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To investigate the in vitro digestive properties of fish oil with different proportions of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), based on an in vitro gastrointestinal digestion model (GIT), O/W fish oil emulsions with different ratios of EPA/DHA (5.13, 2.45, and 1.34) were prepared. The changes in the particle size, ζ-potential, and microstructure during digestion, as well as the release behavior of fatty acids during digestion in the small intestinal, were investigated. The results showed similar variation trends for fish oil emulsions with different EPA/DHA ratios. Despite this, each emulsion exhibited unique digestive characteristics. Specifically, all three initial emulsions showed higher stability, with strong negative charges, ranging from -40.02 to -43.77 mV, as well as relatively uniform particle size distributions (0.1-1.0 µm). After oral and gastric digestion, the absolute value of charge of each system decreased significantly (P<0.05), exposing the inner lipid phase. In addition, particle size was found to follow a multi-peak distribution and was mainly concentrated in the range of 10-100 µm. During small intestine digestion, the particle size of each system decreased significantly to 8-13 µm (P<0.05). The release of the free fatty acids (FFA) was 103.21% (EPA/DHA ratio of 5.13), 73.54% (EPA/DHA ratio of 2.45), and 62.51% ((EPA/DHA ratio of 1.34). These results suggest that the relative proportion of EPA and DHA is an important factor influencing fish oil emulsion digestion. This study provides a basis for the determination of the recommended daily EPA and DHA-rich marine lipid intake and the design of fish oil delivery systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(−)‐Epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG) has been shown antibacterial activity against Campylobacter jejuni; however, the relevant antibacterial mechanism is unknown. In this study, phenotypic experiments and RNA sequencing were used to explore the antibacterial mechanism. The minimum inhibitory concentration of EGCG on C. jejuni was 32 µg/mL. EGCG‐treated was able to increase intracellular reactive oxygen species levels and decline bacterial motility. The morphology and cell membrane of C. jejuni after EGCG treatment were observed collapsed, broken, and agglomerated by field emission scanning electron microscopy and fluorescent microscopy. The RNA‐seq analysis presents that there are 36 and 72 differential expressed genes after C. jejuni was treated by EGCG with the concentration of 16 and 32 µg/mL, respectively. EGCG‐treated increased the thioredoxin expression, which was a critical protein to resist oxidative stress. Moreover, downregulation of the flgH and flgM gene in flagellin biosynthesis of C. jejuni was able to impair the flagella, reducing cell motility and virulence. The primary antibacterial mechanism revealed by RNA‐seq is that EGCG with iron‐chelating activity competes with C. jejuni for iron, causing iron deficiency in C. jejuni, which potentially impacts the survival and virulence of C. jejuni. The results suggested a new direction for exploring the activity of EGCG against C. jejuni in the food industry. Practical Application: A deeper understanding of the antibacterial mechanism of EGCG against C. jejuni was more beneficial in improving the food safety, eliminating concerns about human health caused by C. jejuni in future food, and promoting the natural antibacterial agent EGCG application in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving the selectivity of electrochemical CO2 reduction to multi‐carbon products (C2+) is an important and highly challenging topic. In this work, we propose and validate an effective strategy to improve C2+ selectivity on Cu electrodes, by introducing a synergistic effect between cation (Na+) and aprotic solvent (DMSO) to the electrolyte. Based on constant potential ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, we first revealed that Na+ facilitates C−C coupling while inhibits CH3OH/CH4 products via reducing the water network connectivity near the electrode. Furthermore, the water network connectivity was further decreased by introducing an aprotic solvent DMSO, leading to suppression of both C1 production and hydrogen evolution reaction with minimal effect on *OCCO* hydrogenation. The synergistic effect enhancing C2 selectivity was also experimentally verified through electrochemical measurements. The results showed that the Faradaic efficiency of C2 increases from 9.3 % to 57 % at 50 mA/cm2 under a mixed electrolyte of NaHCO3 and DMSO compared to a pure NaHCO3, which can significantly enhance the selectivity of the C2 product. Therefore, our discovery provides an effective electrolyte‐based strategy for tuning CO2RR selectivity through modulating the microenvironment at the electrode‐electrolyte interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with Zn2+ storage, non‐metallic charge carrier with small hydrated size and light weight shows fast dehydration and diffusion kinetics for Zn‐organic batteries. Here we first report NH4+/H+ co‐storage in self‐assembled organic superstructures (OSs) by intermolecular interactions of p‐benzoquinone (BQ) and 2, 6‐diaminoanthraquinone (DQ) polymer through H‐bonding and π–π stacking. BQ‐DQ OSs exhibit exposed quadruple‐active carbonyl motifs and super electron delocalization routes, which are redox‐exclusively coupled with high‐kinetics NH4+/H+ but exclude sluggish and rigid Zn2+ ions. A unique 4e− NH4+/H+ co‐coordination mechanism is unravelled, giving BQ‐DQ cathode high capacity (299 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1), large‐current tolerance (100 A g−1) and ultralong life (50,000 cycles). This strategy further boosts the capacity to 358 mAh g−1 by modulating redox‐active building units, giving new insights into ultra‐fast and stable NH4+/H+ storage in organic materials for better Zn batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]