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Abstract Background In plants, GABA plays a critical role in regulating salinity stress tolerance. However, the response of soybean seedlings (Glycine max L.) to exogenous gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) under saline stress conditions has not been fully elucidated. Results This study investigated the effects of exogenous GABA (2 mM) on plant biomass and the physiological mechanism through which soybean plants are affected by saline stress conditions (0, 40, and 80 mM of NaCl and Na2SO4 at a 1:1 molar ratio). We noticed that increased salinity stress negatively impacted the growth and metabolism of soybean seedlings, compared to control. The root-stem-leaf biomass (27- and 33%, 20- and 58%, and 25- and 59% under 40- and 80 mM stress, respectively]) and the concentration of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b significantly decreased. Moreover, the carotenoid content increased significantly (by 35%) following treatment with 40 mM stress. The results exhibited significant increase in the concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) oxidized glutathione (GSSG), Na+, and Cl− under 40- and 80 mM stress levels, respectively. However, the concentration of mineral nutrients, soluble proteins, and soluble sugars reduced significantly under both salinity stress levels. In contrast, the proline and glycine betaine concentrations increased compared with those in the control group. Moreover, the enzymatic activities of ascorbate peroxidase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase decreased significantly, while those of superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and dehydroascorbate reductase increased following saline stress, indicating the overall sensitivity of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle (AsA-GSH). However, exogenous GABA decreased Na+, Cl−, H2O2, and MDA concentration but enhanced photosynthetic pigments, mineral nutrients (K+, K+/Na+ ratio, Zn2+, Fe2+, Mg2+, and Ca2+); osmolytes (proline, glycine betaine, soluble sugar, and soluble protein); enzymatic antioxidant activities; and AsA-GSH pools, thus reducing salinity-associated stress damage and resulting in improved growth and biomass. The positive impact of exogenously applied GABA on soybean plants could be attributed to its ability to improve their physiological stress response mechanisms and reduce harmful substances. Conclusion Applying GABA to soybean plants could be an effective strategy for mitigating salinity stress. In the future, molecular studies may contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms by which GABA regulates salt tolerance in soybeans.

Abiotic stresses and climate changes cause severe loss of yield and quality of crops and reduce the production area worldwide. Flooding stress curtails soybean growth, yield, and quality and ultimately threatens the global food supply chain. Flooding tolerance is a multigenic trait. Tremendous research in molecular breeding explored the potential genomic regions governing flood tolerance in soybean. The most robust way to develop flooding tolerance in soybean is by using molecular methods, including quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping, identification of transcriptomes, transcription factor analysis, CRISPR/Cas9, and to some extent, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and multi-omics techniques. These powerful molecular tools have deepened our knowledge about the molecular mechanism of flooding stress tolerance. Besides all this, using conventional breeding methods (hybridization, introduction, and backcrossing) and other agronomic practices is also helpful in combating the rising flooding threats to the soybean crop. The current review aims to summarize recent advancements in breeding flood-tolerant soybean, mainly by using molecular and conventional tools and their prospects. This updated picture will be a treasure trove for future researchers to comprehend the foundation of flooding tolerance in soybean and cover the given research gaps to develop tolerant soybean cultivars able to sustain growth under extreme climatic changes.

The soybean is a significant legume crop, providing several vital dietary components. Extreme heat stress negatively affects soybean yield and quality, especially at the germination stage. Continuous change in climatic conditions is threatening the global food supply and food security. Therefore, it is a critical need of time to develop heat-tolerant soybean genotypes. Different molecular techniques have been developed to improve heat stress tolerance in soybean, but until now complete genetic mechanism of soybean is not fully understood. Various molecular methods, like quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping, genetic engineering, transcription factors (TFs), transcriptome, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), are employed to incorporate heat tolerance in soybean under the extreme conditions of heat stress. These molecular techniques have significantly improved heat stress tolerance in soybean. Besides this, we can also use specific classical breeding approaches and different hormones to reduce the harmful consequences of heat waves on soybean. In future, integrated use of these molecular tools would bring significant results in developing heat tolerance in soybean. In the current review, we have presented a detailed overview of the improvement of heat tolerance in soybean and highlighted future prospective. Further studies are required to investigate different genetic factors governing the heat stress response in soybean. This information would be helpful for future studies focusing on improving heat tolerance in soybean.

Background and Purpose: Studies on outcome comparison after endovascular treatment (EVT) for large vessel occlusion (LVO) between large artery atherosclerosis (LAA) and cardioembolism (CE) in the Asian population are scarce. We aimed to compare the baseline characteristics and clinical outcomes after EVT for anterior circulation LVO with LAA and CE in the Chinese population. Methods: Patients were selected from the ANGEL registry and divided into LAA and CE groups. The primary outcome was the 90-day modified Rankin Scale (mRS) 0– 2. The secondary outcomes were 90-day mRS distribution, 90-day mRS 0– 1, 90-day mRS 0– 3, and early neurological improvement. The safety outcomes included death, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage, and any intracranial hemorrhage. We conducted logistic regression models with adjustments to compare the outcomes. Results: A total of 632 patients were included, of whom, 488 were in the LAA group and 144 were in the CE group. No significant difference in 90-day mRS 0– 2 was observed between LAA and CE groups (55.7%vs.43.1%, odds ratio[OR] 1.19, 95% confidence interval(CI), 0.92– 1.53, P=0.190). The LAA group exhibited a higher frequency of mRS 0– 3 compared to the CE group (69.1% vs 32.6%, OR1.32, 95% CI 1.02– 1.72, P=0.038). However, the incidence of death within 90 days did not significantly differ between the LAA and CE groups (10.9%vs.24.3%, OR0.91, 95% CI0.66– 1.25, P=0.545), nor did the occurrences of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage(SICH) (4.5%vs.9.7%,OR1.08, 95% CI 0.65– 1.78, P=0.779) or intracranial hemorrhage(ICH) (21.9%vs.30.6%, OR 0.94, 95% CI0.71– 1.25, P=0.680). Moreover, no significant disparities were detected in other outcomes between the two groups (All P> 0.05). Conclusion: In the ANGEL registry, a higher prevalence of patients undergoing EVT for acute anterior circulation LVO with LAA was found than those with CE. However, our study revealed that the efficacy and safety of EVT remained consistent regardless of the stroke's etiology such as LAA or CE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the tremendous progress in cancer treatment in recent decades, cancers often become resistant due to multiple mechanisms, such as intrinsic or acquired multidrug resistance, which leads to unsatisfactory treatment effects or accompanying metastasis and recurrence, ultimately to treatment failure. With a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms of tumors, researchers have realized that treatment designs targeting tumor resistance mechanisms would be a promising strategy to break the therapeutic deadlock. Nanodelivery systems have excellent physicochemical properties, including highly efficient tissue‐specific delivery, substantial specific surface area, and controllable surface chemistry, which endow nanodelivery systems with capabilities such as precise targeting, deep penetration, responsive drug release, multidrug codelivery, and multimodal synergy, which are currently widely used in biomedical researches and bring a new dawn for overcoming cancer resistance. Based on the mechanisms of tumor therapeutic resistance, this review summarizes the research progress of nanodelivery systems for overcoming tumor resistance to improve therapeutic efficacy in recent years and offers prospects and challenges of the application of nanodelivery systems for overcoming cancer resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electromagnetic environment of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarm communication is complex, and phenomena such as user interference, multipath fading and frequency shift frequently occur. The performance of the waveform recognition algorithm under the traditional additive white Gaussion noise channel is greatly reduced in this scenario. To solve this problem above, a waveform recognition algorithm for UAV swarm communication in complex multipath environment is proposed. Firstly, a multipath fading channel model for UAV swarm communication under Alpha pulse interference is established. Secondly, aiming at the problem of Alpha pulse interference among swarm users, the generalized cyclic mean and generalized cyclic spectrum features of the signals are extracted, and the waveform feature matrix of UAV swarm communication in complex multipath environment is established. Finally, the sparse autoencoder deep neural network UAV swarm communication waveform recognition model is established. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has strong robustness in the complex environment of Alpha pulse interference, multipath fading and frequency shift, and realizes the recognition of seven kinds of UAV swarm communication waveforms. At the same time, the recognition accuracy of more than 80% can be guaranteed when the signal to noise ratio is -10 dB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Byline: Jiwei. Bai, Shuheng. Zhang, Yixuan. Zhai, Shuai. Wang, Mingxuan. Li, Chuzhong. Li, Peng. Zhao, Sumin. Geng, Songbai. Gui, Yazhuo. Zhang Background: Skull base chordomas in pediatric and adolescent patients [...]