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We study neutrino, muon, and gamma-ray fluxes in extraterrestrial environments in our Solar System via semi-analytical estimates and Monte Carlo simulations. In sites with negligible atmosphere, we find a strong reduction in the cosmic-ray-induced neutrino and muon fluxes relative to their intensities on Earth. Neutrinos with energies between 50 MeV and 100 TeV show particularly strong suppression, by as much as 10$^3$, even at shallow depths. The solar neutrino suppression increases as the square of the site's distance from the Sun. Natural radiation due to nuclear decay is also expected to be lower in many of these locations and may be reduced to effectively negligible levels in the liquid water environments. The sites satisfying these characteristics represent an opportunity for greatly extending the physics reach of underground searches in fundamental physics, such as searches for WIMP Dark Matter, neutrinoless double-beta decay, the diffuse supernova neutrinos, and neutrinos from nearby supernova. As a potential near-term target, we propose a measurement of muon and gamma-ray fluxes in an accessible underground lunar site such as the Mare Tranquillitatis Pit to perform a first measurement of the prompt component in cosmic-ray-induced particle production, and to constrain lunar evolution models., Comment: 1 near-term proposal, 21 pages, and 6 figures

This work applies a reduced basis method to study the continuum physics of a finite quantum system -- either few or many-body. Specifically, we develop reduced-order models, or emulators, for the underlying inhomogeneous Schr\"{o}dinger equation and train the emulators against the equation's bound-state-like solutions at complex energies. The emulators can quickly and accurately interpolate and extrapolate the matrix elements of the Hamiltonian resolvent operator (Green's function) in a parameter space that encompasses the complex energy plane as well as other real-valued parameters in the Schr\"{o}dinger equation. The spectra, discretized and compressed as the result of emulation, and the associated resolvent matrix elements (or amplitudes), have the defining characteristics of non-Hermitian quantum mechanics calculations, featuring complex eigenenergies with negative imaginary parts and resolvent matrix elements with branch cuts moved below the real axis in the complex energy plane. Therefore, we now have a method that extracts continuum physics from bound-state-like calculations and emulates them in the input parameter space. Some significant results have previously been presented in a short report (arXiv:2408.03309). Here, we provide details of the study and an in-depth analysis, including how this method could be coupled with existing approaches to compute and emulate bound and continuum states., Comment: 43 pages, 29 figures, the companion paper of arXiv:2408.03309

This white paper is the result of a collaboration by those that attended a workshop at the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB), organized by the FRIB Theory Alliance (FRIB-TA), on Theoretical Justifications and Motivations for Early High-Profile FRIB Experiments. It covers a wide range of topics related to the science that will be explored at FRIB. After a brief introduction, the sections address: (II) Overview of theoretical methods, (III) Experimental capabilities, (IV) Structure, (V) Near-threshold Physics, (VI) Reaction mechanisms, (VII) Nuclear equations of state, (VIII) Nuclear astrophysics, (IX) Fundamental symmetries, and (X) Experimental design and uncertainty quantification., Comment: 227 pages, 24 figures

This work develops a new method for computing a finite quantum system's continuum states and observables by applying a subspace projection (or reduced basis) method used in model order reduction studies to ``discretize'' the system's continuous spectrum. The method extracts the continuum physics from solving Schr\"odinger equations with bound-state-like boundary conditions and emulates this extraction in the space of the input parameters. This parameter emulation can readily be adapted to emulate other continuum calculations as well, e.g., those based on complex energy or Lorentz integral transform methods. Here, I give an overview of the key aspects of the formalism and some informative findings from numerical experimentation with two- and three-body systems, which indicates the non-Hermitian quantum mechanics nature of the method. A potential connection with (near-)optimal rational approximation studied in Math literature is also discussed. Further details are provided in a separate paper., Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures

We study a multi-objective model on the allocation of reusable resources under model uncertainty. Heterogeneous customers arrive sequentially according to a latent stochastic process, request for certain amounts of resources, and occupy them for random durations of time. The decision maker's goal is to simultaneously maximize multiple types of rewards generated by the customers, while satisfying the resource capacity constraints in each time step. We develop models and algorithms for deciding on the allocation actions. We show that when the usage duration is relatively small compared with the length of the planning horizon, our policy achieves $1-O(\epsilon)$ fraction of the optimal expected rewards, where $\epsilon$ decays to zero at a near optimal rate as the resource capacities grow.

Emulators for low-energy nuclear physics can provide fast & accurate predictions of bound-state and scattering observables for applications that require repeated calculations with different parameters, such as Bayesian uncertainty quantification. In this paper, we extend a scattering emulator based on the Kohn variational principle (KVP) to momentum space (including coupled channels) with arbitrary boundary conditions, which enable the mitigation of spurious singularities known as Kohn anomalies. We test it on a modern chiral nucleon-nucleon (NN) interaction, including emulation of the coupled channels. We provide comparisons between a Lippmann-Schwinger equation emulator and our KVP momentum-space emulator for a representative set of neutron-proton (np) scattering observables, and also introduce a quasi-spline-based approach for the KVP-based emulator. Our findings show that while there are some trade-offs between accuracy and speed, all three emulators perform well. Self-contained Jupyter notebooks that generate the results and figures in this paper are publicly available., Comment: 18 pages, 15 figures, matches published version

The BUQEYE collaboration (Bayesian Uncertainty Quantification: Errors in Your EFT) presents a pedagogical introduction to projection-based, reduced-order emulators for applications in low-energy nuclear physics. The term emulator refers here to a fast surrogate model capable of reliably approximating high-fidelity models. As the general tools employed by these emulators are not yet well-known in the nuclear physics community, we discuss variational and Galerkin projection methods, emphasize the benefits of offline-online decompositions, and explore how these concepts lead to emulators for bound and scattering systems that enable fast & accurate calculations using many different model parameter sets. We also point to future extensions and applications of these emulators for nuclear physics, guided by the mature field of model (order) reduction. All examples discussed here and more are available as interactive, open-source Python code so that practitioners can readily adapt projection-based emulators for their own work., Comment: 31 pages, 10 figures, 1 table; invited contribution to the Research Topic "Uncertainty Quantification in Nuclear Physics" in Frontiers in Physics

We study a general model on reusable resource allocation under model uncertainty. A heterogeneous population of customers arrive at the decision maker's (DM's) platform sequentially. Upon observing a customer's type, the DM selects an allocation decision, which leads to rewards earned and resources occupied. Each resource unit is occupied for a random duration, and the unit is available for another allocation after the usage duration. Our model captures numerous applications involving admission control and assortment planning. The DM aims to simultaneously maximize multiple types of rewards, while satisfying the resource constraints and being uncertain about the customers' arrival process. We develop a near-optimal algorithm that achieves $(1-\epsilon)$ fraction of the optimal expected rewards, where the error parameter $\epsilon$ decays to zero as the resource capacity units and the length of the horizon grow. The algorithm iteratively applies the Multiplicative Weight Update algorithm in a novel manner, which balances the trade-off among the amounts of rewards earned, resources occupied and usage durations.

We introduce a new scheme for quantum circuit design called controlled gate networks. Rather than trying to reduce the complexity of individual unitary operations, the new strategy is to toggle between all of the unitary operations needed with the fewest number of gates. We illustrate our approach using two examples. The first example is a variational subspace calculation for a two-qubit system. We demonstrate an approximately five-fold reduction in the number of two-qubit gates required for computing inner products and Hamiltonian matrix elements. The second example is estimating the eigenvalues of a two-qubit Hamiltonian via the Rodeo Algorithm using a specific class of controlled gate networks called controlled reversal gates. Again, a fivefold reduction in the number of two-qubit gates is demonstrated. We use the Quantinuum H1-2 and IBM Perth devices to realize the quantum circuits. Our work demonstrates that controlled gate networks are a useful tool for reducing gate complexity in quantum algorithms for quantum many-body problems., Comment: 10 pages and 9 figures (main text); 2 pages and no figures (supplemental material)

The field of model order reduction (MOR) is growing in importance due to its ability to extract the key insights from complex simulations while discarding computationally burdensome and superfluous information. We provide an overview of MOR methods for the creation of fast & accurate emulators of memory- and compute-intensive nuclear systems. As an example, we describe how "eigenvector continuation" is a special case of a much more general and well-studied MOR formalism for parameterized systems. We continue with an introduction to the Ritz and Galerkin projection methods that underpin many such emulators, while pointing to the relevant MOR theory and its successful applications along the way. We believe that this will open the door to broader applications in nuclear physics and facilitate communication with practitioners in other fields., Comment: 13 pages. Added table and minor changes

This is a collection of perspective pieces contributed by the participants of the Institute of Nuclear Theory's Program on Nuclear Physics for Precision Nuclear Physics which was held virtually from April 19 to May 7, 2021. The collection represents the reflections of a vibrant and engaged community of researchers on the status of theoretical research in low-energy nuclear physics, the challenges ahead, and new ideas and strategies to make progress in nuclear structure and reaction physics, effective field theory, lattice QCD, quantum information, and quantum computing. The contributed pieces solely reflect the perspectives of the respective authors and do not represent the viewpoints of the Institute for Nuclear theory or the organizers of the program., Comment: Perspective pieces of the virtual INT program 21-1b "Nuclear Forces for Precision Nuclear Physics", 107 pages

We develop a class of emulators for solving quantum three-body scattering problems. They are based on combining the variational method for scattering observables and the recently proposed eigenvector continuation concept. The emulators are first trained by the exact scattering solutions of the governing Hamiltonian at a small number of points in its parameter space, and then employed to make interpolations and extrapolations in that space. Through a schematic nuclear-physics model with finite-range two and three-body interactions, we demonstrate the emulators to be extremely accurate and efficient. The computing time for emulation is on the scale of milliseconds (on a laptop), with relative errors ranging from $10^{-13}$ to $10^{-4}$ depending on the case. The emulators also require little memory. We argue that these emulators can be generalized to even more challenging scattering problems. Furthermore, this general strategy may be applicable for building the same type of emulators in other fields, wherever variational methods can be developed for evaluating physical models., Comment: 21 pages, 15 figures, and 10-page supplemental material

We combine Newton's variational method with ideas from eigenvector continuation to construct a fast & accurate emulator for two-body scattering observables. The emulator will facilitate the application of rigorous statistical methods for interactions that depend smoothly on a set of free parameters. Our approach begins with a trial $K$ or $T$ matrix constructed from a small number of exact solutions to the Lippmann--Schwinger equation. Subsequent emulation only requires operations on small matrices. We provide several applications to short-range potentials with and without the Coulomb interaction and partial-wave coupling. It is shown that the emulator can accurately extrapolate far from the support of the training data. When used to emulate the neutron-proton cross section with a modern chiral interaction as a function of 26 free parameters, it reproduces the exact calculation with negligible error and provides an over 300x improvement in CPU time., Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures; minor updates, close to published version