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Feature extraction and matching are the basic procedures of the so-called Visual Odometer (VO), Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) and many other image processing algorithms. Oriented features from accelerated segment test (FAST) and rotated binary robust independent elementary features (ORB) algorithm are widely used since they are computationally faster. In this paper, we proposed a method to generate a value for a feature, the value is called signature. In the matching step, we only compute Hamming distances of descriptors with the same signatures. Hence, the matching time is shortened. Compared with the original ORB algorithm, features to be matched dropped 69.63% on TUM datasets and 85.7% on VGG datasets by adopting our strategy. In addition, the precision is above 85% on both VGG and TUM datasets. We design a customized hardware architecture for ORB feature extraction and matching based on the proposed method. The hardware structure is implemented on Xilinx ZCU102 evaluation board. The clock frequency is set to 150 MHz. Our Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) system achieves 193 fps on 1 2 8 0 × 7 2 0 images with 1984 features on average and 314 fps on 6 4 0 × 4 8 0 images with 700 features on average, which is more efficient compared to the state-of-the-art works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micropile groups (MPGs) are an effective means of geological disaster prevention for small- and medium-sized landslides, with the advantages of light structures and convenient construction. However, the mechanical and deformation characteristics of MPGs are complex, and their practical application is ahead of theoretical research, which greatly limits the popularization and application of MPGs. This paper conducts a series of centrifuge model tests to investigate the mechanical and deformation characteristics and the antislip mechanism of MPGs, then compare them with those of conventional piles (CPs). In particular, MPGs with and without the platform in the strengthening process of the talus slope are compared, and monitoring the reinforcement effect of MPGs subjected to gravity loading. The results suggest that the soil pressure shows a triangular distribution pattern and is influenced by the position of the potential slip zone and the geometry of the bedrock surface. The compatibility deformation of the pile–soil leads to the stress release of the soil behind the pile, which is an important part affecting the antislip mechanism of the MPG. The platform limits 75% of the pile top displacement of the MPG and simultaneously redistributes the stress of the piles, providing a better overall antislip effect of the pile–soil composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HIV-1 protease is a key enzyme in the maturation process of HIV protein. HIV-1 PIs are an important class of drug used to inhibit HIV infection and have an important effect on virus replication. In this article, 3D-QSAR was used to investigate the molecular simulations related to 50 DRV selective inhibitors. A 3D-QSAR model was established based on CoMFA and CoMSIA, and the best CoMSIA field was selected based on the model prediction results. The results showed that the CoMFA model (q2 = 0.809, r2 = 0.989) and CoMSIA (S + E + D + H (q2 = 0.834, r2 = 0.988)) have an excellent prediction capability. In addition, the method of docking between template molecules and the receptor was studied by molecular docking, and the results of the 3D-QSAR model were further verified. Through the analysis of counter maps, we designed 9 new small molecules and predicted their activity. Afterward, the newly designed small molecules were docked, and MD simulations and binding free energies were used to verify the accuracy of the docking results. Via a series of predictions, it was concluded that the newly designed compound D08 may have a better inhibitory activity. Furthermore, for the novel molecules, their ADMET properties and drug likeness were also analysed. The results show that these novel molecules also have reasonable pharmacokinetics. These results may provide an important reference for the design and development of novel effective HIV-1 PR inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are considered to be a key factor involved in tumor metastasis. However, the isolation and culture of CTCs in vitro remains challenging, and their clinical application for predicting prognosis and survival is still limited. The development of accurate evaluating system for CTCs will benefit for clinical assessment of HCC. Methods: Density gradient centrifugation and magnetic separation based on CD45 antibody were used to isolate CTCs. 3D culture was used to maintain and amplify CTCs and HCC cells. Cellular immunofluorescence was used to identify CTCs and spheroids. The cutoff value of CTC spheroid was calculated using X-tile software. The relationship between clinicopathological variables and CTC spheroids in HCC patients is analyzed. In vivo models were used to evaluate tumor growth and metastasis of CTC spheroids. Results: Patient-derived CTCs/HCC cells were isolated and expanded to form spheroids using 3D culture. CTC spheroids could be used to predict short-term recurrence of CTCs compared with conventional CTC enumeration. Different cell lines exhibited different formation rates and grew to different sizes. Identification of CTC spheroids revealed that EpCAM and β-catenin were expressed in spheroids derived from HCC cells and in the HCC/CTCs. EpCAM-positive HCC cells exhibited improved spheroid formation in 3D culture and were more tumorigenic and likely to metastasize to the lung in vivo. Abnormal activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway was observed in EpCAM positive cells. Conclusion: CTC spheroids could predict prognosis of HCC more precisely compared with conventional CTC enumeration. EpCAM may participate in the formation and survival of CTC spheroids which dependent on Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reliable numerical simulation of the landslide process contributes to the establishment of evidence-based disaster mitigation measures in seismically active zones. To achieve this goal, a simple and unified state-dependent shear strength model of discontinuities is presented to describe the shear strength degradation in a seismic landslide process. The proposed model establishes a relationship between the shear strength parameters and the global safety factor of the slope by assuming that the slope instability (or landslide initiation) is accompanied by an instantaneous shear strength degradation of discontinuities. To realize the model numerically, the algorithms for the computation of global safety factor and the modification of shear strength parameters were incorporated into the discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA). Subsequently, the kinematic accuracy of the improved DDA method was validated by comparisons with theoretical solutions for the dynamic sliding of a block on an inclined plane. Numerical simulations of the Daguangbao landslide triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake were performed using the improved DDA method. The results illustrate that the shear strength degradation of discontinuities affect the evolution process, travel distance, and post-failure shape of the seismic landslide significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a modified block splitting preconditioner for a class of complex nonsymmetric indefinite linear systems. By adopting two iteration parameters and a relaxing technique, the new preconditioner is much closer to the original coefficient matrix. Theoretical analysis proves that the preconditioned matrix has an eigenvalue 1 with algebraic multiplicity at least n. A theorem concerning the dimension of the Krylov subspace for the preconditioned matrix is also obtained. Finally, some numerical experiments are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the preconditioner presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of coal combustion is coupled with the one-dimensional hydrodynamic model of supercritical steam, and applied in the simulation of the superheater. The convective heat exchangers are neglected. Complex tube arrangements can be modeled with the aid of AutoCAD, and therefore the simulation could offer detailed information on heat exchangers. It is found that the outlet steam temperature of the tube is very sensitive to the variation of ash deposit temperature. Therefore it is not reasonable to use decoupled method for predicting the energy flux transported to the steam. The outlet steam temperature of a row of tubes is compared with the running data from the power plant. The simulation result fits well with running data. Nevertheless, one can impose an average steam temperature plus 50 K as the tube outside surface temperature; then calculates the temperature of the ash deposit according to the thermal resistance of ash deposit and energy flux. The result from this "simplified" coupled method is very close to fully coupled method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • The influence of the transverse extents of numerical model on tunnel convergence is studied. • A comprehensive function of transverse extents to yield the minimum transverse section area with a given error is proposed. • The universal suggestion of numerical model transverse extents for deep buried tunnel are presented. Abstract Numerical simulation has been widely used for predicting rock mass convergence during tunnel excavation. Considering that tunnel construction is a three-dimensional (3D) process, the 3D numerical analysis, instead of the plane-strain models, are commonly employed in engineering practice. As the 3D numerical analyses require large numbers of computational resources, the geometric extents are often kept to a minimum to reduce simulation time. However, there is a lack of published information concerning appropriate the size of numerical model. The study investigates how the transverse range of tunnel section, including the upper boundary, the lower boundary and the lateral boundary, affects the tunnel convergence via the finite difference software package FLAC3D, respectively. Then, a comprehensive function to yield the minimum transverse section area within a given error is proposed. After several cases with different categories of rock are employed in the simulations, the universal model extents with the minimum transverse section area are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reverse transcriptase (RT) works in the life cycle of HIV and is one of the key targets for anti-HIV-1 drug development. Recently, a novel series of diarylpyrimidine derivatives (DAPYs) have been reported as potent HIV-1 non-nucleoside RT inhibitors (NNRTIs), and they exhibit potent antiviral activity. Here we explored the binding interaction patterns of a set of 2,4,5-trisubstituted pyrimidine derivatives using molecular docking, three-dimensional quantitative structure–activity relationships (3D-QSAR), and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Molecular docking for exploring the mechanism of action of small molecule ligands with receptor proteins. Comparative molecular field (CoMFA q2 = 0.828, r2 = 0.988, r2pred = 0.981) and comparative molecular similarity index (CoMSIA q2 = 0.859, r2 = 0.968, r2pred = 0.980) were performed to build stable and reliable 3D-QSAR models. The contour plots revealed the relationship between structural features and inhibitory activities. Based on the molecular docking analysis and contour maps, some novel compounds with higher predicted activities were designed and further MD simulations and bind free energy calculations were performed. Our models results may provide an essential reference for the design and development of effective novel HIV-1 NNRTIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the electromagnetic (EM) propagation characteristics and further get the channel models for indoor environments, a modified conformal finite‐difference time‐domain (CFDTD) method is introduced in this paper. Specifically, the dispersion characteristics of media are modeled by using the auxiliary differential equation (ADE) technique of the Debye model, and the EM field iterative equation is obtained by weighted‐length of various media in the conformal cells for the curved structure. The proposed method is used to simulate the channels of 2.4 GHz wireless fidelity (Wi‐Fi) network and 5G microcellular network, respectively, for the single‐ and complex multi‐room scenarios. The impulse response, power delay profile and path loss exponent are extracted from the simulation data to analyze the effective ultra‐wideband (UWB) channel characteristics. Compared with the traditional FDTD, the proposed method has the advantage of obtaining a stable and good accuracy solution and reducing the time step without the need to solve high‐order differential equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

VP35 of Ebola viruses (EBOVs) is an attractive potential target because of its multifunction. All-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and Molecular Mechanics Generalized Born surface area (MM/GBSA) energy calculations are performed to investigate the single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) as an inhibitor in wild-type (WT) VP35 as well as in three primary mutants (K248A, I295A, and K248A/I295A) through docking the SWCNT in the first basic patch (FBP) of VP35. The SWCNTs of all the four systems effectively bind to the FBP. Interestingly, the sites and orientations of the SWCNT binding to the I295A mutant and K248A/I295A double mutants change significantly to accommodate the variation of the VP35 conformation. Moreover, the VDW can provide the major forces for affinity binding in all four systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transgenic cotton GK 12 expressing insecticidal Cry1Ab/1Ac gene can effectively control the lepidopteran pests in agriculture, however it may have unintended side-effects on soil fungal communities. Therefore, the fungal community size and structure in rhizosphere soil of Bt and non-Bt cottons were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) at growth stages and three annual replications in an intensive conventional cultivation system. The Cry1Ab/1Ac protein was undetectable or occasionally detectable at a low level (<0.1 ng/g soil) at seedling and senescence, and that the concentration of Cry1Ab/Ac protein in soil extracts did not increase over time or repeated cultivations. No significant differences in fungal population size and structure in rhizosphere soil were found between Bt-cotton GK 12 and its near-isogenic comparator at all growth stages, but they were different between Bt-cotton GK 12 and conventional cotton DP 5415 at some growth stages. The fungal population size and structure was significantly influenced by variation in years and plant growth stages. Sequencing results from DGGE bands showed that the dominant fungi were not different between Bt-cotton GK 12 and its near-isogenic comparator. Thus, the data of this study do not indicate any significant effect of Bt-cotton GK 12 on the fungal community size and structure in rhizosphere soil during these three continuous years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Daqing City in Northern Songliao Basin (China) requires huge amounts of electric power and thermal energy for oil processing and resident support each year. We used actual geological and logging data of deep well YS-2 in Daqing oilfield to investigate electricity generation and heating potential from enhanced geothermal systems in tight rock and naturally fractured formations (3850–4500 m) using different reservoir stimulation methods. We then proposed optimized hydraulic fracturing and heat extraction strategies for each formation. Results indicate that the Yingcheng formation is suitable for the development of HDR (hot dry rock) resources in this region. Heat output in the stimulated naturally fractured formation is obviously higher than that in the tight rock formation. The development of HDR resources in the naturally fractured formation should be prioritized. In middle-low temperature (about 160 °C), tight rock formation still has great potential for heating supply, but the structure has poor capacity for electricity generation because of the low appropriate injection rate resulting from low reservoir temperature. However, when a high temperature reservoir is selected, electricity generation is feasible from tight formation by using gel-proppant hydraulic fracturing combined with horizontal well technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The entomopathogenic fungus L. lecanii has been developed as biopesticides and used widely for biological control of several insects in agricultural practice. Due to the lack of isolation/count methods for L. lecanii in soil, the persistence of this fungus in soil appears to have attracted no attention. A selective medium and count method for L. lecanii in soil based on cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) was developed, and then the persistence and viability of this fungus in soil were investigated under field conditions between 2012 and 2014. The results showed that the rate of recovery for L. lecanii in soil on the selective CTAB medium was satisfactory. The minimum CFUs for L. lecanii on the selective medium (0.5 g/L CTAB) was about 102 conidia/g soil. The L. lecanii density in soil declined quickly in the first month after inoculation with fungal conidia, kept stable for 6 to 10 months, and then decreased gradually until undetectable. L. lecanii could persist for at least 14 months in the agricultural soil of northern China. The colony growth, conidia yield and germination rate on plates, as well as the median lethal concentration or times (LC50 or LT50) to aphids, mycelium growth in aphids and sporulation on aphids of L. lecanii did not change significantly during the persistence in soil. In general, the count method developed here was a very useful tool for monitoring the dynamics of natural or introduced L. lecanii populations in soil, and the data on the persistence of L. lecanii in soil reported here were helpful for biological control and environmental risk assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lecanicillium lecanii has been developed as biopesticides and widely used in the biological control of several insects in agricultural practice. However, the poor efficacy has blocked its application. The genetic manipulation has been proved as a useful tool to improve the virulence of entomopathogenic fungus. In this study, a scorpion toxin gene ( BmKit) from Buthus martensi was cloned and transferred into L. lecanii and then its resulting activity against cotton aphids ( Aphis gossypii) was assessed. The results showed that the engineered strain BmKit-12 grew significantly quicker than WT in host insects. The median lethal concentration (LC) for BmKit-12 was 7.1-fold lower than that for WT, and the median survival time (LT) for BmKit-12 was reduced by 26.5 % compared with that for WT. Although the conidial yield was reduced by 31.4 % on insect cadavers, the mycelia growth, sporulation, and conidia germination of BmKit-12 on plates were not significantly different from WT. Considering the lower amount of mycelia for BmKit-12 in host insects in late growth stage (fungal sporulation stage), we think the expression of BmKit may not affect the capability of sporulation. In conclusion, the expression of BmKit gene can significantly enhance the pathogenicity of L. lecanii against cotton aphids in a relatively cost-effective way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monsanto’s Bt-cotton NC 33B, planted in northern China for more than one decade, effectively controls cotton bollworms and decreases the use of chemical insecticides. Because of the concern about undesirable ecological side-effects of transgenic Bt-cottons, it is important to assess Bt-cotton NC 33B’s effects on soil microorganisms in this zone. Microbial communities in the rhizosphere soil of Bt and non-Bt cottons were monitored under field conditions by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) fingerprints of eubacteria, fungi and actinomycetes at six growth stages after three-year cultivation. Results showed that the population sizes and community structures of eubacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in rhizosphere soil were markedly affected by natural variations in the environment related to cotton growth stages. However, there was no significant difference in eubacterial, fungal and actinomycete population size and community structures in rhizosphere soil between NC 33B and its non-transgenic parent. In general, Bt-cotton NC 33B did not show evident effects on microbial communities in the rhizosphere soil under field conditions after three-year cultivation. This study provides a theoretical basis for environmental impact monitoring of transgenic Bt cottons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the feasibility of using enhanced geothermal system correlation techniques (hydraulic fracturing and heat extraction) to develop medium–low temperature geothermal resources for heating purposes in northeast China is investigated. A detailed experiment on field hydraulic fracturing stimulation is conducted. Combining with numerical simulation approaches, heat production potential of this system is forecasted. Field hydraulic stimulation results indicate that the matrix acidizing treatment significantly limits near wellbore friction loss. For network fracturing treatment, however, the formation of branching fractures and its enhancing effects on reservoir flow conductivity needs to be verified by production tests in the future. The geometric dimension and flow conductivity of the induced fracture are determined by numerical simulation of hydraulic fracturing process. The accuracy of the numerical model is verified through matching well head pressure curve. Parameters including production flow rate, flow impedance, production temperature, heat extraction rate and energy efficiency are determined through the simulation results of heat production forecast. The results indicate that thermal energy production from the stimulated reservoir is satisfactory for heating purpose. However, water flow impedance maintains at a relative high level during production period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the feasibility of generating electricity from EGS (enhanced geothermal systems) by oilfield produced water circulating through reservoir stimulated by staged fracturing technology for horizontal wells is investigated based on the geological data of Xujiaweizi area, located in the Daqing Oilfield, northeast China. HDR (hot dry rock) resource potential assessment is carried out by using volumetric method. Reservoir stimulation is numerically simulated based on the geological data of well YS-1 and field fracturing experience in this region. Geometric dimensions and flow conductivity of the resulting fracture are imported into the hydro-thermal model to calculate the electricity generation potential of the proposed EGS power plant. An EGS design scheme is proposed based on the simulation results. The system is also evaluated from the economic and environmental aspects. The results indicate that HDR resource in Xujiaweizi area is of great potential for development. Through the staged fracturing technology for horizontal wells, electricity generation power of the proposed EGS project can roughly meet the commercial standard. For 20 years of continuous production, power generation from the proposed EGS power plant is economic feasible. Meanwhile, significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions can be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) aerobic degrading granules were successfully developed in the sequencing batch airlift reactor. The key strategy used in cultivation of the granules was dosing glucose and acetate as co-substrates. After granulation, average concentrations of 2,4,6-TCP and COD in the effluent were less than 8 mg L −1 and 59 mg L −1 , respectively. The removal efficiencies of 2,4,6-TCP and COD were above 93% and 90%, respectively. The specific degradation rate of 2,4,6-TCP peaked at 61 mg 2,4,6-TCP g VSS −1 h −1 when inoculated at the concentration of 400 mg L −1 . The extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) contents of the 2,4,6-TCP aerobic degrading granules were decreased compared with the contents in seed sludge. Two peaks attributed to the protein-like fluorophores were identified by three-dimensional excitation emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectra. The decrease of fluorescence parameters, e.g., peak locations, intensities, indicated quenching effect of 2,4,6-TCP on the EPS fluorescence. Meanwhile, the shift of peak position indicated chemical changes of the EPS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lecanicillium lecanii has been used in the biological control of several insects in agricultural practice. Since the gene manipulation tools for this entomopathogenic fungus have not been sufficiently developed, Agrobacterium tumefaciens -mediated transformation (ATMT) in L. lecanii was investigated in this study, using the wild-type isolate FZ9906 as a progenitor strain and the hygromycin B resistance ( hph ) gene as a selection marker. Furthermore, a field carbendazim-resistant ( mrt ) gene from Botrytis cinerea was expressed in L. lecanii FZ9906 via the ATMT system. The results revealed that the frequency of transformation surpassed 25 transformants/10 6 conidia, most of the putative transformants contained a single copy of T-DNA, and the T-DNA inserts were stably inherited after five generations. All putative transformants had indistinguishable biological characteristics relative to the wild-type strain, excepting two transformants with altered growth habits or virulence. Moreover, the resistance of the putative transformants to carbendazim (MBC) was improved, and the highest one was 380-fold higher than the wild-type strain. In conclusion, ATMT is an effective and suitable system for L. lecanii transformation, and will be a useful tool for the basic and application research of gene functions and gene modifications of this strain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: p53 is a transcriptional regulator in the nucleus that functions as a tumor suppressor and its mutations are frequently found in human tumors. It has been reported that p53 with R213Q mutation is exist in certain tumor cell lines and its methylation on R213 as well. However, the mechanisms and consequences of these modifications on p53 function are not fully understood. Mutations of p53 at R213Q (R/Q) and R213K (R/K) were respectively constructed and transfected into the p53 null H1299 cells. As shown in luciferase reporter assays, either R/Q or R/K disrupted the efficiency of p53 transactivation. EMSA and ChIP assays revealed that these mutants were less efficient in targeting the consensus binding sequences of p53 in the regulatory region of p21 gene. In addition, R/Q and R/K mutants attenuated the expression of p21 gene and counteracted the p53 mediated G1/S arrest to deliver a normal cell cycle progression as in the mock H1299 cells. Through this study, we have provided the first evidence on the pivotal role of arginine 213 that determines the p53 mediated functions of p21 in human cancer cells. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We describe the phylogenetic analysis and expression pattern of the Xenopus radial spoke protein 3 ( RSP3) gene during early development. The Xenopus RSP3 protein presents characteristic features of the RSP3 family. It contains a radial spoke domain, which is 75 and 72 % identical to the corresponding region of human and Chlamydomonas RSP3 proteins, respectively. Examination of the phylogenetic relationship between the Xenopus RSP3 protein and its known homologues from different deuterostomes indicates that the RSP3 proteins are highly conserved among deuterostomes. Whole-mount in situ hybridization analyses show that Xenopus RSP3 is a maternal mRNA enriched in the animal hemisphere during cleavage stages. The expression is detected in the dorsal region of the embryo during gastrulation, then in the presumptive neuroectoderm at the end of gastrulation. During neurulation and at the subsequent stages, the expression of RSP3 mRNA is detected in the entire multiciliated cells of epidermis. At tail-bud stages, it is progressively expressed in the otic vesicles and sequentially expressed in the nephrostomes. Expression could be also detected in the floor plate of the neural tube. This expression pattern persists until at least late tail-bud stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are involved in the regulation of cell growth, apoptosis and lipid metabolism in vitro. Syndecans are the primary form of HSPGs. Syndecan-1 is involved in the processes of cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, wound healing and inflammation. Additionally, as a sinusoidal transmembrane HSPG facing the plasma compartment, syndecan-1 is a promising target to be involved in lipoprotein physiology. We aimed to examine the possible correlation of syndecan-1 and lipid profile in type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this study, serum syndecan-1 was detected by ELISA, and potential correlations between syndecan-1 and triglyceride, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, lipoprotein a, apolipoprotein (apo) B, apoA1 and apoB/apoA1 were analyzed. Forty-one patients with type 2 diabetes and 31 age-matched, non-diabetic healthy subjects (controls) were enrolled. Syndecan-1 in patients with diabetes (26.15 ± 2.42 ng/ml) was significantly higher than that of the controls (16.85 ± 1.98 ng/ml, t = −2.98, P = 0.005). Serum syndecan-1 level correlated negatively with apoA1 ( r = −0.46, P = 0.003). Multiple regression analysis showed that apoA1 ( b = −0.43, P = 0.003) was a predictor of serum syndecan-1 levels in subjects with type 2 diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The peripheral neutrophils are one of the main inflammatory cells and significantly influence the damage of endothelium. Type 2 diabetes is a manifestation of an ongoing low-grade inflammation. In diabetes, impairment of neutrophil adhesion to the endothelium and migration to the site of inflammation were detected, which associated closely with adhesion molecules expressed on neutrophils and endothelial cells. To detect the expression of syndecan-1 on neutrophils in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, we recruited 29 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus without any diabetic complication and 24 healthy subjects (controls). Expression of syndecan-1 was determined by flow cytometry, and potential correlations between syndecan-1 and clinical characteristics were analyzed. On neutrophils, percentage of positive syndecan-1 cells was significantly higher in subjects with diabetes (10.363 ± 1.689%) than that of the controls (3.775 ± 0.634%, P = 0.001). An association between body mass index (BMI) and percentage of positive syndecan-1 neutrophils was detected ( r = 0.415, P = 0.025). When BMI was categorized into subgroups of ≤25 kg/m ( n = 10) and >25 kg/m ( n = 19), the average percentages of positive syndecan-1 neutrophils in patients with diabetes were 5.733 ± 1.842% and 12.642 ± 2.251%, respectively ( t = −2.137, P = 0.042). A multiple regression analysis showed that BMI (β = 0.783, P < 0.000) was a significant predictor of positive syndecan-1 neutrophils in subjects with type 2 diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fukuda et al. re-examined Berreman's model on the azimuthal anchoring energy at a grooved interface with infinite polar anchoring. We investigate the effects of finite polar anchoring on the azimuthal anchoring energy in the frame of Fukuda et al.'s theory and propose a more general expression for the azimuthal anchoring energy. We show that finite polar anchoring can provide an important contribution to the azimuthal anchoring energy and that the surface-like elastic term still leads to a non-zero contribution to the Rapini-Papoular anchoring energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A modified Gruhn-Hess pair potential model, where the potential parameters related to the elastic constants are different from the original model, was investigated with the aid of Monte Carlo (MC) simulation and Mean Field (MF) theory based upon a two-dimensional nematic lattice model. The model produces a ground state in perfect nematic order, where particles are aligned in the lattice plane. Both the MF predictions and the simulation results for the second-rank ordering tensor show that the system is biaxial in the low-temperature region, with a positive primary order parameter and the main director aligned along the lattice axis. A transition to uniaxial order takes place at higher temperatures with a negative primary order parameter and the director is orthogonal to the lattice plane. This orientational order survives up to temperatures higher than the transition temperature of the three-dimensional lattice model, possibly at all finite temperatures. MF predictions agree qualitatively with simulation but, in quantitative terms, the transition temperature is overestimated by 52%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The impact of four modern fungicides JS399-19 (2-cyano-3-amino-3-phenylancryic acetate) (novel fungicide), azoxystrobin (a strobilurin), tebuconazole (a triazole) and carbendazim (a benzimidazole), applied as foliar spray at the recommended field rate, on the physiology and biochemistry of the senescence process and grain yield was studied in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. ‘Nannong No. 9918’) under natural environmental conditions. Fungicide treatments to wheat plants at growth stage [ZGS] 57 (3/4 of head emerged) significantly increased the chlorophyll (CHL) and soluble protein (SP) content and decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) content and electrolyte leakage. Additionally, activities of the antioxidative enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) in flag leaves of the fungicide-treated plants were also higher than that in untreated plants. These coincided with elevated levels of H2O2 and reduced level of in the fungicide-treated plants. The results suggested that the fungicide-induced delay of senescence was due to an enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity protecting the plants from harmful active oxygen species (AOS). Because all fungicides can induce the delay of wheat senescence, fungicide-treated wheat shown higher grain yield than untreated wheat. Of all tested fungicides, JS399-19, azoxystrobin and tebuconazole showed similar effects on delaying senescence of wheat and enhancing the grain yield of wheat, but JS399-19 was more efficient in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three new polyoxygenated cyclohexenes, named uvacanols F, G, H (1-3), were isolated from the roots of Uvaria calamistrata (Annonaceae). Their structures were determined to be 2-acetoxyl-5-chlorine-benzoyloxymethylcyclohex-1 (6)-ene-4-ol-3-benzoate (1), benzoyloxy-methylcyclohex-1 (6)-ene-2,3,4-triols-5-benzoate (2), 3-acetoxyl-benzoyloxymethylcyclohex-1 (6)-ene-4,5-diols-2-benzoate (3) by spectroscopic methods and chemical derivatization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lecanicillium attenuatum is an important nematophagous fungus with potential as a biopesticide against plant-parasitic nematodes. The Pr1A-like cuticle-degrading protease ( Cdep1 ) gene originating from the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana was transformed into the nematophagous fungus L. attenuatum using a polyethylene-glycol mediated protoplast-based transformation system. Protease activity was increased 0.64- to 1.63-fold 2–10 d after growth in the transformed L. attenuatum . Inhibition of egg-hatching and J2 motility of soybean cyst nematodes ( Heterodera glycines ) by cell-free fungal culture filtrates were enhanced by 17–76% 2–14 d and 43–152% 1–13 d after incubation, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A nematic liquid crystal slab composed of N molecular layers is investigated using a simple cubic lattice model, based upon the molecular pair potential which is spatially anisotropic and dependent on elastic constants of liquid crystals. A perfect nematic order is assumed in the theoretical treatment, which means the orientation of the molecular long axis coincides with the director of liquid crystal and the total free energy equals to the total interaction energy. We present a modified Gruhn–Hess model, which is relative to the splay-bend elastic constant . Furthermore, we have studied the free nematic interfacial behavior (intrinsic anchoring) by this model in the assumption of the perfect nematic order. We find that the preferred orientation at the free interface and the intrinsic anchoring strength change with the value of modification, and that the director profile can be determined by the competition of the intrinsic anchoring with external forces present in the system. Also we simulate the intrinsic anchoring at different temperatures using Monte Carlo method and the simulation results show that the intrinsic anchoring favors planar alignment and the free interface is more disordered than the bulk. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The impact of zinc (Zn) on the seed decomposition process of sodium aluminate solution at different caustic concentrations was investigated. The results showed that as the concentration of Zn(II) in sodium aluminate solution increased from 0 to 1000 mg/L, the decomposition efficiency of the solution and average grain size of the resulting aluminum tri-hydroxide (ATH) changed little at a caustic concentration of 141 g/L. At caustic concentrations of 160 g/L and 177 g/L, the decomposition efficiency increased from 35.8% and 21.6% to 40.6% and 24.9%, respectively, while average grain size of the ATH crystal seeds increased from 14.2 and 9.25 μm to 17.9 and 15.9 μm, respectively. The XRD, FT-IR, and SEM analyses showed that zinc can enter the ATH seeds and interact with the α-ATH crystal planes. It may also form interactions with the Al O octahedral growth structure, thus promoting solution decomposition and influencing crystal growth. The research results will provide valuable references for improving the quality of alumina products. [Display omitted] • Effect of Zn on decomposition of sodium aluminate solution was studied in detail. • Decomposition mechanism of Zn-containing sodium aluminate solutions was explored. • The possible structures of substances formed from Zn and aluminum tri-hydroxide were explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Granites were artificially damaged through cyclic loading and unloading tests. • Temporal and spatial evolution of AE events were obtained. • 2D thermal conductivity images were obtained using optical scanning method. • Influence of mechanical damage on the distributed thermal conductivity was investigated. In this work, influences of mechanical damage and water saturation on the distributed thermal conductivity of granite were experimentally investigated. The samples were artificially damaged using uniaxial cyclic loading and unloading tests, with acoustic emission activity monitored simultaneously. 2D thermal conductivity images were obtained using optical scanning method for both undamaged and damaged samples in dry and saturated conditions. The results indicate that the overall thermal conductivity of the samples decreased after mechanical damage treatment, while the thermal inhomogeneity factor increased. The thermal conductivity difference distribution matched well with the spatial distribution of acoustic emission events. The overall thermal conductivity values increased after water saturation in vacuum condition for both undamaged and damaged samples. Thermal inhomogeneity factor didn't change significantly when undamaged samples were saturated, while thermal inhomogeneity factor of damaged samples decreased to a certain extent when samples were saturated. Research results in this work can provide better knowledge to the evolution mechanism of distributed thermal conductivity of engineering rock masses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Topography is a crucial characteristic reflecting the stability status of a landslide dam. The methods for measuring landslide dam topography in a laboratory-scale test study are currently operator dependent, time-consuming, or only applicable to the measurement of the two-dimensional section. In this paper, a laboratory-scale photogrammetric method based on the structure from motion (SfM) technique was proposed to measure the three-dimensional (3D) topography of a landslide dam. The SfM technique, which is a revolutionary, low-cost, user-friendly computer vision technique, was employed for reconstructing a landslide dam 3D computer model. A scientific method to determine the topography parameters of a landslide dam was put forward. Meanwhile, two materials with different particle sizes were used to simulate the formation process of the landslide dam in the laboratory-scale. Then, the measurement results of the two materials were compared. Five parameters of a landslide dam topography with 100 parallel measurement results for each parameter were obtained. The results show that the SfM technique could build a high-quality 3D point cloud in a laboratory scale. The proposed method of determining the topography parameters of a landslide dam was useful and has low measurement uncertainty. The material type affected the sparse density of the point cloud and then affected the measurement uncertainty of landslide dam topography parameters. The measurement uncertainty of the gravel-type landslide dam was significantly higher than that of the sand-type landslide dam. This research contributes to promoting the application of a photogrammetric method based on the SfM technique in geotechnical engineering laboratory-scale tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the effect of mechanical damage on the thermal conductivity of granite was experimentally investigated. Granite samples were artificially damaged through cyclic loading and unloading tests, with the strain evolution and acoustic emission activity monitored simultaneously. P-Wave velocity of the damaged samples was tested to evaluate the damage effect. Thermal conductivity of the undamaged and damaged granite samples was tested using optical scanning method. The influence of mechanical damage on thermal conductivity was analyzed. Thermal conductivity difference in different testing directions was analyzed based on the experiment results in six scanning lines on the two surfaces of each disk sample. The results indicate that thermal conductivity of damaged samples reduced compared with that of the undamaged samples, while the thermal inhomogeneity factor increased. Thermal conductivity increased in water-saturated condition for both undamaged and damaged samples. The increased rate of damaged samples was bigger than that of the undamaged samples. The mechanical damage treatment caused the increase in the thermal conductivity difference in different testing directions. The difference decreased when samples were water saturated. Research results in this work can provide better knowledge to the evolution mechanism of thermal conductivity of engineering rock masses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the variation in granite mechanical property with temperature (30 °C–150 °C) under different confining stresses (0.1–60 MPa) is experimentally investigated specifically for reservoir secondary damage of hot dry rock through a series of triaxial tests. On the basis of the test results, the damage equations of elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio of granite are obtained in accordance with damage theory. These equations are programmed into the TOUGHREACT-FLAC3D software. A field scale simulation is conducted to analyze the effect of secondary damage on the final generated electricity. The results indicated that as temperature and confining pressure gradually increase, the expansion direction of fracture turns from vertical to oblique and decreases to a single fracture plane. The mechanical properties of rock are continuously weakened with the increase in temperature. The confining pressure exerts a positive influence on elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio of granite. The rock property around the discharge section of injection well is damaged significantly and is fractured because of the high temperature difference. The reservoir secondary damage decreases the reservoir temperature gradually, thereby reducing the generated power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The feasibility of developing a geothermal heating system in naturally fractured formations of northern Songliao Basin was investigated. The flow conductivity of reservoir natural fractures was analyzed based on fracture orientations and present stress regimes. A 2D discrete fracture network model was established based on the field geological data and Monte Carlo simulation method. The hydraulic properties of the geothermal reservoir were calculated using a self-developed MATLAB code, which is programmed based on graph-theoretic flow network and hydrologic balance theory. The equivalent permeability of the DFN model, representative elementary volume (REV), and permeability tensor were studied based on the model. Finally, the heat production performance of the geothermal reservoir was numerically investigated. Research results show that the production temperature maintains at a stable level during 30 years of heat production. The system shows high energy efficiency due to the low energy consumption of the injection and production pumps. Research results in this work can provide preliminary understanding of hydraulic property and heat production of geothermal reservoir in the research area. The research methodology can also be applied in the analysis of other geothermal reservoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the first report of bifunctional sulfonamide organocatalysts in 2004, these chiral compounds have proven to be a reliable hydrogen‐bonding catalyst and have been wildly employed in asymmetric organocatalysis due to its strong acidity and self‐aggregation‐free property. Herein, we review the application of bifunctional sulfonamide as hydrogen‐bonding catalyst after 2011, and our highlights will cover asymmetric process including aldol reaction, Michael addition, Mannich reaction, desymmetrization and cyclization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel thermosensitive bifunctional sulfonamide microgel catalyst was synthesized by immobilization on a highly cross-linked three-dimensional network structure through covalent interactions. The microgel-supported organocatalyst has been successfully applied to catalyze the asymmetric alcoholysis reaction in high yields and good stereoselectivity (up to 90% ee). Furthermore, the polymeric catalysts could be recovered easily and reused multiple times (5 runs) without apparent loss of catalytic activity and enantioselectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More and more studies demonstrated that β2adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) plays a crucial role for the treatment of heart failure. Chuanwu and Fuzi have been used over thousands of years in China for the treatment of heart failure. Considering the effects of these herbs are very similar to β2-AR agonists, we presume whether β2-AR agonists can be found from Fuzi and Chuanwu. Fuzi and Chuanwu decoction were used to receive the luciferase reporter activity assay to verify the hypothesis, and the result is positive and encouraging. For it is very difficult to get all of the monomer compounds of Fuzi and Chuanwu, virtual screening was used to find potential β2-AR agonists and a cell-based β2-AR agonist functional evaluation model, combined with a luciferase reporter assay system, was used to confirm the final result. In this research, 45 compounds were identified as β2-AR agonists, and four compounds were verified and the rest need further experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Ni-containing anodic aluminum oxide films with highly saturated colors were synthesized using an ac electrodeposition method, and the optical and magnetic characteristics of the films were characterized. Precisely controllable color tuning could be obtained using wet-chemical etching to thin and widen the anodic aluminum oxide films pores isotropically before Ni deposition. Magnetic measurements indicate that such colored composite films not exhibit obvious easy magnetization direction. The resulted short (200 nm in length) and wide (50 nm in diameter) Ni nanowires present only fcc phase. The magnetization reversal mechanism is in good agreement with the symmetric fanning reversal mode which is discussed in detail. Such films may find applications in decoration, display and multifunctional anti-counterfeiting applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To observe the ultrastructure of human oocytes at different maturity stages and morphologies before and after in vitro maturation. Design: Case report. Setting: University-based center for human reproduction. Patient(s): A 28-year-old patient with polycystic ovary syndrome undergoing IVM/IVF-ET treatment. Intervention(s): Human chorionic gonadotropin was given to the patient 36 hours before her oocytes were retrieved by transvaginal aspiration. Main Outcome Measure(s): Ultrastructure of human oocytes matured in vitro. Result(s): Obvious ultrastructural differences were found in oocytes at different maturity stages between those cultured in vitro and those matured in vivo. Degenerate structures were observed in abnormal oocytes. Granulosa cell apoptosis rates from abnormal oocytes were higher than those from normal oocytes. Cumulus cells surrounding morphologically abnormal oocytes had a significantly higher frequency of cell apoptosis, as compared with morphologically normal oocytes. Conclusion(s): Obvious ultrastructural differences were found between the oocytes matured in vitro and in vivo. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The Matouniu gold polymetallic deposit in the Eastern Hebei Province (Jidong) in the northern margin of the North China Craton (NCC) is a skarn‐type ore deposit. Geochemical data, zircon U–Pb, and Hf isotope analysis of the mineralization‐related dioritic porphyrite and C–O–S–Pb isotopes from the deposit were used to investigate the origin, magmatic evolution, mineralization, and tectonic setting of the Matouniu gold polymetallic deposit. Zircon U–Pb dating reveals an emplacement age of 146.7 ± 1.1 Ma, indicating that the magmatism and mineralization occurred during the Late Jurassic. Geochemical, Hf, and Pb isotopic compositions indicate that the dioritic porphyrite was formed by the partial melting of the ancient mafic lower crust, leaving behind residual plagioclase, amphibole, and garnet, with traces of mantle material involvement. The S and Pb isotopic compositions revealed that both the ore‐forming materials and the dioritic porphyrite were derived from a deep‐seated magmatic source, which mainly originated from the lower crust, with minor input from the mantle. The C–O isotopic compositions suggest that the early ore‐forming fluids had a mainly deep‐seated magmatic source with minor meteoric water involvement, and were accompanied by continuous meteoric water involvement and water‐rock interaction during the fluid migration. The Matouniu gold polymetallic deposit and Late Jurassic dioritic porphyrite associated with skarn mineralization formed under geodynamics involved a compressional regime that was associated with the continuous subduction of the Palaeo‐Pacific Plate beneath the East Asia Plate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Recent studies revealed that baicalin, a flavonoid compound derived from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, could promote neuron differentiation of NSPCs after commencing the differentiation process in vitro. However, this may not be the most efficacious strategy to determinate cell fate. Here, we have investigated whether baicalin can influence early events of neuron generation and stimulate adult neurogenesis. Results Transient exposure of NSPCs to baicalin during proliferation could activate Mash1 to alter the differential fate and increase the proportion of cells expressing neuronal markers. Seven days after, rats were exposed to transient cerebral ischemia, they were treated for 3 weeks with baicalin, Brd U labeling study showed that exposure to baicalin increased the number of newly generated cells in hippocampus, Brd U/ Neu N double staining analysis indicated that baicalin could promote new neuron production after cerebral ischemia. Additionally, Morris water maze test showed that delayed postischemic treatment with baicalin improved cognitive impairment. Conclusions These results identify the existence of a single molecule, baicalin, which can specify the neuronal fate of multipotent NSPCs and stimulate neurogenesis, making it a promising candidate for developing clinically relevant strategies to manipulate neuronal fate of NSPCs for brain repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background: The 6986A> G polymorphism for CYP3A5 and the −129T> C, 1236C> T, 2677G> T/A, and 3435C> T polymorphisms for MDR1 are considered the major genetic factors affecting a range of drugs'' metabolism and transport. Simultaneous genotyping of these five polymorphisms would be useful for estimating the therapeutic effects of their related drugs. Subjects and methods: We have described a SNaPshot assay that can simultaneously detect all the five polymorphisms based on multiplex PCR and minisequencing reaction. A total of 168 unrelated Chinese DNA samples were used to establish and evaluate the assay. Results: The different genotypes of the five polymorphisms could be determined by peak retention time and colors. DNA sequencing was performed on samples randomly selected from each of the genotype groups detected by SNaPshot assay, and the results indicated 100% concordance. Conclusion: The SNaPshot assay for the CYP3A5 and MDR1 five polymorphisms detection was accurate, automated, and cost-effective. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Phylogenetic analysis of SARS coronavirus isolates based on the spike gene and protein sequence using Neighbor-Joining, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods indicated that a recent human SARS-CoV isolate was closer to some human SARS-CoV isolates from earlier epidemic phase than to the SARS-CoV-like viruses isolated from wild animals during previous epidemic phase. A reasonable judgment based on phylogenetic relationship and sequence variations it is likely that the recent human SARS-CoV isolate is closer to an unknown SARS-CoV predecessor. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Four undescribed neolignan glycosides, bletineosides A–D (1 – 4) were isolated from the pseudobulbs of Bletilla striata. Their structures with absolute configurations were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analyses, along with acidic hydrolysis reactions and ECD experiments. All isolates were evaluated for their neuroprotective activities against glutamate-induced PC12 cell injury. Compound 3 and 4 showed significantly neuroprotective effects at the concentration of 10 μM when compared with the model group. Compounds 1 – 4 represented the first examples of neolignan glycosides from the genus Bletilla. This study disclosed the potency of Bletilla striata as a new source of anti-neurodegenerative agents. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Shifts have occurred in the epidemiological characteristics of Japanese encephalitis (JE), extending from the molecular level to the population level. The aim of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of JE neutralizing antibodies in healthy populations from different age groups in Zhejiang Province, and to conduct mosquito monitoring to evaluate the infection rate of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) among vectors, as well as the molecular characteristics of the E gene of isolated JEV strains. Methodology/Principal findings: A total of 1190 sera samples were screened by a microseroneutralization test, including 429 infants (28d-11m) and 761 participants (2y-82y). For those under 1 year old, the geometric mean titers (GMTs) of the JE neutralizing antibody was 9.49 at birth and significantly declined as the age of month increased (r = -0.225, P<0.001). For those above 1-year old, seropositive proportions were higher in subjects aged 1–3 years old as well as ≥25 years old (65%-75%), and relatively lower in subjects aged between 4–25 years old (22%-55%). Four or more years after the 2nd dose of JEV-L (first dose administered at 8 months and the second at 2 years of age), the seropositive proportion decreased to 32.5%-37.5%, and GMTs decreased to 8.08–9.11. A total of 87,201 mosquitoes were collected from livestock sheds in 6 surveillance sites during 2015–2018, from which 139 E gene sequences were successfully amplified. The annual infection rate according to bias-corrected maximum likelihood estimation of JEV in Culex tritaeniorhynchus was 1.56, 2.36, 5.65 and 1.77 per 1000, respectively. JEV strains isolated during 2015–2018 all belonged to Genotype I. The E gene of amplified 139 samples differed from the JEV-L vaccine strain at fourteen amino acid residues, including the eight key residues related to virulence and virus attenuation. No divergence was observed at the sites related to antigenicity. Conclusions/Significance: Zhejiang Province was at a high risk of JE exposure due to relatively lower neutralizing antibody levels among the younger-aged population and higher infection rates of JEV in mosquitoes. Continuous, timely and full coverage of JE vaccination are essential, as well as the separation of human living areas and livestock shed areas. In addition, annual mosquito surveillance and periodic antibody level monitoring are important for providing evidence for improvement in JE vaccines and immunization schedules. Author summary: Although Japanese encephalitis (JE) has been well-controlled in Zhejiang Province, it remains a hot public health issue due to heavy disease burden. The epidemiological characteristics of JE have changed recently in Zhejiang Province. Increasing proportion of adult cases (>40 years old) have been reported. Genotype I (GI) of JEV has displaced genotype III (GIII) as the dominant genotype. The population immunity against JE was notably low among participants aged 4–25 years old, with the lowest GMT being in the 7-14-year-old group. Two doses of JEV-L did not provide effective protection after 4 or more years past the 2nd dose. Therefore, issues about duration of protection and necessity of a booster dose at 6 years of age need further research. JEV strains isolated from mosquitoes during 2015–2018 in Zhejiang Province all belonged to GI. Compared with the JE vaccine strain, mutations at the eight amino acid residues on E gene related to virulence in Zhejiang strains were detected, while the antigenic sites remained the same. JE serological survey in healthy populations with different sequential immunization schedule should be conducted to provide evidence for reformation on JE immunization strategy, including type, dose and interval. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Central nervous system injuries may lead to the disorders of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis, autonomic nervous system, and enteric nervous system. These effects then cause the changes in the intestinal microenvironment, such as a disordered intestinal immune system as well as alterations of intestinal bacteria. Ultimately, this leads to an increase in intestinal permeability. Inflammatory factors produced by the interactions between intestinal neurons and immune cells as well as the secretions and metabolites of intestinal flora can then migrate through the intestinal barrier, which will aggravate any peripheral inflammation and the central nervous system injury. The brain‐gut‐microbiota axis is a complex system that plays a crucial role in the occurrence and development of central nervous system diseases. It may also increase the consequences of preventative treatment. In this context, here we have summarized the factors that can lead to the increased intestinal permeability and some of the possible outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]