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Contracts are frequently violated due to opportunism, misunderstandings, or external factors in construction projects. However, most previous studies focussed on how to prevent contract violations but little research has been conducted on responses to contract violations (i.e. enforcement practices) and the factors affecting these responses. Drawing on Attribution Theory, this study constructs a moderated mediating model of enforcement decisions, including contractual enforcement and relational enforcement, from contract violation, to trust and then to enforcement decisions, with the moderating role of legal enforceability. The findings from questionnaires show that compared with spirit violations, letter violations lead to lower trust and, thus, increase the severity of contractual enforcement and relational enforcement. Furthermore, trust exerts a more negative effect on contractual enforcement when legal enforceability is strong. Theoretically, this study provides a deeper understanding of enforcement decisions by incorporating contractual enforcement and relational enforcement, by differentiating types of contract violations, and by considering legal institutions. Practically, overly severe enforcement may lead to disputes and litigation and even endanger the profitable long-term relationship. This study provides guidelines for managers from the violating party to avert overly severe enforcement, and thus avoid high dispute resolution costs and facilitate long-term partnering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial agglomeration (IA), a common industrial phenomenon, has been verified to have a significant impact on total factor productivity (TFP) in many industries. However, the impact of IA on TFP is seldom investigated in the construction industry, despite the existence of the industrial agglomeration phenomenon in the construction industry. As such, this study aims to probe into the impact of IA on TFP in the construction industry, so as to provide new insights into the industry development and improvement of TFP in the construction industry. Based on the competing results of the agglomeration effect and congestion effect caused by IA, this study proposed three hypotheses on the impact mechanism of IA on TFP in the construction industry. Then, the non-linear regression model and linear regression model were developed to test the hypotheses based on the provincial panel data from 2002 to 2017 in China. The empirical results reveal that IA has a positive linear impact on TFP in the construction industry, and the impact of IA on TFP in the Chinese construction industry during the observed period is in the embryonic stage. Besides, both the firm scale and economic development level have positive impacts on TFP, whereas the specialization structure has a negative impact. Hence, the government can encourage industrial agglomeration in the construction industry to enhance TFP, in order to leverage the knowledge spillovers, labor pool, and other benefits from IA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]