study, we used a green fluorescent protein mouse xenograft model of B cell acute lymphocytic leukemia. We isolated and purified SSCs from the testicular tissue of model mice using density gradient centrifugation, immune cell magnetic bead separation, and flow cytometry. The purified SSCs were transplanted into convoluted seminiferous tubules of the nude mice and C57BL/6 male mice subjected to busulfan. The development and proliferation of SSCs in the recipient testis were periodically tested, along with whether B cell acute lymphocytic leukemia was induced following SSC implantation. The genetic characteristics of the offspring obtained from natural mating were also observed. Results: In testicular leukemia model mice, a large number of BALL cells infiltrated into the seminiferous tubule, spermatogenic cells, and sperm cells in the testis tissue decreased. After spermatogonial stem cell transplantation, the transplanted SSCs purified by immunomagnetic beads and flow cytometry methods colonized and proliferated extensively in the basement of the seminiferous tubules of mice; a large number of spermatogenic cells and sperm were found in recipient testicular tissue after 12 weeks of SSC transplantation. In leukemia detection in nude mice after transplantation in the three SSC purification groups, a large number of BALL cells could be detected in the blood of recipient mice 2–3 weeks after transplantation in the density gradient centrifugation group, but not in the blood of the flow cytometry sorting group and the immunomagnetic bead group after 16 weeks of observation. Conclusions: In this study, we confirmed that immunomagnetic beads and flow cytometry methods of purifying SSCs from the testicular tissue of the testicular leukemia mouse model could be safely applied to the SSC transplantation technology without concomitant tumor implantation. The results thus provide a theoretical basis for the application of tumor SSC cryopreservation for fertility preservation in patients with tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The similarity criterion for high speed or high enthalpy rarefied reaction flows is the binary scaling law, one of which is the product of the incoming flow density and the characteristic scale of the test model in a rarefied wind tunnel should be equal to that under the flight condition. This is to ensure that the ratio between the characteristic distance of the relaxation process and the characteristic length of the body is equal. However, in a rarefied wind tunnel, it is difficult to directly measure the flow density below 10−5 kg/m3 using common methods due to the relatively high rarefied degree, an indirect density estimation method based on force analysis of a pendulum sphere was proposed in this study. The oscillation trajectory of the pendulum sphere under ultrahigh-speed rarefied flow conditions was recorded and the corresponding aerodynamic drag force acted on the sphere along the trajectory was analyzed, based on which the density distribution of the flow was then estimated combined with DSMC simulations. The obtained results show that in the present study, the flow is in under-expanded condition and the measured density sharply decreased from 10−6 kg/m3 to 10−7 kg/m3 at 140–170 mm from the nozzle outlet. • An indirect density measurement method for ultrahigh-speed rarefied flow filed was presented. • The aerodynamic forces acting on a small pendulum sphere in a rarefied flow can be obtained quite precisely and easily by analyzing its oscillation trajectory experimentally. • By comparing the obtained forces with those simulated by DSMC, the flow density as low as 10-6- 10-7 kg/m3 could be estimated which is usually hard to be measured using conventional method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-equilibrium radiation measurements behind strong shock wave for simulated Martian atmosphere are presented in this paper. The shock wave is established in a hydrogen oxygen combustion driven shock tube. Timeresolved spectra of the Δ v = 0 sequence of the BΣ → XΣ electronic transition of CN have been observed through optical emission spectroscopy (OES). A new method, which is based on fitting high resolution spectrum for rotational and vibrational temperatures measurement, is proposed to diagnose temperature distribution behind the shock wave. It is estimated that the current scheme has the maximum deviation less than 8% (1σ) for vibrational temperature measurement through detailed analysis of the influence of the uncertainties of spectroscopic constants and spectral resolution. Radiation structure of the shock layer, including induction, relaxation and equilibrium process, and corresponding rotational and vibrational temperatures are obtained through time gating OES diagnostics with sub-microsecond temporal resolution. The present extensive results will strongly benefit the reaction rate estimation and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code validation in high enthalpy Mars reentry chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A highly active electrorheological (ER) material, nano-sized boehmite, AlO(OH), has been obtained. The relative shear stress (τr = τE/τ0, τ0 and τE are the shear stresses at the electric field strength of 0 kV/mm and 4.2 kV/mm, respectively) of the suspension (25 wt.%) in silicone oil reached 212 at a shear rate of 14.5 s-1 and a DC electric field. The dielectric property, conductivity, surface energy, microstructure, and composition of boehmite [AlO(OH)] and alkaline alumina containing both AlO(OH) and Al2O3 have been studied. The results showed that the hydroxyl group plays a critical role in influencing the ER activity of the material by changing the dielectric property and conductivity of the material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Molecule-based electrorheological (ER) materials as a novel type of ER materials, dicarboxylic acid [H2(β-CD-A)] of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and the rare earth (RE) complexes [(β-CD-A)3(RE)2] (RE=Y, La, Gd) materials, were synthesized, the ER performance and dielectric property of the materials were studied. Our results show that these molecule-based ER materials exhibit clear ER effect. The ER performance of β-CD can be enhanced with the formation of H2(β-CD-A) and RE complexes. The ER activity of the yttrium complex is the highest among these RE complexes. The dielectric property plays an important role in influencing the ER property of these materials. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Nano-sized TiO2 particle materials doped with Na2O or ZrO2 have been synthesized. Their composition (including the composition in the surface layer of particles), microstructure and dielectric property have been studied by XRD, BET, XPS, TEM and dielectric analysis. The electrorheological (ER) properties of the materials have shown that both Na-doping and Zr-doping can effectively enhance the ER performance of TiO2 materials with suitable degree of doping. Especially, the composition in the surface layer of particles plays a dominant role in influencing the ER performance of the particle materials. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Chitosan nitrate (CTS-HNO3) as an electrorheological (ER) material was synthesized by a simple method. The nontoxic and facile chitosan (CTS) as a substrate of the materials, as well as nitric acid were chosen as starting materials. The ER properties of the suspensions of the CTS and CTS-HNO3 materials were researched. The CTS-HNO3 suspension has much better ER performance than the CTS suspension. The ER effect (relative shear stress, τ r = τ E/τ 0) of the CTS-HNO3 suspension (25wt%) in silicon oil under a dc electric field reached 94 at a shear rate of 14.5s−1, which is eight times higher than that of the CTS suspension, where τ E and τ 0 are the shear stresses at the electric field strengths of 4.2 and 0.0kV/mm, respectively. The formation of chitosan nitrate helped to decrease effectively the shear stress at zero electric field, and to enhance the ER effect of chitosan material markedly. The influence of the surface energy, conductivity, dielectric constant and dielectric loss tangent on the ER property of the particle materials was investigated, and the results indicate that surface energy played a predominant role. Moreover, the magnitude of the ER effect of the CTS-HNO3 suspension was closely related to the shear rate. In addition, the chitosan nitrate had better thermal stability. The properties of CTS-HNO3 are advantageous in its application as an ER material. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

New nano-sized TiO2 electrorheological (ER) materials doped with different metal (M = Na, Zr, Ce, Al, Ca, Zn) oxides have been prepared. Relationships between the composition, microstructure, conductivity, dielectric property and ER effect of these materials have been studied. The results show that doping Na2O, ZrO2, Al2O3 or CeO2 can enhance the ER performance of the TiO2 material, whereas, doping CaO or ZnO would decrease the ER activity of the material. The shear stress (τE) of the suspension (25 wt%) of Na-doped TiO2 in dimethyl silicone oil reaches 1.6 kPa at the electric field strength E = 4.2 kV/mm and shear rate γ = 300 s−1, and its τr value of 54.6 (τr = τE/τ0, where τ0 is the shear stress at no electric field) is seven times higher than that of pure TiO2 suspension. This high τr value is very advantageous to the use. The dielectric loss tangent (tanδ) plays a dominant role in influencing the ER performance of a particle material, and the effect of the surface area (pore volume, especially) and grain size should be taken into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A new class of electrorheological (ER) material using rare earth yttrium oxide as the substrate, K2O-doped Y2O3 materials, have been synthesized using K2CO3 and Y(NO3)3 as starting materials. Their ER performance, dielectric property and microstructure have been studied. The results show that the K2O doping can markedly enhance the ER activity of the Y2O3 material. A clear dependence of the ER effect on the degree of K2O doping has been observed. The shear stress of the suspension (25wt%) of a K2O–Y2O3 material (K/Y=0.4, molar ratio) in dimethyl silicone oil reaches 1.6kPa at electric field strength E =4.2kV/mm and shear stress rate γ =300s−1, and its relative shear stress τ r, which is defined as the ratio of shear stress at E =4.2kV/mm to zero-field shear stress (τ r = τ E/τ 0), reaches 6.6, which is six times higher than that of pure Y2O3. Investigations on relationships between ER effect and the microstructure and dielectric property of the materials indicate that the microstructure plays an important role, and dielectric property is a dominant factor in the modification of the ER effect of the particle materials. The results obtained in the research for these new ER materials is helpful for understanding further the mechanism of the ER effect and improving the ER material. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A new class of doped electrorheological (ER) materials with rare earth (RE), TiO2 material doped with Er2O3 that belongs to the heavy rare earth oxide, was synthesized by the means of the hydrolysis and their compositions were determined by elemental analyses. The effects of the microstructure including the surface areas, pore volumes, pore size and crystal structure of the particles on the ER property of the materials were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses, BET surface area analyses, dielectric property and rheological measurement. The new results have shown that the microstructure, especially crystal lattice state plays an important role in influencing the dielectric property and ER property of the particle materials, which is propitious to further understanding the mechanism of ER effect and enhancing the ER activity of a material. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Electrorheological (ER) materials of pure SiO2 and SiO2 doped with rare earths (RE=Ce,Gd,Y) (non-metallic glasses (silicates)) were prepared using Na2SiO3 and RECl3 as starting materials. The electrorheological properties are not enhanced by all rare earth additions. The material doped with Ce exhibits the best ER performance. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A series of nano-sized particle materials containing ZrO2 was prepared and their compositions were determined by elemental analysis and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The effect of particle size and crystal structure type (lattice and space group) on the ER performance of these materials was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Raman spectra, the particle size analysis and rheological measurement. Their electrorheological (ER) effects show that the ER activities of the ZrO2 materials doped with rare earth (RE=Y, La, Ce, Gd, Tb), whose grain sizes were less than that of pure ZrO2, were lower than that of pure ZrO2, which belongs to the tetragonal crystal system. The ER activity of Y2O3–ZrO2 is the strongest among all the RE-doped ZrO2 materials. The ER activity of the tetragonal phase ZrO2 is higher than that of the monoclinic phase ZrO2. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are the most abundant leukocytes and are among the first line of immune system defense. PMNs can form neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in response to some pathogens. The release of NETs plays an important role in trapping and killing invading parasites. However, the effects of NETs on parasitic trematode infections remain unclear. In the present study, water buffalo NET formation, triggered by the newly excysted juveniles (NEJs) of Fasciola gigantica , was visualized by scanning electron microscopy. The major components of the structure of NETs were characterized by immunofluorescence. Viability of flukes incubated with water buffalo PMNs were examined under light microscopy. The results revealed that F. gigantic juveniles triggered PMN-mediated NETs. These NETs were confirmed to comprise the classic characteristics of NETs: DNA, histones, myeloperoxidase and neutrophil elastase. Although NETs were formed in response to viable larvae, the larvae were not killed in vitro. These results suggest that NET formation may serve as a mechanism to hamper the migration of large larvae to facilitate immune cells to kill them. This study demonstrates, for the first time, that parasitic trematode juveniles can trigger NET formation. • Fasciola gigantic juveniles triggered buffalo neutrophils-mediated NET formation. • DNA decorated with of NE, MPO and H3 within NET structures were detected. • F. gigantic juveniles were not killed after exposure to NETs in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]